This document provides information on organic poultry production standards from various organizations and regions. Some key points:
- Organic agriculture promotes biodiversity, biological cycles and soil health while minimizing off-farm inputs. National organic standards in countries like the US and Canada aim to bring uniformity to organic labeling.
- Organic feed for poultry must be 100% organic and meet nutritional needs without supplements, additives or slaughter by-products. Housing must allow outdoor access. Antibiotics and hormones are prohibited.
- Global organic meat and egg production is growing rapidly, led by Europe, US and Japan. Organic poultry meat makes up over half of US organic meat production. Conversion to organic
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Presented by Harsh Rajpal, Code Partners Pte. Ltd., on 30 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Dr. Roger Cady - Sustainability Research Review: EnoughJohn Blue
Sustainability Research Review: Enough - Dr. Roger Cady, Sr. Technical Consultant, Global Sustainability Lead, Elanco, from the 2016 Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (GRSB), October 5 - 6, 2016, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
More presentations at http://trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2016-global-roundtable-sustainable-beef
Impact tech: Opportunities in Clean Meat and Cellular Agriculture by Liz SpechtImpact.Tech
Slides from the Impact.tech seminar on Opportunities in Clean Meat and Cellular Agriculture. The seminar was taught by Liz Specht, a Senior Scientist with the Good Food Institute. The Good Food Institute is a non-profit organization advancing plant-based and clean meat food technology.
Cellular agriculture is an interdisciplinary branch of science at the intersection of medicine and farming. Cellular agriculture capitalizes on breakthroughs in tissue-engineering, material sciences, bioengineering, and synthetic biology to design new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk, meat, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms [instead of whole animals].
Presentation by Niggli Urs, PhD, Director Research Institute for Organic Agriculture, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 8, Session 4: Process and product related aspects of organic food quality - from biodiversity to human nutrition.
Organic producers and food farmers develop and produce food outwardly utilizing artificial chemicals such as pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. They do not use genetically modified (GM) elements or expose food to irradiation.
Animal welfare and environmental sustainability are major concerns for organic producers. The phrase ‘organic’ can also cover animal goods. For instance, eggs certified as organic are free-range, rather than from caged (battery) hens.
Kinds of organic products available in Australia include eggs, meat and meat products, grains, dried legumes, honey, fruit and vegetables, dairy foods, and some prepared foods.
How can Animal Biotechnology contribute to Agenda 2063, ST&I Strategy for Afr...ILRI
Presented by Christian K. Tiambo, Jimmy Smith, Okeyo Mwai and Steve Kemp at the Animal Biotechnology: The Next Frontier Stakeholders Sensitization and Awareness Workshop on Animal Biotechnology Applications and Regulatory Perspectives, Naivasha, Kenya, 22-24 March 2021
There are two types of chromosomes, Autosomes and Sex chromosomes
Autosomes are those chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.
Sex chromosomes are those chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
A human somatic cell has two sex chromosomes: XY in male (hetero-gametic) and XX in female (homo-gametic).
Feather morphology: normal, frizzle, silky
Feather distribution: normal, naked neck, feathered shanks and feet
Plumage pattern: plain, barred mottled (specific location)
Skin colour: not pigmented, yellow, blue-black
Shank colour: white, yellow, blue, green black, brown
Ear-lobe color: not pigmented, red, white and red
Comb type: single, pea, rose, walnut, V shaped
Comb size: small, medium, large
Eye colour:
Skeletal variants: normal, crested, polydactyl, extra toes, creeper, dwarf
Other specific and distinct visible traits
More from PVNRTVU, College of Veterinary Science,Rajendranagar, Telangana, India (20)
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Codex Alimentarius
Commission
“ a holistic production management
system which promotes and enhances
agro-ecosystem, health including
bio-diversity, biological cycles and
soil biological activity”.
3. What is “organic”?
“Organic agriculture is an ecological production
management system that promotes and enhances
biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological
activity.
It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on
management practices that restore, maintain and
enhance ecological harmony.”
(National (UK) Organic Standards Board, April 1995).
4. Why an organic standard?
“National (USA) standards for organic food production
were designed to bring about a greater uniformity in
the production, manufacture, and marketing of organic
products.
