This document discusses the five generations of computers. It provides details on the key characteristics and technologies of each generation including the computers used, languages developed, and common applications. The 1st generation (1951-1958) used vacuum tubes and were large, slow and unreliable. The 2nd generation (1959-1963) used transistors and were smaller and more efficient. The 3rd generation (1964-1979) used integrated circuits and were smaller and faster. The 4th generation (1979-) used microprocessors and were more powerful and portable. The 5th generation (present) is based on artificial intelligence and future technologies.
Subject Outline
introduction to Information communication and technology
1.Introduction to ICT
2.Basic building blocks of a computer
3.Hardware system of a computer
4.Software system of a computer
5.Computing algorithms
6.Computer networks
7.Computer security
Social Technology
by Marti A. Hearst
We are in the midst of extraordinary
change in how people interact with one
another and with information. A
combination of advances in technology
and change in people's expectations is
altering the way products are sold,
scientific problems are solved, software
is written, elections are conducted, and
government is run.
People are social animals, and as Shirky
notes, we now have tools that are
flexible enough to match our in-built
social capabilities. Things can get
done that weren't possible before
because the right expertise, the missing
information, or a large enough group of
people can now be gathered together at
low cost.
These developments open a number of
interesting questions for NSF and CISE.
What are the key research problems? How
should these developments change how
research is conducted? How can the
intersection of social science and
technology research be aided or
improved? And how should this effect
how NSF researchers get involved with
relevant government efforts, including
transparent government, emergency
response, and citizen science?
In this talk I attempt to summarize
and put some structure around some of
these developments.
Subject Outline
introduction to Information communication and technology
1.Introduction to ICT
2.Basic building blocks of a computer
3.Hardware system of a computer
4.Software system of a computer
5.Computing algorithms
6.Computer networks
7.Computer security
Social Technology
by Marti A. Hearst
We are in the midst of extraordinary
change in how people interact with one
another and with information. A
combination of advances in technology
and change in people's expectations is
altering the way products are sold,
scientific problems are solved, software
is written, elections are conducted, and
government is run.
People are social animals, and as Shirky
notes, we now have tools that are
flexible enough to match our in-built
social capabilities. Things can get
done that weren't possible before
because the right expertise, the missing
information, or a large enough group of
people can now be gathered together at
low cost.
These developments open a number of
interesting questions for NSF and CISE.
What are the key research problems? How
should these developments change how
research is conducted? How can the
intersection of social science and
technology research be aided or
improved? And how should this effect
how NSF researchers get involved with
relevant government efforts, including
transparent government, emergency
response, and citizen science?
In this talk I attempt to summarize
and put some structure around some of
these developments.
Intelligent Street light monitoring systemvikas mantri
INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Home/INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Every evening, an intelligent street lighting control system has to light up at the right time and function seamlessly. A city’s street lights provide safer traffic conditions, safer pedestrian environment and can represent a great improvement to the city’s architectural, touristic and commercial output. These benefits are not exactly cheap though, with an average of 40% of the public budgets’ energy bill being spent for street lighting alone. The increasing energy price, plus the significant maintenance costs and always increasing expectations manifested by the public put a continuous pressure on the lighting budgets.
inteliLIGHT® is a remote street lighting control solution that offers you detailed, lamp-level management capabilities of every street light in your city and ensures that the right amount of light is provided where and when needed. Equally important, in-depth grid management gives an accurate real-time feedback of any change occurring along the grid, reduces both energy loss and energy surges and offers advanced maintenance optimization tools. Using the existing infrastructure, you can have live detailed information over the grid and transform the existing distribution level network into an intelligent infrastructure of the future
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
Begin your journey as computer scientist by this beautiful small introductory booklet. Check the YouTube videos on the same subject at.
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqwjq2yqObDqNX08AKXSQLQ
This booklet deals with Generations of computers and ends with classes of computers.
A presentation about history of computers,generations and all the necessary information which helps you to gain the knowledge about history of computers.
computer application in hospitality Industry, periyar university unit 1admin information
in this presentation b.sc hotel management 1 st year student computer application in hospitality Industry subject is the, this subject under periyar university hotel management 1st year students subject.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
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- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER by P.Jeyapiranavan
1.
