5 Minute Poultry Guide. .pdf

5 Minute Poultry Guide Compiled By : Dr.R.M.Sajid 1
5 Minute Poultry Guide
Contents:
All Poultry Diseases
 Etiology
 Clinical Signs
 PM Lesions
Materials To Be Sent To Laboratory For Disease Diagnosis.
Compiled By :
Dr.Rai.M.Sajid
Errors And Omissions Are Accepted.

Viral Disease :
Diseases Etiology Postmortem Lesions Clinical Signs
ND:
New Castle
(Rani Khait)
Avulavirus
Avian Paramyxovirus
Type 1
A)Lentogenic=Mild
Pathogenic(E.G.B-
1,F,Lasota)
B)Mesogenic=Moderately
Pathogenic
C)Velogenic=Markedly
Pathogenic(E.G.
Milano,Herts,Taxas Gb)
1.Pinpoint Hemorrhages On The
Tips Of The Glands In
Proventriculus.
2.Haemorrhagic Cecal Tonsils.
3.Hemorrahagic Changes In
Intestinal Wall.
4.White Spots Of Dead Tissue On
The Spleen.
1. Adult Chickens:
LND:Mild Resp. Signs.Decrease Egg Production.Eggs May Be
Deformed, Soft Shelled.
MND:Sudden Onset With Mild Depression&Anorexia.Resp.
Cns Signs May Occur.Production Almost Ceases Within A Few
Days .Egg Shelled Roughened,Deformed Soft Shelled .
VND:Dyspnea,Violent Diarrhea,Conjunctivitis,Paralysis,
&Death.Nasal Discharge.Cns Involvement(E.G.Tremors,
Twisting Head & Neck,Circuling,Paresis,Paralysis,Terminal Clonic
Spasms.
2.Young Chickens:
LND:Sudden Resp.Signs.Gasping,Snezzing,Coughing,Rales&Nasal
Discharge.
MND: Marked Resp.Cns.Signs
VND: Course More Acute.
IBD:
Infectious Bursal
Diseases.
(Gumboro Disease)
Avibirnavirus
Birnaviridae
1.Greatly Enlarge & Swollen
Bursa.
2.Presence Of Cheesy Mass
Within Its Lumen , Small And
Large Haemorrhages On Its Inner
Surface.
3.Haemorrhages In The Thigh And
Breast Muscles .
C.Signs Observed After 3 Weeks Of Age. Sudden
Onset.Anorexia,Ruffled Ffeathers And Droopy Apperancethat
Resembles Coccidiosis.Diarrhea & Dehydration Voiding Of Blood
And Straining During Defecation.Vent Picking
Severe In Leghorn Than Broiler Stock.
IB:
Infectious
Bronchitis
Corona Virus 1.Caseous Plug In Lower Trachea
Or Bronchi And Air Sacs..
2.Lungs Are Congested And
Kidneys May Contain Urates And
Show Gout .
Baby Chicks:
Coughing, Sneezing,Rales,Nasal & Ocular Discharge,Weakness,
Hurdling Near Heat Sources.Mortality Is Negligible
Laying Chickens & Broiler:
Coughing,Sneezing,Rales,Ocular Nasal Discharge.Egg Production
Drop Upto 50 % .Eggs Mischaped,Soft Shelled.Egg Albumin
Watery.
In Mortality Swollen Pale Kidney.