With a national standard, consumers across the
country can go into any store and have full confidence
that any food product labeled as “organic” meets a
consistent standard, no matter where it was made.”
(Federal Register, March 13, 2000).
5. National organic standards
Board (NOSB), USA
The NOSB includes
3 environmentalist representatives,
4 organic farmers/ranchers,
3 consumer representatives,
1 organic retailer,
2 organic processors,
1 scientist, and
1 certifying agent.
6. Requirement for 100% Organic Feed
The producer of an organic livestock
operation must provide livestock with a total
feed ration comprised of agricultural
products, including pasture and forage, that
are organically produced and, if applicable,
organically handled
7. Contd..
The producer of an organic operation must not
Use animal drugs, including hormones, to promote growth
Provide feed supplements or additives in amounts above those
needed for
Use plastics
Feed formulas containing urea or manure;
Feed mammalian or poultry slaughter by-products to mammals or
poultry; or
Use feed, feed additives, and feed supplements in violation of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
adequate nutrition and health maintenance for the species at its
specific stage of life;
adequate nutrition and health maintenance for the species at its
specific stage of life;
8. Organic food
FOOD CROPS
1. No conventional pesticides.
2. No artificial fertilizers.
FOOD ANIMALS AND BIRDS
1. No antibiotics.
2. No growth hormones.
3. Meat processed without
ionizing radiation.
4. No feed additives.
5. Without use of genetically
modified organisms.
6. Housing with a paddock
7. Thorough animal welfare
8. Should follow set rearing
standards.
19. In Canada
No antibiotics or meat by-products are
allowed in the feed
Each bird is required to have two square feet
of floor space.
One can buy conventional chicks but they
have to be raised organically from birth
Eggs produced in this system would be
known as ‘organic’ eggs.
20. Canadian standards…continue
Omega 3 – Laying hens in this system are fed a diet
enriched with feeds high in omega 3 fatty acids.
This is normally done by adding flax seed to the laying
ration.
It can also be achieved by pasturing the layers.
Resent research has shown the omega 3 fatty acids to
be beneficial to human health.
Chickens fed a ration high in omega 3 will produce
eggs much higher in omega 3 fatty acids than the
conventionally intensive reared bird.
21. International Federation of Organic Association
Movement , IFOAM, Victoria, Canada .2002
One of the goal in organic farming is respect
for the physiological and behavioral needs of
livestock
Total ban on feeding of “GMO” diet
22. Organic meat concept gained momentum
Chemical residues
Incidence of BSE
Incidence of FMD
Genetically modified food (GMF)
Some bacterial diseases
23. Primary characteristics
A legally defined standard
A registered,documented, inspected trail
Operate to the highest levels of animal welfare
No routine drugs
No growth promotors
No animal offal, feed additives
Sick animals to be organically treated.
Atleast 70% of the feed must be grown to organic standards.
Should follow a defined withdrawal period.
24. ITC 1999
Sale of organic food – US $ 13.5 billions.
Denmark
France
Germany
Netherlands
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
Austria
Italy
USA
Japan
25. Growth rate
Organic trade growing @ 5% to 40%.
Organic production grow @ 20% annually.
Sale expected to reach
US$ 80 billions in 2008 (ITC, 2002).
26. Source: 2007 OTA Manufacturer
Survey
Total U.S. organic sales, including food and
non-food products, were $17.7 billion in 2006,
up 21 percent from 2005.
They are estimated to have reached $21.2
billion in 2007, and are projected to surpass
$25 billion in 2008.
(Latest available data)
27. Organic scenario
Nearly 30.4 million hectares were managed organically by more than
700,000 farms in 138 countries in 2006,
As in previous years, Australia led with the most organic land (12.3 million
hectares), followed by China (2.3 million hectares) and Argentina (2.2
million hectares).
The United States was fourth, with 1.6 million hectares in 2005 (latest
available statistics).
The ten countries with the most organic land represented a combined total
of nearly 24 million hectares, more than three quarters of the world’s
organic land.
Other countries in the top ten were Italy, Uruguay, Spain, Brazil, Germany,
and the United Kingdom.
Based on distribution by continent, Oceania led with 42 percent of organic
area, followed by Europe (24 percent), Latin America (16 percent), Asia (20
percent), North America (7 percent), and Africa (1 percent).
