Computer performance is characterized by the amount of useful work accomplished by a system over the resources and time used. It can be measured through metrics like response time, throughput, and utilization. Several factors influence performance, including hardware, software, memory, and I/O. Benchmarks are used to evaluate performance by measuring how systems perform standard tasks. Maintaining high performance requires optimizing these various components through techniques like CPU enhancement, memory improvement, and I/O optimization.
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
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Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
Very long instruction word or VLIW refers to a processor architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism
This type of processor architecture is intended to allow higher performance without the inherent complexity of some other approaches.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
Very long instruction word or VLIW refers to a processor architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism
This type of processor architecture is intended to allow higher performance without the inherent complexity of some other approaches.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
Efficiency, system performance and user convenience
Classes of operating systems
Batch processing system,
Multi programming systems
Time sharing systems
Real time operating systems
Unit 1 Introduction to Embedded computing and ARM processorVenkat Ramanan C
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED COMPUTING AND ARM PROCESSORS
Complex systems and microprocessors – Embedded system design process – Formalism for system design– Design example: Model train controller- ARM Processor Fundamentals- Instruction Set and Programming using ARM Processor.
Performance measurement[1] is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Why Study Performance?
• Make intelligent design choices
• See through the marketing hype
• Key to understanding underlying computer organization
- Why is some hardware faster than others for
different programs?
- What factors of system performance are
hardware related? (e.g., Do we need a new
machine, or a new operating system?)
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
3. Computer performance
Computer performance is characterized by
the amount of useful work accomplished
by a computer system compared to the
time and resources used.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
4. Computer performance
Depending on the context, good computer
performance may involve one or more of the
following:
• Short response time for a given piece of work
• High throughput (rate of processing work)
• Low utilization of computing resource(s)
• High availability of the computing system or
application
• Fast (or highly compact) data compression and
decompression
• High bandwidth / short data transmission time
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
5. Computer vs H/W Performance
• Latency/Response Time (clocks from input to corresponding
output)
—How long does it take for my program to run?
—How long must I wait after typing return for the result?
• Throughput (How many results per clock)
—How many results can be processed per second?
—What is the average execution rate of my program?
—How much work is getting done?
If we upgrade a machine with a new processor what do we
improve?
Response Time/Latency
If we add a new machine to the lab what do we increase?
Throughput Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
6. Design Tradeoffs
• Maximum Performance: measured by the
numbers of instructions executed per
Second
• Minimum Cost: measured by the size of the
circuit.
• Best Performance/Price: measured by the ratio
of MIPS to size. In powersensitive applications
MIPS/Watt is important too.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
7. Aspect of software quality
Computer software performance,
particularly software application
response time, is an aspect of
software quality that is important
in human–computer interactions.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
8. Technical and non-technical definitions
The performance of any computer system can be
evaluated in measurable, technical terms, using one or
more of the metrics . This way the performance can be
• compared relative to other systems or the same system
before/after changes
• defined in absolute terms, e.g. for fulfilling a
contractual obligation
Whilst the above definition relates to a scientific,
technical approach, the following definition given by
Arnold Allen would be useful for a non-technical
audience:
The word performance in computer
performance means the same thing that performance
means in other contexts, that is, it means "How well is
the computer doing the work it is supposed to do?"
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
9. Performance Equation
The total amount of time (t) required to execute a
particular benchmark program is
t = N * C/f, or equivalently
P = I * f/N
where
• P = 1/t is "the performance" in terms of time-to-
execute
• N is the number of instructions actually executed
(the instruction path length).
• f is the clock frequency in cycles per second.
• C= is the average cycles per instruction (CPI) for
this benchmark.
• I= is the average instructions per cycle (IPC) for
this benchmark.Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
10. Performance Equation
An another performance equation- The
equation, which is fundamental to measuring
computer performance is :
where the time per program is the required CPU time.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
11. Performance Equation
CPU optimization is not the only way to increase system
performance. Memory and I/O also weigh heavily on
system throughput. The contribution of memory and I/O,
however, is not accounted for in the basic equation. For
increasing the overall performance of a system, we have
the following options:
• CPU optimization-Maximize the speed and efficiency of
operations performed by the CPU (the performance
equation addresses this optimization).
• Memory optimization-Maximize the efficiency of a code's
memory management.
• I/O optimization-Maximize the efficiency of input/output
operations.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
12. Comparing the performance of two systems
In comparing the performance of two systems we
measure the time that it takes for each system to
perform the same amount of work. If the same
program is run on two systems, System A and
System B, System A is n times as fast as System B
if:
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
13. Comparing the performance of two systems
System A is x% faster than System B if:
These formulas are useful in comparing the
average performance of one system with the
average performance of another.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
14. Book's Definition of Performance
• For some program running on machine X,
PerformanceX = Program Executions / TimeX (executions/sec)
"X is n times faster than Y"
PerformanceX / PerformanceY = n
• Problem:
Machine A runs a program in 20 seconds
Machine B runs the same program in 25 seconds
PerformanceA = 1/20 PerformanceB = 1/25
Machine A is (1/20)/(1/25) = 1.25 times faster than
Machine B
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
15. Clock Cycles
Instead of reporting execution time in seconds,
we often use cycle counts
Clock “ticks” indicate when to start activities (one abstraction):
clock rate (frequency) = cycles per second (1 Hz. = 1 cycle/sec)
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
16. Execution Time
• Elapsed Time/Wall Clock Time
counts everything (disk and memory accesses, I/O , etc.)