ILT:
Infectious
Laryngotracheitis
Herpes Virus 1.Trachea Is Inflamed Red And
Contains Blood , It May Also
Contain Cheesy Inflammatory
Material .
Markedly Pathogenic Ilt:
Dyspnea,Loud Gasping & Sounds. Severely Effectedbirds Raised &
Extended Head & Neck During Inspiration And Make Loud
Wheezing Sounds.Expectoration Of Bloody
Mucus,Beaks,Faces,Feathers May Be Bloody.
Low Pathogenic Ilt:
Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis With Watery Eyes ,Persistent Nasal
Discharge.Swollen Infraorbital Sinuses
FP:
Fowl Pox
Avipoxvirus
Poxviridae
1.Skin Form : Severe Fowl Pox
Lesions On The Comb And Wattle
.
2.Diphtheric Form : Small White
Nodules Or Cheesy Plaques In
Larynx And Trachea .
Cutaneous Form:
Mild To Moderate Reduction In Rate Of Gain,Loss In Egg
Production
Diphtheritic Form:
Lesions In The Upper Respiratory Or Digestive Tract May Result In
Dyspnea .Lesions In Nasal Cavity Or Conjunctiva Lead To Nasal Or
Ocular Nasal Discharge.Mortality Due To Suffocation Or Starvation
And Dehydration.
AI:
Avian Influenza
Avian Influenza Type A
Orthomyxoviridae
Has 2 Surface Antigens .
Hemagglutinin(H)
Neuraminidase(N)
16 H & 9 N Makes 144
Subtypes
2 Pathotypes;
Lpai & Hpai
1.Haemorrahgic Lesions On The
Skin , Liver , Spleen, Heart ,
Kidneys, And Lungs .
Most Outbreak Are Caused By Lpai=Mostly Coughing,
Sneezing,Rales,Lacrimation,Sinuses,Depression.Dec.Egg
Production.Abnormal Eggshell Pigmentationand Quality.
Hpai=Severe From Of Ai Seen In Chickens.Onset Is Sudden,Course
Is Short,Affected Bird Quit,Signs Resp. Enteric,Nervous
Diarrhea,Edemaof The Head And Face Or Nervous Disorders.
MD:
Marek’s Disease
Alpha Herpesvirus 1.Classical Form :Marked
Enlargement Of One Or More
Nerves , Mainly Sciatic And
Brachial Plexus. 2.Acute Form :
Tumorous Enlargement Of The
Liver , Spleen , Kidneys , Gonads ,
( Ovary , Tests ) Proventriculus &
Heart .
Blindness Associated With Lymphoid Infiltration Of The Iris .
Lymphoid Infiltration Of Peripheral Nerves May Demonstrate
Asymmetric Partial Paralysis Or Dilation Of The Crop Due To
Vagus Nerve Paralysis.Visceral Tumors Are Depressed And Often
Cachetic Prior To Death.

LL:
Lymphoid Leukosis
Alpha Retrovirus 1.Greatly Enlarged Liver,Spleen,
Bursa Of
Fabricius,Kidneys&Ovaries Are
Usually Greatly Enlarged Due To
Formation Of Tumors .
Tumors , Pale Comp And Wattles.Enlarge Liver.Tumors Can Be
Detected By Palpation Of Enlarged And Lumpy Bursa Of
Fabricious .Skeletal Myelocytomatosis On Shanks ,Head &
Thorax.Osteopetrosis Of Long Bones.
RE:
Reticulo
Endotheliosis
Retrovirus 1.Severe Atrophy Of Thymus And
Bursa Of Fabricious.
2.Chicken Strains Resembles Md .
Feather Abnormalities Characterized By Compression Of Barbules
To The Shaft In Its Proximal Portion.
AE:
Avian
Encephalomyelitis
(Epidemic Tremor)
Hepatovirus
Picornaviridae Family
1.No Gross Changes In The
Young Or Older Birds .
In Chicks Signs Seen At The Time Of Hatch But Usually Occur
Between The 1st
& 2nd
Week .In Chicks Signs Are Dull
Expression,Ataxia Progressing To Paralysis And Prostration.And
Tremors Of Head And Neck.Survivors Chicks Develop Bluish
Opacity To The Lens And Have Impaired Vision.
AN:
Avian Nephritis
1.Visceral Gout
EDS-76
Egg Drop
Syndrome
Adenovirus Type 3 1.Inactive Ovaries And A
Decrease In The Size Of Oviduct .
Loss Of Color In Pigmented Eggs .Production Of Thin Shelled Or
Shell Less Eggs.
CIA:
Chicken Infectious
Anaemia .
Blue Wing Disease
Gyrovirus
Circoviridae
1.Reduction In The Size Of
Thymus And Bursa Of Fabricious.
2.Change Of Bone Marrow From
Red Color To Yellow Or White
Color .
Anemia,Pale Tissue
IBH:
Inclusion Body
Hepatitis
Adenovirus Type -1 1.Liver Pale , Friable And Swollen
2.Small And Large Haemorrhages
In The Liver And Skeletal Muscles
Pallor Skin ,Comb,Wattles.
HPS:
Hydropericardium
Syndrome.
Leechi Disease.
Angara Disease.
Adenovirus Gp-1 Type-4 1.Presence Of Up To 10 Ml Of
Clear Fluid In The Pericardial Sac
( I.E. Under The Covering Of
Heart ) .
2.Heart Looks Like A Peeled
‘ Leechi’ Fruit .
1.No Specific Sign.
2. Sudden Death
3. Yellow Mucoid Diarrhea.
4. Huddling
5. Dullness Of Feeding, Roughened Feather.
VA:
Viral Arthritis.
Reovirus 1.Swelling & Inflammation Of
The Tendon Just Above The Hock
1.Lameness & Swelling Of The Tendon Shanks & Of
Gastrocnemius Tendon Above The Hock R Early Signs .