However, according to the report summary, the proportion of organically
managed land to conventionally managed is highest in countries in
Europe.
(Source: The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics & Emerging Trends 2008)
28. Demand and growth
Global demand for organic products
continues to grow, with sales increasing by
over $5 billion a year, according to The World
of Organic Agriculture: Statistics & Emerging
Trends 2008.
29. In the world market
Highest market - Europe ( UK,
Germany, Italy, France)
Followed by - USA
Third place - Japan
30. In USA
Organic poultry meat alone constitute 64% of
the total organic meat production.
However, major growth was noticed in
production of organic eggs and organic milk.
31. In UK
Around 5% of the total meat production is
organic
In this, a major share (42%) is organic beef.
32. In European Union
GERMANY is the largest consumer of
organic food
Consumption in 1993 was 5%
Increased to 20% in 1997.
DENMARK 40% of total milk production and
0.5% of total beef production was organic in
1998.
50,000 pigs slaughtered and 5000 tonnes of
eggs produced were organic in 1998.
33. In AUSTRIA
9% of milk produced was organic
Organic beef production was to a
considerable extent.
In FRANCE, dairy is the fastest growing
segment in organic food production.
34. In ARGENTINA
268 tons of organic beef produced in 1998.
Out of which 80% was exported.
35. In BRAZIL
Organic meat production is estimated to be
increasing about 10% per year.
36. Carcass quality
Organic production may lead to lower quality of
carcass and meat
due to a reduced energy supply and growth
performance as a consequence of more locomotive
activity and
uncontrolled environmental condition which increase
the energy requirement with consequent increase of
feed conversion, but
greater locomotive activity reduces abdominal fat
and favoured muscle mass development
(Lewis et al., 1997).
37. Carcass quality
a beef cattle in conventional finishing has
heavier carcass, larger rib eye areas and less
marbling than in organic finishing.
Woodward et al. (1999)
38. Carcass quality
The production of lean carcass to meet
consumer’s demand of low fat pork has
resulted into decrease in intra muscular fat
which may reduce the eating quality.
39. Amino acid supplementation
Although amino acid supplementation to
conventional pig diet resulted into increased
pig performance,but it produced fatty carcass
(Sundrum et al., 2001).
40. Physico-chemical qualities
Organic meat is high in moisture, but low in
fat and energy.
Lower water holding capacity and
pH caused more cooking loss in organic meat
than conventional meat.
41. Physico-chemical qualities
Enfalt et al. (1997) suggested a lower pH in
Longissimus lumberum and Biceps femoris of outdoor
reared pigs as a consequence of better
utilization of all substrate other than glycogen
during transportation to the slaughter house.
42. Physico-chemical qualities
The pH is known to influence the structure of
myofibril and consequently water binding capacity
and thereby colour of the meat.
No influence noticed on Tenderness
But sheer value is higher in organically produced
animals (Farmer et al., 1997), presumably as a
consequence of their greater motor activity.
43. Advantages of organic meat production
a) Ensures strict animal welfare measures.
b) Better for environment
c) Better sustainability of production
d) Continuation of traditions and culture.
e) Boost to traditional technologies.
f) It is ‘safer’(antibiotic / chemical / drug/ pesticide free meat).
g) It has better protein quality (proteins of organic
pork were less denatured than those of traditional pork during
cooking).
44. Advantages of organic meat production
h) It has lower content of carcinogenic nitrogen
and thus reduces carcinogenic problems.
i) Organic meat taste equal to or better than
traditional meat.
j) Veterinary costs are generally significantly
lower than conventional farm (?)
45. Advantages of organic meat production
k) Greater mobility reduced abdominal fat and
favoured muscle mass development in broilers.
l) Motor activity increased breast percentage in
chicken.
m) Motor activity favours myogenesis against
lipogenesis
47. Microbial qualities
People who eat organic and natural food are eight
times more prone to attack by new strain of E. coli
bacteria (0157:H7) than rest of the population.
Organically grown poultry is most contaminated
product and according to USDA, 99% of broiler
chicken carcass were contaminated with faecal
E.coli (Cummins et al., 2001).
48. Limitations
(i) Processing or preservation of meat and meat product
is difficult without use of certain chemicals
e.g., trisodium polyphosphate, sodium nitrate.