a useful number, but often not good for comparison purposes
• CPU time
Doesn’t include I/O or time spent running other programs can
be broken up into system time, and user time
• Our focus: user CPU time
Time spent executing actual instructions of “our” program
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
18. How to Improve Performance?
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
19. Example
Our favorite program runs in 10 seconds on computer A, which
has a 400 Mhz clock. We are trying to help a computer
designer build a new machine B, to run this program in 6
seconds. The designer can use new (or perhaps more
expensive) technology to substantially increase the clock rate,
but has informed us that this increase will affect the rest of
the CPU design, causing machine B to require 1.2 times as
many clock cycles as machine A for the same program. What
clock rate should we tell the designer to target?
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
20. CPI = Clocks per instruction
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
23. Performance metrics
Computer performance metrics include
availability, response time, channel capacity,
latency, completion time, service time,
bandwidth, throughput, relative efficiency,
scalability, performance per watt,
compression ratio, instruction path length and
speed up.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
24. Technical performance metrics
(Benchmarks)
There are a wide variety of technical performance
metrics that indirectly affect overall computer
performance.
Because there are too many programs to test a
CPU's speed on all of them, benchmarks were
developed. The most famous benchmarks are the
SPECint and SPECfp benchmarks developed by
Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
and the ConsumerMark benchmark developed by
the Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark
Consortium EEMBC.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
25. Early Benchmarks
• Whetstone
– Floating point intensive, Originally written in Algol 60 in 1972 at the
National Physics Laboratory (UK)
– Measures primarily floating point performance in WIPS: Whetstone
Instructions Per Second
• Dhrystone
– Integer and character string oriented, Synthetic benchmark developed
in 1984 by Reinhold Weicker
– Measures integer and string operations performance, expressed in
number of iterations, or Dhrystones, per second
• Livermore Fortran Kernels
– “Livermore Loops”, Developed at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory in 1970
– Collection of short kernels
• NAS kernel
– 7 Fortran test kernels for aerospace computation, Developed at the
Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Projects Office at NASA Ames
– Focuses on vector floating point performance
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
26. Technical performance metrics
(Benchmarks)
Some important measurements include:
• Instructions per second – Most consumers pick a
computer architecture (normally Intel
architecture) to be able to run a large base of pre-
existing, pre-compiled software. Being relatively
uninformed on computer benchmarks, some of
them pick a particular CPU based on operating
frequency.
• FLOPS – The number of floating-point operations
per second is often important in selecting
computers for scientific computations.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
27. Technical performance metrics
(Benchmarks)
• Performance per watt – System designers
building parallel computers, such as Google,
pick CPUs based on their speed per watt of
power, because the cost of powering the CPU
outweighs the cost of the CPU itself.
• Some system designers building parallel
computers pick CPUs based on the speed per
dollar.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
28. Technical performance metrics
(Benchmarks)
• System designers building real-time
computing systems want to guarantee worst-
case response.
• Computer programmers who program directly
in assembly language want a CPU to support a
full-featured instruction set.
• Low power – For systems with limited power
sources (e.g. solar, batteries, human power).
• Small size or low weight - for portable
embedded systems, systems for spacecraft.Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
29. Technical performance metrics
(Benchmarks)
• Environmental impact – Minimizing environmental
impact of computers during manufacturing and
recycling as well as during use. Reducing waste,
reducing hazardous materials.
• Giga-updates per second - a measure of how
frequently the RAM can be updated
Occasionally a CPU designer can find a way to make
a CPU with better overall performance by
improving one of these technical performance
metrics without sacrificing any other (relevant)
technical performance metric—for example,
building the CPU out of better, faster transistors.
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
30. Basic Performance Metrics
• Time related:
– Execution time [seconds]
• wall clock time
• system and user time
– Latency
– Response time
• Rate related:
– Rate of computation
• floating point operations per second [flops]
• integer operations per second [ops]
– Data transfer (I/O) rate [bytes/second]
• Effectiveness:
– Efficiency [%]
– Memory consumption [bytes]
– Productivity [utility/($*second)]
• Modifiers:
– Sustained
– Peak
– Theoretical peak Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
31. What Is a Benchmark?
• Benchmark: a standardized problem or test that serves as a
basis for evaluation or comparison (as of computer system
performance) [Merriam-Webster]
• The term “benchmark” also commonly applies to specially-
designed programs used in benchmarking
• A benchmark should:
– be domain specific (the more general the benchmark, the less useful it
is for anything in particular)
– be a distillation of the essential attributes of a workload
– avoid using single metric to express the overall performance
• Computational benchmark kinds
– synthetic: specially-created programs that impose the load on the
specific component in the system
– application: derived from a real-world application program
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna
32. Commonly Used Metrics
• Nominal capacity: maximum achievable under ideal conditions
– networks: nominal capacity = bandwidth
• Throughput: requests / unit time (must be high)
• Usable capacity: max throughput for given response time limit
(response time must be low)
• Efficiency: usable capacity / nominal capacity
• Utilization: fraction of time resource busy servicing requests
(normal is best)
• Idle time
• Reliability: probability of error, MTBE
• Availability: fraction of time system servicing requests
• Mean uptime: MTBF
Dr. Amit Kumar, Dept of CSE, JUET, Guna