Tenosynovitis,
Ruptured
Gestrocnemius
Tendon.
Along The Posterior Aspect Of
Shank.
2.Hock Joint And Tendon Sheaths
Contain Inflammatory Exudates
May Be Bloody .
2.The Shanks Of Affected Chickens Are Enlarged .
Bacterial Disease :
CB:
Collibacillosis
Escherichia Coli
O(Somatic) Antigen
Serotypes Most Commonly
Associated With Disease
Outbreaks Are
O1,O2,O35,O78.
K(Capsular)Antigen Most
Common With Virulence
Are K1 & K80.
1.Heart , Liver , And Air Sacs
Covered By A Layer Of Light
Inflammatory Material .
Airsacculitis,Pericarditis, Omphalitis & Yolk Sac Infection,Acute
Septicemia,Enteritis,Salpingitis,Coligranuloma,Synovitis,Osteoarthritis,
Cellulitis,
IC:
Infectious Coryza
Avibacterium
Paragallinarum
1.Swelling Of Face .
2.Presence Of Mucus Or Pus
With Fibrin In Nasal Passages
And Infraorbital Sinus .
1. Rapid Onset & Morbidity High. Feed Consumption, Egg Drop.
2. Oculonasal Discharge , Conjunctivitis With Some Adherence Of Eye
Lids ,Edema Of Face (Occasionally Of Wattles ) ,Respiratory Noise ,&
Perhaps Diarrhea , Swollen Infraorbital Sinuses Or Exudates In
Conjunctiyal Sac
NE:
Necrotic Enteritis
Clostridium Perfringens
Type A Or C And Their
Toxins .
1.Small Intestine Is Greatly
Thickened And Shows A
Loose To Tightly Attached
Yellow Or Green Layer That Is
Deeply Cracked .
1. Acute Onset Of Depressed , Ruffled Birds , Rapidly Progress To
Death.
GD:
Gangrenous
Dermatitis
Clostridium Septicum,
E.Coli,
Staphlococcus.
1.Affected Area Is Dark &
Moist .
2.The Underlying Muscle Is
Discolored And Oedematous .
Sharp Sudden Mortality,Skin Lesion Creptitant Are Apparent In Liver
Or Dead Birds. Coarse Of Illness Less Than 24 Hours.

