The document discusses the different generations of computers from the 1st to 5th generation. It provides details about the characteristics of each generation including the technologies used and some examples of computers from each generation. The 1st generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The 2nd generation saw the introduction of transistors replacing vacuum tubes. The 3rd generation brought integrated circuits and operating systems. Personal computers emerged in the 4th generation along with other advances. The 5th generation focuses on parallel processing and artificial intelligence.

1. Generations of Computer
 1st Generation (1940 to 1956)
 2nd Generation (1956 to 1963)
 3rd Generation (1964 to 1971)
 4th Generation (1971 to Present)
 5th Generation Computer (the Road Ahead)

2. 1st Generation (1940 to 1956)
• .

3. 1st Generation (1940 to 1956)
. The first generation of computer was characterized by
vacuum tubes in the circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory
• These computers were enormous in size used great
deal of electricity and were expensive to operate. They
also had limited storage capacity.
• First generation computers relied on machine language
(binary-coded program) to perform operations and could
solve only one problem at a time. Punched card and
paper tapes were used to input data and instruction,
and output was displayed on printout.
• Early computer like ENIAC, RDVAC and UNIVAC can all
be classified as first generation computers.

4. 2nd Generation (1956 to 1963)

5. Second generation computer (1956 to 1963)
• In the early 1950s, the discoveries of transistor
and magnetic core memory changed the image of
computer – from unreliable to highly reliable
machines with increased capability, and higher
storage capacity.
• The transistor was far superior to the vacuum
tube, allowing computers to become smaller in
size, cheaper, reliable and more energy efficient.
Though transistor still generated a great deal of
heat, it was a substantial improvement over the
vacuum tube.

6. .• Second generation of computer was also
characterized by allowing programming language
like Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL)
and Formula Translation (FORTRAN) were also being
developed at this time.
• Due to increase in the cost of expanding
programming, these machines were expensive to
purchase and operate. Such computers were,
therefore, mostly found in large computer centers
or government/private laboratories with many
programmers and support professionals.
• Some of the computers used in this generation
were, IBM-700, IBM-1401, ATLAS, ICL 1901

7. 3rd Generation (1964 to 1971)

8. 3rd Generation (1964 to 1971)
• The development of integrated of Circuit by
Jack Kilby, an engineer with texas instruments,
in 1958, was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Punched cards and
printouts gave way to devices like keyboard
and monitors making it easier for the user to
interact with the computer. Manufactures
could provide a range of accessories like the
cathode ray tube display devices, page
printers, consoles etc.

9. .
• Existence of an operating system allowed the device to run
various applications at one time with the central program
monitoring the memory.
•
• For the first time, computers were being widely used in
business for areas like:
•
• Accounting
• Payroll
• Billing
• Tracking inventory, etc.
•
• Third generation computers were substantially smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors.
• Some of the computer used during this generation were,
IBM-360/370, NCR 395 and Burroughs B6500.

10. 4th Generation (1971 to Present)
• The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
• Fourth generation computers became more powerful,
compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to
Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time
sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system
were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, etc.,
were used in this generation.

12. The main features of fourth generation are −
 VLSI technology used
 Very cheap
 Portable and reliable
 Use of PCs
 Very small size
 Pipeline processing
 Concept of internet was introduced
 Great developments in the fields of networks
 Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were −
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

13. 5th Generation Computer (the Road
Ahead)
• The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the
fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the
production of microprocessor chips having ten million
electronic components.
• This generation is based on parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is
an emerging branch in computer science, which
interprets the means and method of making computers
think like human beings. All the high-level languages
like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this
generation.

14. .
AI INCLUDES −
• Robotics
• Neural Networks
• Game Playing
• Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations
• Natural language understanding and generation
THE MAIN FEATURES OF FIFTH GENERATION ARE −
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
SOME COMPUTER TYPES OF THIS GENERATION ARE −
• Desktop
• Laptop
• Note Book
• Ultra Book
• Chrome Book

16. COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
• The computer is combination of software and
hardware parts.
• Hardware – Computer hardware is collection of
parts that physically
Example : Mouse, Keyboard, Motherboard
• Software – software is a collection of program or
instruction that perform same task on
computer
Example : Operating System, Ms. Office
Instruction : set of word called instruction.

17. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
.
SECONDARY
STORAGE
CONTROL UNIT
ARITHMETIC LOGIC
UNIT
PRIMARY
STORAGE
OUTPTINPUT
Storage unit
Processor
Result
Data or
Information

18. DATA
Data and instruction enter a computer though on
input unit in a form that depends upon the input
device used.
1. It accept instruction and data from outside the
word.
2. It converts these instruction and data in
computer accepted from.
3. It supports the converted instruction and data to
computer system for further processing.

19. All types of computers follow the same basic logical structure and
perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input
data into information useful to their users.
S.No. Operation Description
1 Take Input
The process of entering data and instructions into the
computer system.
2 Store Data
Saving data and instructions so that they are available
for processing as and when required.
3 Processing Data
Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data
in order to convert them into useful information.
4
Output
Information
The process of producing useful information or results
for the user, such as a printed report or visual display.
5
Control the
workflow
Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the
above operations are performed.