2. THE GENERATION OF
COMPUTER
• The characteristics of modern age computers are
based on this generation. Each generations of
computer is characterized by a major technological
development that improves the speed, power and
efficiency of a computer. The computers in modern
age are categorized in five generations.
3. GENERATION OF COMPUTER
1ST GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1951-1958)
2ND GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1959-1963)
3RD GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1964-1979)
4TH GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1979)
5TH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
4. 1ST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1951-1958)
• First generation computers were used vacuum tubes as electronic
component.
• These magnetic drums were used for memory.
• These computers relied on machine language to perform
operations.
• The input was based on punched card, and output was printed on
paper.
• These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
• The size of computers was very large i.e. non portable computers.
• The speed of these computers was very slow.
• Vacuum tubes required great amounts of energy
• They generated much heat i.e. unreliable.
• They required air conditioning.
5. APPLICATIONS:
THESE COMPUTERS WERE USED FOR RECORD KEEPING AND PAYROLL
PROCESSING.
Computers of First Generation:
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, IBM etc.
EDSAC
6. 2ND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1959-1963)
• This generation computers are used transistors instead of vacuum
tube.
• The magnetic core technology was used for memory at that time
• Assembly language and high level languages were used for
programming.
• These computers are still relied on punched card for input and print
out for output.
• These computers smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable and
energy efficient as compare of their time.
• The transistors still generated a great amount of heat.
• They required air conditioning.
• They required frequent maintenance.
• These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
• The commercial production was difficult and costly.
7. APPLICATIONS:
THESE COMPUTERS WERE USED FOR KEEPING PAYROLL PROCESSING,
UPDATING FILES ETC.
Computers of Second Generation:
IBM-1401, IBM-1600 series, UNIVAC III etc
8. 3RD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1964-1979)
• This generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs)
• The main memory increased in the form of PROM and D-ROM and
magnetic disc used as storage device.
• High level languages were developed including BASIC, PASCAL etc.
• These computers used keyboard for input and monitor for output.
• These computer smaller, faster, cheaper, more reliable and energy
efficient than previous generations.
• These computers didn’t generate a great amount of heat.
• The hardware, failure was very rare.
• The commercial production was easier and cheaper.
• They required air conditioning.
• Highly sophisticated technology was required for the manufacturing
of ICs.
9. APPLICATIONS:
THESE COMPUTERS WERE USED FOR RECORD KEEPING, AIRLINE
RESERVATIONS, WEATHER FARE CASTING ETC.
Computers of Third Generation:
IBM 360, IBM 370, INTEL 4004 etc.
IBM 360
10. 4TH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(1979)
• This generation computers used microprocessor which contains thousands
of ICs on a single silicon chip.
• These computers are more powerful, which could be linked together to
forms networks.
• Floppy disk (8 and 5.25 inches) and hard disk were used as storage
devices.
• The graphics user interfaces (GUIs), the mouse and hand held devices
were developed.
• These computer smaller, faster, cheaper, more reliable and energy
efficient than previous generations.
• The first portable computer (Osborne I) was developed.
• Heat generation and hardware, failure was negligible.
• Much easier high level languages were developed. Example: C language.
• Much sophisticated technology was required to fabricate ICs.
11. APPLICATIONS:
THESE COMPUTERS ARE USED IN MANY FIELDS SUCH AS BUSINESS,
ELECTRONIC FUNDS, TRANSFER, CAD SYSTEM ETC.
Computers of Fourth Generations:
INTEL-8008, IBM-3033, IBM system 36 etc.
12. 5TH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
• This generation computers are based on artificial
intelligence which is still in development.
• The quantum computation and molecular nano technology
will change the face of computer in future.
• More improve microprocessor are develop.
• Natural languages were developing for programming such
as SQL, PROLOG etc.
• The main memory is now in the form of EEPROM, SIMM,
and DIMM.
• CDS,DVDS, and USBS ARE USED as storage devices.
• These generation computers are smaller, cheaper, more
reliable and faster than previous generations.
13. APPLICATIONS:
THESE COMPUTERS ARE USED IN ALL FIELDS OF LIFE SUCH AS
HOME, EDUCATION, BUSINESS ETC.