(Necrotic
Dermatitis)
3.The Tissue Is Dead And
Tends To Slough .
UE:
Ulcerative
Enteritis
Clostridium Colinum 1.Sever Haemmorrhagic
Enteritis ( Inflammation Of
Intestine ).
2.Ulceration In Caeca.
Signs Similar To Coccidiosis , Include Listlessness , Humped
Appearance , Retracted Neck , Drooping Wings , Partially Closed Eyes
, Ruffled Feathers, Diarrhea Anemia , And Perhaps Bloody Feces
PD:
Pullorum Disease
Salmonella Pullorum 1.In Chicks : Inflamed ,
Unabsorbed Yolk Sac . Lungs
Congested And Liver Is Dark .
Foci Of Dead Tissue Found In
The Liver , Lungs And Heart .
2.In Adult Birds : Ova Are
Irregular , Cystic , Deformed
,Discolored , And
Pedunculated .
1. Young Chicks & Poults :
Reduced Hatchability , New Chicks Appear Weak ,Bacteremia Sudden
Death , Morbidity & Mortality Begin To Increase Around 4 To 5
Day.Anorexia , Adherent Diarrhea With Pasting Of Vent . Chilling
Effect, Respiratory Signs.
2.Adult :No Sign , Hen May Or May Not Productive .
FT:
Fowl Typhoid
Salmonella Gallinarum 1.Liver Swollen ,Friable , And
Dark Red .
2.Its Surface Has A
Characteristic Coppery Bronze
Shine .
3. Pallor Throughout The
Cadaver And Thin Watery
Blood.
Signs Same To Pd In Birds Less Than 1 Month Old.Mature And Semi
Mature Birds Have Pale Head Parts(Comb, Wattles,Face),Shrunken
Combs And Wattles,And Diarrhea
Salmonellosis
(Para Typhoid )
S.Pullorum,S.Gallinarum
Almost 200 Species Are
Involve
1.Lungs , Liver ,Spleen , And
Kidneys Swollen And
Congested .
2.Unabsorbed Yolk .
3.White Areas Of Dead Tissue
In The Lungs , Liver And
Heart .
Signs Usually Seen In Young Birds (Less Than 4 Weeks Of Age ).
Perfuse Diarrhea , Followed By Dehydration, Pasting Of Vent Area .
Drooping Wings , Shivering And Huddling Near Heat Sources .
High Mortality And Morbidity Esp.During 2 Weeks Of Brooding .

FC:
Fowl Cholera
(Pasteurellosis)
Pasteurella Multocida
G-Ve, Destroy By
Disinfectants,Heat,Sunlight
Etc.
1.Pinpoint Foci Of Dead
Tissue In The Liver .
2.Liver Is Also Enlarged And
May Show Haemorrhages .
Sudden Unexpected Death,Anorexia , Cyanosis,Depression,Rales,Nasal
And Oral Discharge Of Mucus,White Watery Mucoid Diarrhea,
Swelling Of Joint,Wattle,Foot Pad,Tendon Sheath. Cheesy 7Nserine
Accumulate In Conjunctival Sac Or Intraorbital Sinus. May Be
Torticulus.
AT:
Avian
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium Avium 1.Irregular , Grayish Yellow
Nodules In The Liver , Spleen ,
Intestine And Bone Marrow .
Diarrhea Is Common, Skin Of The Face, Wattles , And Comb Often
Appear Pale.
S:
Spirochaetosis
(Tick Paralysis )
Borrelia Anserina
( Argus Persicus Usual
Vector ),(Mosquitoes Of
Genus Culex May Serve
As Vector), And Mites
May Serve As Mechanical
Carriers.
1.Enlarged And Nodular
Spleen .
2.Linear Haemorrhages In
Proventriculus Between
Glands .
Depressed Bird, Cyanotic ,Thirsty And Often Diarrhea That Includes
Excessive White Urates . Bird Weak ,Squat On The Ground , And
Later May Become Paralyzed
Staphylococcus Staph.Aureus Omphalitis, Gangrenous
Dermatitis,Cellulitis,
Abscesses,Septicemia
,Arthritis/Synovitis,
Spondylitis,Osteomyelitis,
Endocarditis.
Purulent Arthritis , & Tenosynovitis .
Mycoplasmal Diseases
MG:
Mycoplasma
Gallisepticum
Infection.(CRD,
Infectious
Sinusitis)
Mycoplasma
Gallisepticum
Cheese Like Inflammatory
Material In Air Sacs And Some
Degree Of Pneumonia
( Inflammation Of Lungs )
Adhesive Percarditis,Fibrinous
Perihepatitis.
Respiratory Nature, Coughing , Snezzing, Snicks,Rales,Ocular,
Nasal Discharge,
MS:
Mycoplasma
Synovie Infection
Mycoplasma Synovie Accumulation Of Yellowish
Fluid And Thickening Of The
Tissues Surrounding Joints .
Lamness In Many Birds,Swollen Foot Pads And Hocks.Feces
Acutly Affected Bird Are Green .