20. Input Unit
This unit contains devices with the help of
which we enter data into the computer. This
unit creates a link between the user and the
computer. The input devices translate the
information into a form understandable by the
computer

21. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
CPU performs all types of data processing
operations. It stores data, intermediate
results, and instructions (program). It controls
the operation of all parts of the computer.
• CPU itself has the following three components −
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Memory Unit
• Control Unit

22. 1- Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU)
• All calculation and comparison based on the
instructions provided, are carried out within
the ALU. It performs arithmetic functions like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
and also logical operations like greater than,
less than and equal to.

23. 2 - Main Memory -
• The main memory holds data and instructions
after input, till they are needed. It also hold
the processed results that are awaiting
output.
• It is control storage device of computer
system
• Main memory- large and fast

24. 3 - CONTROL-
• The function of the control unit is to
execute the instruction of a programe,
one, in the desired sequence. It
interprets each instruction and then
prompts its execution by one of the
units like input, output, ALU, Storage.

25. Ram
(volatile memory & user memory)
• D Ram
• Is made mostly by
transistor gates
• It is refreshing type
memory
• Content disappear in
milli second if we did
not refresh again &
again
• S Ram
• Made
• Low by flip – flop
• Low density high power
exp
• Content will lost for
evere
(Untile power los)

26. SECONDARY STORAGE:
• Also termed as ‘auxiliary’ or ‘backup’ or
baking storage it is typically used as a
supplement to main storage. It is much
cheaper than the main storage and
stores large amount of data and
instructions permanently. Hardware
devices like magnetic tapes and disks
fall under this category.

32. Bit
• The smallest piece of computer information,
either the number 0 or 1. In short they are
called binary digits.

33. Boot
• To start up a computer. Cold boot means
restarting computer after the power is turned
off. Warm boot means restarting computer
without turning off the power.

34. 
Byte
• Most computers use combinations of eight
bits, called bytes, to represent one character
of data or instructions. For example, the
word cat has three characters, and it would be
represented by three bytes.

35. (7) Coding Systems
• ASCII code:
• The American Standard Code for Information
Interchange, or ASCII, uses a 7 bit binary code to
represent text within a computer, communication
equipment, and other devices that use text. Each
letter or symbol is assigned to a number from 0
to 127.
• For example, in the 8-bit ASCII code, a lowercase
“a” is represented by the bit string 01100001.

36. S.No. Unit & Description
1
Kilobyte (KB)
1 KB = 1024 Bytes
2
Megabyte (MB)
1 MB = 1024 KB
3
Giga Byte (GB)
1 GB = 1024 MB
4
Tera Byte (TB)
1 TB = 1024 GB
5
Peta Byte (PB)
1 PB = 1024 TB
he following table lists some higher storage units −

37. Binary code video

38. COMPUTER - DATA AND INFORMATION
• Data can be defined as a representation of
facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized
manner, which should be suitable for
communication, interpretation, or processing
by human or electronic machine.
• Data is represented with the help of
characters such as alphabets A−Z, a−z
digits 0−9 or special
characters +,−,/,∗,<,>,=etc.

39. What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful
values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions
and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the
following characteristics −
Timely − Information should be available when required.
Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
Completeness − Information should be complete.

40. (8) Data Processing Cycle
• It is a process of manipulating arranging
classification and storing data after receiving
data from various input devices.
Raw Data Data Process Information

41. Data:
• Is a Raw facts collected about the system. It is
collection of facts, figures or statistics, which
can be processed to produce meaningful
information.

42. Processing :
• Processing − In this step, the input data is
changed to produce data in a more useful form.
For example, pay-checks can be calculated from
the time cards, or a summary of sales for the
month can be calculated from the sales orders.
• The data processing is very important activity and
involves very careful planning. Usually, data
processing activity involves three basic activities.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. output

43. Information:
• When a data is processed and arranged
in a meaningful manner it becomes
information. It is a processed data with
some definite meaning. It represents
facts. Figures or statistics, which have
proper meaning.

44. 9. Different type of data processing
• 1. Batch Processing
• To save computational time, before the widespread use of
distributed systems architecture, or even after it, stand-alone
computer systems apply batch processing techniques. This is
particularly useful in financial applications or where data was
secure such as medical records.
• Batch processing can complete a queue of tasks without human
intervention, and data systems may program priorities to certain
functions or set times when batch processing can be completed.
• Banks typically use this process to execute transactions after the
close of business, where computers are no longer involved in data
capture and can be dedicated to processing functions.

45. • Large amount of data can be
processed efficiency as there are
no intervention.
• Speed of data processing is
determined by the speed of
computer. Computer in use and
not by the speed of operator.

46. 3. Disadvantage:
a. Though efficienty from the computer point of
view batch processing makes each job wait in
line at each step and often increases its turn
around time.
b. It is very difficult to provide the desired priority
scheduling.
c. Direct access devices have to be used
d. Input errors may damage the file
e. Control checks are difficult since up-dating
occurs at the time of processing.

47. 4. Real time processing:
• A system is said to be real-time if the total
correctness of an operation depends not only
upon its logical correctness, but also upon the
time in which it is performed. real-time
system, as well as their deadlines, are
classified by the consequence of missing a
deadline.

48. 5. Advantage of real time system:
i. It facilitates the detection and correction of error
ii. Error messages are immediate
iii. Messages are designed to help correct errors
iv. Source documents are available at the time errors occurs.

49. 6.Online System processing
• An online system is one, which has a direct
interaction with the uses. As soon as the uses
inputs the data it is processed immediately.
Validation of the data entered is done at
various points. It permits transaction on-line
storage device from the point of origin
without storing it first.
• Online application include Banking, stock
exchange stock control.