• It is practically difficult to provide a large locomotion area as
prescribed in EEC Regulation on organic livestock farming,
• eg. 6.0 m indoors +4.5 m outdoors - for dairy cows
1.5 m indoors + 1.1 m outdoors - calves
1.3 m indoors + 1.0 m outdoors - fattening pigs
1600 cm indoors + 4 m outdoors - laying hens
(Sundrum, 2001).
49. Limitations
(iii) Prolonged drug withdrawal period ends in deterioration of animal
welfare.
(iv) In order to control external parasites, sheep must be
dipped in an insecticide. It is now being realized that the
most common conventional dips contain potentially dangerous
chemicals (organo-phosphorus compounds), which are not
allowed under organic regulations. If organic farmers have
parasite problems in their sheep, they must use other
chemicals, which are safer, but unfortunately more expensive,
than the organo-phosphates.
50. Limitations
(v) Internal parasitic worms are another
headache for any livestock farmer. The
conventional method for control is to
routinely dose the animals with drugs.
The organic approach is to say that
prevention is better than cure, and that
proper rotation of pastures should enable
the farmer to avoid re-infection of his
flock or herd.
52. Effect of organic production system on broiler carcass
and meat quality (Castellini et al.,2002)
Conventional housing
Indoor pen 0.12 sq.m
No grass paddock
Organic housing
(4.0 + 4.0 sq.m)
High breast and drumstick %
Low abdominal fat
Low pH
Low water holding capacity
High cooking loss
High lightness value
High shear value
High iron
High PUFA N3 series
Better sensory quality
53. How long will it take to convert
my land?
Most arable, horticultural and grass-based
farms may take a 24-month conversion
period when the land must be managed to full
organic standards
Land used specifically for poultry and pigs
may be eligible for a reduced conversion
period.
54. What are prohibited inputs under
organic rules?
synthetic fertilisers, herbicides and synthetic
pesticides. Prohibited inputs for livestock
include all organophosphate treatments, the
unauthorised use of routine veterinary
treatments, such as routine worming, and the
unauthorised feeding of non-organic
feedstuffs which might contain genetically
modified (GM) material.
55. Do I have to convert all my land?
You are not required to convert all land on a holding. However,
the area should be large enough to be a viable and sustainable
production unit.
If you are thinking of converting only part of the holding, you
will need to make sure the organic area is physically separated
from any non-organic land on the same holding by means of
stock-proof fences or hedges. You will also need to maintain
separate records, invoices and accounts for the organic business.
56. What stocking rate is allowed?
Maximum outdoor stocking rates (birds/hectare):
Layers Broilers Turkeys Ducks Geese Guinea fowl
1,000 2,500 800 2,000 600 2,500
However, EU regulations prohibit manure applications in excess
of 170kg N/ha per year on the whole agricultural area used. For
poultry, this effectively sets a maximum stocking density
equivalent to 230 laying hens/ha, and 3.5 batches of 580 table
birds/ha over the farm as a whole.
57. What type of feed is required?
Organic poultry must be fed on a ration that contains a minimum
of 60% certified organic feed. The balance can be made up of ‘in
conversion’ feeds, which are harvested during the second year of
organic conversion, or additional certified organic feed.
Most feed companies registered with SA Certification will sell acceptable
rations under the SA standards.No more than 15% of the ration should come from
approved non-organic feeds.
The maximum non-organic feed allowance is:
• 15% until 31 December 2007,
• 10% from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2009,
• 5% from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2011.
These percentages are calculated on an annual dry matter basis
of feeds from agricultural origin. The maximum daily non-organic
allowance remains at 25%.
58. Can fish meal be a part of the
ration?
Yes.
Due to the ban on synthetic amino acids in
organic rations under the EU organic
livestock regulation, fish meal can now be
included in all poultry rations.
59. Does the land ranged by poultry
have to be rested?
Yes.
For table birds there is a requirement to rest the
pasture for eight weeks in any one calendar
year.
For laying birds the pasture should be rested
for at least nine months after each batch of
birds.
60. How does a flock of laying hens
become organic?
Producers must use organic pullets (reared
organically from less than three days old to
point of lay) where available.