Fungal Diseases :
Aspergillosis
(Brooder
Pneumonia).
Mycotic
Pneumonia
Aspergillus Fumigatus 1.Nodules In The Nasal Passage
, Trachea , And Air Sacs .
2.Older Nodules Are Green To
Black .
3.Lungs May Be Grayish
Yellow With Cheese Like
Inflammatory Material .
Dyspnea, Gasping, Cyanosis,Labored Breathing.
Rales Do Not Usually Accompany These Resp.Signs.Other Signs
Diarrhea,Anorexia, Increased Thirst.
A Gray White Opacity May Developin One Or Both Eyes When
There Is Eye Infection.Conjunctiva,Corneal Ulceration.
A Large Mass Exudates Typically Accumulates In The Medial
Canthus Under The Third Eye Lid.
Candidiasis
(Thrush,Crop
Mycosis,Sour
Crop,
Candida Albicans 1.Layer Of White Cheesy
Material In The Crop.
Non Specific Signs,Ruffled Feather,Listlessness.
Aflatoxicosis Aflatoxin Group
B1,B2,G1,G2.
B1 Most Common In
Grains And Highly Toxic.
A.Flavus Is Primary
Producer Of Aflatoxinin
Grain.
1.Enlargement Of The Liver ,
Kidney , And Spleen .
2.Liver Is Greatly Enlarged ., Is
Yellow And Febrile With Small
Haemorrhages .
3.Also There Is Bloody Thigh
Syndrome.
Disease Of Liver.Carcass Pigmentation,Egg Production And
Immune Function , And Have Increased Nutrient Requirements Of
Protein , Trace Elements,And Vitamins .
Helminthic Diseases :
Tape Worm
Infection
Raillietina Sps.
Detail On Table.
Large Tapeworm May Block
The Whole Intestine .
Anemic Bird.
Ascaridia Infection Ascaridia Galli In Severe, Infection , Intestinal
Blockage Can Occur .
Anemic Bird.

Protozoal Diseases :
Coccidiosis Protozoal Sps.
Eimeria
9 Sps. Of Eimeria In Chicken.
E.Acervulena (Anterior 1/3 Of Intestinal Track)
E.Necatrix ( Middle 1/3 Of Intestinal Track)
E.Maxima ( Middle 1/3 Of Intestine )
E.Brunetti ( Lower S.I, Rectum & Proximal
Cecum)
E.Tenella ( Ceca )
E.Mitis ( Lower Small Intestine )
E.Mivati ( Duodenum Extend To Cecum )
E.Praecox ( Duodenum )
E.Hagani ( Intestine )
1.Caecal Coccidiosis : Caeca
Greatly Enlarge And Distended
With Clotted Blood .
2.Intestinal Coccidiosis :
Middle Portion Of The Small
Intestine Distended To Twice
Its Normal Size ( Ballooning )
And The Lumen Is Filled With
Blood .
Diarrhea Which May Mucoid Or Bloody
. Dehydration Followed By Ruffled
Feathers, Anemia . Drop In Production.
Metabollic Diseases :
Gout Excessive Dietary Protein(30-
40%),Dietary
Calcium(>3%),Sodium Bicarbonate
Toxicity
.Mycotoxins(Ochratoxins,Oosporin),
Vit.A Deficiency ,
1.Visceral Gout : Kidney , Heart , Proventriculus And Lung
Shows Urate Deposition .
2.The Deposits On The Surface Of The Organs Appears As
White Chalky Coating .
3.Articular Gout : When Joints Are Opened , Tissues
Surrounding The Joints Are White Due To Urate Deposition .
Depress, Weight Loss.
Ascites Phs( Pulmonary Hypertension
Syndrome )
Rapid Growth & High Metabolic
Rate .
( Increase Hydrostatic Vascular
1.Presence Of Large Amount Of Fluid In Abdominal Cavity .
2.Heart Is Markedly Enlarged .
3.There Is Also Accumulation Of Fluid Under Then Covering
Of The Heart .
4.Liver Is Swollen And Congested .
Broilers Smaller And
Ruffled Feathers ,
Abdominal Distension
With Reluctance To
Move , Respiratory

