Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field strain of a disease organism
To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive endemic disease challenges.
To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed through the egg to the hatching progeny.
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Recent developments in the preparation of protozoan vaccines Urusha Ghimire
Vaccines history
types of vaccines
Vaccine used in protozoal disease in animals
animal vaccines
Animal disease vaccines
Babesia,anaplasma, coccidia, giardia, plasmodium,etc
A vaccine is a biological agent that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. It is often made from killed or weakened forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Body's immune system is stimulated to recognize the agent as a threat and destroy it, and any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
Vaccination programs for broilers are an essential tool for disease prevention, particularly for viral diseases, in poultry farming. It causes an immune response in birds to protect them from the field infection
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
Degradome sequencing and small RNA targetsMuhammed Ameer
small RNAs are Short (~18-30 nucleotides) Non-coding molecules.
Elucidation of miRNA function depends on the recognition of their target molecules (mRNA transcripts)
RNA degradation is a constant reaction in the living cells
The total products from RNA decay are uniformly defined as RNA degradome
Degradome sequencing is a powerful technique for the detection of cleavage sites of miRNA targets
Connects high-throughput Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and target predictions for miRNAs
Degradome sequencing can provide information about transcripts that undergo degradation by miRNAs
3 case studies
Muhammed Ameer
Masters Seminar - 2022
Department of Plant Biotechnology
Kerala Agricultural University
Case studies in Disaster Management (Four)Muhammed Ameer
Four case studies:
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster – 26th April 1986
Bhopal Gas Tragedy – 3rd December 1984
Mumbai flood – 26th July 2005
Gujarat Earthquake – 26th Jan 2001
Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath are known as Disaster Preparedness.
Principal Component Analysis and Cluster AnalysisMuhammed Ameer
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique used to emphasize variation and bring out strong patterns in a dataset. It's often used to make data easy to explore and visualize.
Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters).
Different applications of Animal cell culture:
Model Systems
Toxicity Testing
Drug Screening and Development
Virology
Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy
Stem Cell Therapy
Disease Diagnosis
Cancer Research
Cell-based Manufacturing
Production of vaccines
Recombinant proteins
Production of Biopesticides
It is a DNA assembly method which allows the joining of multiple DNA fragments in a single isothermal reaction resulting in a single double-stranded molecule.
Stingless bees are also called Meliponinas, are a large group of bees comprising the tribe Meliponini.
The Indian Stingless bee or Dammer bee, Tetragonula iridipennis belongs to the species Apidae.
Unlike other bees, the sting is vestigial but defend their colony only by biting.
They yield little honey 60-180ml per colony and the honey had high medicinal value
The emu is the second-largest living bird by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius.
Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs, and can reach up to 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) in height. Emus can travel great distances, and when necessary can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph); they forage for a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without eating. They drink infrequently, but take in copious amounts of water when the opportunity arises. They are long lived up to 30years.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. VACCINATION
Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate
resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
• To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field
strain of a disease organism
• To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive
endemic disease challenges.
• To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and
lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
• To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed
through the egg to the hatching progeny.
3. TYPES OF VACCINES
1.Live vaccines : They contain live
attenuated organisms (attenuation is
a process by which the
pathogenicity/capability of producing
disease is brought down without
disturbing the immunogenicity).
• eg: lasota vaccine, F1 , R2B, IBD
• Rapid onset of immunity
• Relatively limited combinations-
due to interference of multiple
microbes if given at the same time
• Danger of vaccine contamination
• Tissue reactions- commonly
referred to as “vaccine reaction “
is possible and frequently visible
in a variety of tissues
• Can be mass administrated like
drinking water ,spray method.
2.Killed vaccines: contains
pathogens(virus/bacteria) that have
been chemically inactivated so that
they will produce immunity ,but are
unable to transmit the disease.
• eg : Newcastle killed vaccine,
Avian influenza inactivated
vaccine, Marek`s killed vaccine
• Slower onset of immunity
• Combination are less likely to
interfere
• No danger of vaccine
contamination
• No microbe replication
;therefore, no tissue reaction.
• Almost always injected
4. Vaccine Delivery System
• The most commonly used application system in poultry include in ovo
vaccination at 17-19 days of embryonation.
• subcutaneous or intramuscular injection at day of hatch, spray in the
hatchery, intraocular or nasal drop in the hatchery.
• Spray on the farm ,through drinking water , wing web stab and
subcutaneous or intramuscular injection on the farm
5. In Ovo Vaccination
• Performed generally during the process of
transferring incubating eggs in the hatchery
from the setter to the hatchery. After poking a
hole in the shell, vaccine( Marek`s disease
vaccine) is injected just under the membranes
at the floor of the air cell.
Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection at day
of hatch
• For day old vaccination, most commonly using
Marek`s disease vaccine, is generally
accomplished by giving 0.2 ml of vaccine
subcutaneously under the skin at the back of
the neck or 0.5 ml intramuscularly in the leg.
6. Spray In The Hatchery
• Generally done using a spray box that is
triggered each time a box of chicks is placed
inside or an inline spray cabinet that sprays
boxes as they move down a controlled speed
conveyor line in an automated hatchery.
• It works well if the droplets generated have a
particle diameter of approximately 100-150
microns. Particle size is very important.
7. Vaccination On The Farm
1. Intraocular method
• Hold the chick with one eye
turned up.
• Take the reconstituted vaccine in
a sterile syringe using a blunt
needle of 16 gauge or take into
dropper bottle.
• Install one eye drop in the eye .
• Ensure that the vaccine drop is
completely absorbed in the eye.
Dilute the vaccine
solution
Drop at least 0.03ml of the
vaccine into the chickens eye
8. 2. Subcutaneous method
• Injection can be given in two
spots : In the dorsal part (neck) or
in the inguinal fold (pocket created
between abdomen and thigh)
• Pick the spot which is easier and
comfortable to you.
• Take the reconstituted vaccine in a
holder , which is attached with an
automatic syringe.
• Inject subcutaneously in the lower
half of the neck ,under the loose
skin at the point midway between
the birds head and base of the
neck.
Sterilize your injection site
Insert the needle into the chicken’s
skin and inject the vaccine.
9. 3. Intramuscular method
• Inject the needle of the syringe
into the pectoral (breast)/
thigh muscles of the bird and
push the plunger of the
syringe so as to deliver the
required quantity of vaccine in
the muscle.
10. 4. Wing Web method
• Process of injecting vaccine
into the skin on the underside
of the wing web at the elbow.
• Dip the sterile lancet in the
reconstituted vaccine.
• Prick the lancet in the wing
web region of the bird.
• The needles of the lancet
should be dipped in the
vaccine before every prick.
11. 5. Spray method
• Vaccine is mixed in a total
quantity of water ,which is
required for spray vaccination.
• By using sprayer, spray the
vaccine on the birds with a hose.
• Care is to be taken, that every
bird gets exposed to the vaccine.
12. 6. Drinking water
method
• Vaccine should be mixed with a
small quantity of water mixed with
skim milk powder.
• Subsequently this should be mixed
in a total quantity of water in which
the skim milk powder is dissolved.
• Provide ample water space so that all
birds can drink vaccine treated water
comfortably.
• For stabilizing water : skim milk
powder (500g smp for 200L of
water) or Chlorine neutraliser like
Cevamune (1 tablet for every 100L of
water)
15. Pre vaccination care
Do not vaccinate the birds in
disease
Vaccinate in cool hours of the
day
Store vaccine always in deep
freeze
Prepare vaccine in suitable
diluents, preferably one
supplied by manufacturer
Use sterile glassware ,syringe,
needles, vaccine guns
Provide one week interval
between two vaccinations
Keep record of all
vaccinations, including batch
no, brand , manufacturer etc
Post vaccination care
To reduce the stress of
vaccination ,anti stress
medicines are used (3 days)
Anti stress medicines are vit A
and E,
Probiotics,antibiotics,liver
tonics and glucose
They are given through water
In case of vaccine failure give
immunostimulants, vit A and
E ,selenium preparation and
probiotics.
16. MEDICATION
It is the administration of therapeutic agents to treat various infectious diseases
or condition.
Worms - anthelmintics (dewormers)
Bacteria – antibiotics
Coccidia – coccidiostats
Fungi – antifungals
Lice and mites – insecticide/acaricide
Vitamin/mineral deficiencies – vitamin/ mineral supplements
17. Commonly Used Medications are
Coccidiostat : Amprolium, Monensin, Maduramycin and DOT
Anthelmintics : Albendazole ,Fenbendazole and piperazine
Insecticide/Acaricide : Butox, Sumithion ,Malathion
Vitamin/Mineral supplements : mineral mixture, vit AB2D3K,Vit B
Complex
Antibiotics : Enrofloxacin, Neomycin, Ciproflaxacin, Tyiosin and
Gentamicin
18. Sl no Disease Drug used
1 Infectious coryza Sulphaquinoxaline, sulphathiazole
2 Colibacillosis Furazolidine, OTC,CTC
3 Pullorum (bacillary
white diarrhea)
Sulphamezathine,auromycin,furazolidi
ne
4 Fowl typhoid Furazolidine, sulphadimidine,
trimethprim
5 Fowl cholera Tetracyclines
6 Chronic respiratory
disease
Broad spectrum antibiotcs -
neomycin, doxycyclin, Thiamutin
(tylosin tartarate)
7 Botulism Epsom salt
8 Omphalitis Antibiotics