61. Which breeds are best?
Producers can use commercial hybrids or
traditional breeds as they wish.
In many cases the quality of the rearing is
more important than the breed.
62. What system of management
can be used?
Free range.
Mobile houses are preferred, as they allow grazing
areas to be rotated, and because fixed houses tend
to have less pasture in close proximity
However, fixed houses are permitted if other
management requirements are met.
63. What sort of housing is suitable?
Houses should provide enough space for birds
to move around freely. SA standards favour
buildings which house not more than 500
birds and are mobile.
However, over 500 – and up to 2,000 birds –
may be allowed in one housing group on a
‘restricted basis’;
64. Should there be any litter in the
houses?
Yes. There should always be litter for birds to
scratch in, and chopped straw makes the
best manure.
The standards require that litter must be
regularly replenished and kept in a dry and
friable condition.
65. Are there requirements for the
dimensions of the house?
Yes. The requirements are:
• Stocking rates: maximum six birds/sq.m
• Perch space: minimum 18 cm/bird
• Individual nest boxes: maximum six birds/nest
• Communal nests: minimum 120 sq.cm/bird
• Slatted floor area: maximum 50%
• Exit/entry pop-holes: minimum 4m/100m2 floor area
• Area of poultry houses: maximum 1,600sq.m per
unit.
66. Can the house have a slatted
floor?
Yes.
Fixed houses with a solid floor can have part of
the area slatted with a collection area for
droppings. Slats may make up 50% of the
floor area
67. Is artificial lighting permitted?
Yes.
Artificial lighting will normally be necessary to ensure
continuity of egg production. However, ‘daylight’
should not exceed 16 hours and should only extend
the day in the morning.
The day must end with a natural dusk.
Batteries, solar powered units and small wind
generators are often used for mobile houses to
provide lighting and to power other services in the
house.
68. What about brooding?
Chicks can be brooded within their field house
or in a specialised brooding house. They
should be encouraged to start ranging as
early as possible.
69. Are there any specific
requirements for the house?
Yes.
The house must provide a minimum internal
stocking density for broilers and ducks of
21kg/sq.m (10 birds) in fixed housing, and 30
kg/sq.m (maximum 16 birds) in mobile
housing.
For turkeys and geese this equates to two
birds/m2.
70. What about arrangements for on-
farm slaughter?
Many organic producers kill and process birds
on the farm.
Dry plucking is recommended but wet plucking
is permitted.
71. What if the birds are sent to a
slaughterhouse?
If meat is to be marketed as organic, the
animals must be slaughtered and butchered
by operators who are registered with an
organic inspection body and subject to an
annual inspection process.
72. Can beaks be trimmed to prevent
feather pecking?
Beak-trimming is prohibited under SA
standards. Pullets should be ordered well in
advance to ensure that birds are not beak-
trimmed.
73. What can I use to treat external
parasites?
Houses should be thoroughly disinfected between batches
with iodoform, steam, blowtorch or lime, depending on the
materials used for construction.
Attention should be paid to house construction: a good design with
washable surfaces and without hard-to-clean cracks and cavities
will help to ensure a parasite-free house.
If treatment is required, there are various plant-based or
physically acting products that may be effective. As a last resort,
a cypermethrin product can be used with permission.
74. What about vaccination?
Vaccines should only be used if there is a
known disease risk on the farm, or
neighbouring farm, which cannot be
controlled by any other means
75. How can coccidiosis be
controlled?
Like many other poultry diseases, coccidiosis can be successfully
controlled through good management, proper cleaning and
disinfection of houses.
Ensure litter is kept dry and clean by replacing regularly, and
that a proper rotation of poultry pasture is maintained. Where
these fail, it would be possible to obtain permission from your
certification body to treat with a coccidiostat, on veterinary
advice, and a vaccine may be considered for the future.
76. What about roundworms and
tape worms?
If pasture is well rested these parasites should
not pose too much of a problem.
77. Is there a market for organic
eggs?
Yes and No
78. Conclusion
Though, organic meat production is in
practice since 12-15 years in the world
market, it is yet to mark a position.
Developing countries may take about10
years to conceive the concept.
Organic meat are generally more tough.
In the current situation, the food animals may
be ranked organic,….
Goat – Sheep – Rabbit – Pig – Broiler- Cattle