Pressure=>Decrease Oncotic
Pressure=>Increase Capillary
Permibility=>Impaired Lymphatic
Drainage
5.Lungs Are Extremely Congested And Edematous . Distress And Cyanosis.
Rickets Vit.D3 And Phosphorus 1.Bones Are Soft And Rubbery .
2.Keel Bones Are Curved ,Ribs Are ‘Beaded ’ , Are Legs Are
Bowed.
Birds Lame, Stiff Legged
Gait.
FLHS:
Fatty Liver-
Haemorrhagic
Syndrome
(Fatty Liver
Syndrome )
Excessive Consumption Of High
Energy Protein Diets With
Restricted Activity=>Excessive
Deposition Of Fat On Liver.
Deficiency Of Lipotrophic Agent
Which Are Essential For
Mobilization Of Fat From Liver.
Aflatoxin Increase Fat Content.
Genetic Component.
Large Blood Clot In Abdomen ,Often Enveloping The Liver
,As A Result Of Subcapsular Hepatic Hemorrhages And
Rupture Of Parenchyma . Subcapsular Hematocysts May Be
Visible Within The Parenchyma . Liver Is Gently Enlarged,
Pale And Frible.Large Amount Of Fat Are Present Within The
Abdominal Cavity And Surrounding Viscera .
Sudden Drop In
Production.Bird Comb
Pale And Wattles
Covered With Flaking
Epidermis
CLF:
Cage Layer
Fatigue
Deficiencies Of Vit.D3 1.Bones Are Easily Broken .Fracture May Be Found In Leg
And Wing Bones , And In The Thoracic Spine .
2.Sternum Is Often Deformed.
Posterior Paralysis,And
Death
Management Related Disorders :
Dehydration/Starvation
Of Chickens/Pullets
Failure To Eat Of Drink .
Poikilothermic Chicks.
Dehydrated Carcasses Are
Light With Darker Feet And
Beak . Skin Adheres Tightly
To Dark Pectoral
Muscles.White Choky Material
(Urates Deposits ) Can Be
Observed On Various Serosal
Surfaces .
Weakness, Illness.Chicks Noisy .Chick Smaller.

HSMS:
Hypoglycemia-Spiking
Mortality Syndrome
Hypoglycemia, Could
Either Explained By A
Virus Blocking
Pancreatic Glucagon
Production Or
Hypothetically Related
To Melatonin Deficiency
And Associated
Glycogenolysis.
Melatonin Deficiency
Could Be Caused By A
Lack Of Long Dark
Period .
No Specific Lesions.
Infrequently Sinusoidal
Congestion Or Small
Hemorrhages Are Seen In The
Liver.
Rapid , Unexplained Increase In Mortality,Which Eill Decrease
As Quickly In A Matter Of A Few Days.Live Chicks Are
Recumbent, Uncoordinated,Frequent Lying On Their Breasts
With Extended Legs.Blood Glucose Level Are Lower Than ,<
150mg/Dl.
Heat Stress /
Hyperthermia
High Environmental
Temperature.
Power Failure In Closed
Building.
Lethal Internal High
Body Temperature Is
116*F For Chicks And
117*F For Adult Birds.
No. Dead Birds Found On Their Breast,In Good Body Condition.
Breast Muscle May Have A Cooked , Pale Appearance,
( Panting And Increased Respiratory Rates Affect Acid Base
Balance And Cause Respiratory Acidosis . Higher Blood Ph
Will Reduce Plasma Ionized Calcium, Which Is Needed For
Egg Shell Formation , Hence The Risk For Increased Thin
Shelled Eggs In Summer Time Laying Flocks.
Vaccine Reaction
(Rolling Reaction )
Nd & Ib Vaccine
Reaction Occur Within
The Week After
Hatchery Vaccination.
Serous To Caseous Exudates In
The Upper Respiratory Tract
With Air Sacculitis In Case Of
Secondary Infection.
Head Shaking , Wet Eyes , Nasal Discharge, Mild Coughing
And Sneezing .