Computers of Fifth Generations:
INTEL Pentium series, Diary computer, Palmtop etc.
14. 1stGeneration 2ndGeneration 3rdGeneration 4thGeneration 5thGeneration
Duration 1940-1956 1956-1964 1964-1971 1971-1981 1981-present
Internal
component
Vacuum tubes Transistors
Integrated circuit
(ICS)
Micro-processor
Artificial
intelligence
Size of computer Very huge
Smaller than
1stgeneration
Much smaller than
previous
generations
Micro- computers Tiny computers
Storage devices Magnetic tape Magnetic tape Magnetic tape
Hard disk &
floppy disk
Hard disk, floppy
and optical storage
Programming
languages
Machine language
Assembly
language
High level
languages such as
BASIC, PASCAL
Very high level
languages C,
C++ etc
Natural language
like SQL,
PROLOG etc
Famous computers
ENIAC,
UNIVAC, IBM
705 etc
IBM-400, IBM-
1600, UNIVAC III
etc
IBM 360, IBM
370, UNIVAC
9000 etc
IBM 3033, IBM
system 36, CRAY-
I etc
Pentium series,
LAPTOP,
PALMTOP etc
GENERATION TABLE
16. Based on purpose
General purpose computer
• These computers are designed to handle a variety
of problems in different fields of life.
• Examples: Inventory control, Budgeting etc
Special purpose computer
• These computers are designed to handle a
specific problems or specific task.
• Examples: Satellite tracking, Air traffic and
industrial processing control.Atm.
17. Based on capacity
• Mainframe computers
• Mini computers
• Super computers
• Micro computer
18. Mainframe computers
• Mainframe computers are the biggest and the most protective
general purpose systems that are made to model large
dynamic computing needs of a big organization that serves
hundreds of terminals all at the same time. A terminal
consists of a monitor and keyboard that allow a person to
enter information and retrieve it form the computer.
• Uses:
• These computer are used in large organization banks, airline
reservation etc.
• Examples: IBMS/390, HP9000 etc.
19. Mini computers
• Mini computer are referred to as mid level computers. A mini
computer is a multiprocessing system having terminals
attached to it and is capable of supporting 4 to 200 users
simultaneously.
• Uses:
• These computers are used in small companies where capacity and speed
of operations is not highly critical.
• Examples: DEC, VAX and IBM As/400 etc.
IBM As/400
20. Super computers
• Super computer are very sophisticated machines designed to
perform complex calculation at fastest speed BIPS (Billions
of Instructions per Second). These computers are based on the
principle of parallel processing in which several processors
connected in parallel. These computers work on a single
problem at a time.
• Uses:
• These computers are used in satellite tracking, nuclear weapons,
weather for casting etc.
• Examples: Cray research, Cyber 205, Intel etc. PARAM 8000
• PARAM 8600,PARAM 9900/SS, PARAM Padma,
•
•
•
21. Micro computer
• A micro computer consists of a single chip processor
as it CPU, memory unit, I/O devices and storage
devices. These computers are designed to be used
by individual.
• Uses:
• These computers are widely used in home computing,
education, media etc.
• Example: Personal computers (PC), Laptop, Palmtop computers etc.
22. Based on data handling
• Analog computer
• Digital computer
• Hybrid computer
23. Analog computer
• Analog computers are designed to process continuous data.
They produce their results very fast but results are
approximately correct. In general, they are measuring devices
used to measure continuously variable quantities.
• Uses:
These computers are used in chemical industries, electric power
plants etc
• Examples: Thermometer, Speedometer, Voltmeter, Barometer etc.
24. Digital computer
• Digital computers are designed to process
discontinuous or digital data. They have less speed
then analog computers but results are much
accurate. It handles values that are in discrete (0 and
• Uses:
• These computers are used in government offices, educational
institutes, and business organization etc.
• Examples: Personal computer (PC), Digital diary, Calculator etc
25. Hybrid computer
• Hybrid computers are designed by the combination of analog
and digital computers. They have speed of analog computers
and have the accuracy of digital computers. It uses analog to
digital conversation and digital to analog conversion.
• Uses:
• These components are used in space vehicle simulation, training of
astronauts, robotics etc.
• Examples: Modern petrol pump, Electronic weight balance, Digital speedometer.