Behavior Disorders :
Cannibalism Light Intensity, Dense Stocking, Reduced Animal
Protein Feed Content, Lack Of Vitamins , Amino
Acids Or Salt In Feed, Sodium Imbalance Due To
Heat Stress, Being Without Feed For Too Long
And Irritation From External Parasites.
No Feather Pulling, And Vent, Head, And Toe
Picking.In Severe Cases Birds Die Hemorrhages
And Carcasses Will Be Eaten By Pen Mates.
Overweight Birds Vaginal Mucosa Exposed To
Pen Mates So Eversion Of And Prolapsed Of
Vagina ,The Assaulted Hen Died Due To Blood
Loss.
Hysteria Fear Due To Any Reason.
Sporadic Cases Of Broiler Chicken And
Replacement Pullet Flocks With Extremely High
Activity Levels Have Been Reported .
Tryptophan Supplementation Appears To
Allevate Problem
No No
Reproductive Disorders :
Disorders Cause Clinical Signs Lesions
Ovarian Lesions
1. Atrophy:
2. Neoplasms:
3. Oophoritis:
(Follicular Regression)
4. Ovarian Cysts:
1.Stress ,Lack Of Feed & Water.
2.Marek’s Disease, Lymphoid Leukosis,
Adenocarcinomas,
Myelocytomatosis,Granuloma Cell
Tumor,Arrhenoblastomas.
3.Nd, Fowl Cholera, Pullorum Disease,
Avian Influenza .
4.Ocassionaly Encountered In Laying Hens.
1.Atrophy, Inactivity Of Ovary.
2.Neoplastic Ovary .
3.Turgid Yellow Ovules Become Wrinkled,
Hemorrhagic, Discolored (Green, Gray Yellow
Etc.)
4.Thin Walled Cysts Contain Clear Fluid.

Oviduct Lesions
1. Prolapse:
2. Impacted Or
Egg Bound
Oviduct:
3. Salpingitis:
Young Poorly Developed Pullets
Just
Coming In Egg Production.
Flock Higher Than Recommended
Cage Densities.
Increased Level Of Cannibalism
Associated With Hyperactive Flock.
Flock Exposed To Sudden Surge Of
Increased Light Intensity.
Increased Level Of Obesity.
Flock Poorly Trimmed With
Substantial Re Growth Of Beak
Tips.
 Hens Bought To Production Too
Early.
 Hens Extremely Obese.
 Mycoplasma Infection, Salmonella
Infection, Pasteurellosis,
Collibacillosis.
Eversion Of The
Terminal Oviduct.
=> =>Affect Left Greater Abdominal Air Sac
Miscellaneous Diseases / Conditions :
Smothering Chilled Environment 1.Congestion Of Trachea And Lungs .
Egg Peritonitis 1.Scattered Piece Of Yolk , Thickened Yolk , Cheesy
Semi – Solid Material , Or Milky Fluid In The
Abdominal Cavity .
2.The Cheesy Mass Gives A Very Offensive Smell.
Bumble Feet Injury 1.Abscess In The Foot Pad . Scab, Inflammation, Tendonitis , Septic
Arthritis .

Material To Be Sent To The Laboratory For Disease Diagnosis Of Poultry
Viral Diseases :
Diseases Materials To Be Sent
New Castle
( Nd )
( Ranikhet )
Serum Sample For Serological Tests ( Antibody Detection )
Intestine , Intestinal Contents And Trachea , Along With Proventriculus And Brain , For Isolation & Identification Of
The Viruses .Send Sample In Phosphate Buffered Isotonic Saline , Containing Antibiotics Or In 50 % Glycerine And
Saline .
Infectious Bursal
Disease
( Ibd )
( Gumboro Disease )
Bursa & Spleen For Isolation & Identification Of Virus In Antibiotic Treated Saline .
Macerated Bursa And Serum Samples For Serological Tests .
Bursa & Kidney In 10 % Formaline For Microscopic Examinations Of Tissues Sections .
Infectious Bronchitis
( Ib )
Trachea , Lungs , Air Sacs , Caecal Tonsils , Kidney & Oviduct In 50 % Glycerine Saline For Virus Isolation And
Identification ( Only In Early Stages Of Disease )
Serum Samples For Serological Tests.
Infectious
Laryngiotracheitis
( Ilt )
Tracheal Exudate To Demonstrate The Presence Of Virus By Various Methods ,Such As Serological Tests ,
Examinations Of Intra Nuclear Inclusions ,Electron Microscopy , Inoculation Into Developing Chick Embryo And
Cell Culture , And Examination With Dna Probes.
Trachea In 10 % Formaline For Examinations Of Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies .
Serum Samples For Serological Tests .
Fowl Pox Pieces From Skin And Other Tissue Lesions In 10 % Formaline For Examination Of Intra Cytoplasmic Eosinophilic
Inclusion Bodies .
Smears Prepared From Lesions For Detection Of Inclusion Bodies .
Lesions Of Fowl Pox In 50 % Glycerine Saline For Detection And Identification Of Virus .
Marek’s Diseases Nerve Lesions ( From Sciatic And Brachial Nerve ) And Lymphoid Tumors ( From Ovary , Lungs , Kidneys ,
Proventriculus , Heart , Liver ,Spleen ) In 10 % Formaline For Microscopic Examination .
Feather Tips In 50 % Glycerine Saline For Isolation And Identification Of The Virus .
Lymphoid Leukosis Pieces Of Liver , Spleen , Bursa ,Thymus , Bone Marrow , Gonads 9 Ovary , Testes ) , Sciatic And Brachial Nerves
And Any Other Tumor Tissue In 10 % Formaline For Microscopic Examinations .

Impression Smears Of Fresh Tumors Tissue For Cytological Examinations .
Tumors Tissue ,Liver ,Serum And Plasma For Isolation And Identification Of The Virus .
Serum Or Plasma For Serological Tests .
Avian
Encephlomyelitis
( Ae )
Brain In 50 % Glycerine Saline For Isolation And Identification Of The Virus.
Smears From The Brain , Or Crystat Sections , For Demonstration Of The Virus .
Serum Samples For Serological Samples .
Brain , Proventriculus And Pancreas In 10 % Formaline For Microscopic Examinations .
Egg Drop Syndrome
( Eds )
Affected Eggs For Isolation And Identification Of The Virus .
Serum Sample For Serological Tests .
Avian Influenza
(Ai )
Feces Or Intestinal Contents And Trachea For Isolation And Identification Of The Virus .
Inclusion Body
Hepatitis
( Ibh )
Liver In 50 % Glycerine Saline Or A Feces Suspension And Identification Of The Virus .
Pieces Of Liver In 10 % Formaline For Microscopic Examinations Of Intra Nuclear Inclusions Bodies .
Chicken Infectious
Anemia
( Cia )
Liver Impression Smears And Cryostat Sections , Fixed With Acetone , For Identification Of Antibodies .
Formaline-Fixed Paraffin- Embedded Sections For Identification Of Antibodies .
Thymus , Bone Marrow , And Liver From Affected Chicks In 50 % Glycerine Saline For Isolation & Identification Of
The Virus . However, Virus Isolation Is Not Recommended Because It Is A Slow And Expensive Method .
Reo Viruses
( Viral Arthritis ,
Cloacal Pasting ,
Stunting Syndrome )
Feces And Spleen In 50 % Glycerine Saline For Isolation And Identification Of The Virus . If Arthritis Is Present ,
Also Include Synovial Fluid And Synoviae From The Tendon Sheaths .
Reticuloendotheliosis Affected Tissues ( Lymphoma ) , Whole Blood Or Plasma From Affected Birds For Virus Isolation & Identification .
Avian Nephritis Suspension Of Either The Kidneys Or The Rectal Contents For Isolation & Identification Of The Virus .
Serum Sample From Recovered Birds For Serological Tests.
Leechi Diseases Pieces Of Liver In 10 % Formaline For Microscopic Examination Of Intra Nuclear Inclusion Bodies .
Pieces Of Liver In 50 % Glycerine Saline For Isolation And Identification Of Adeno Virus .

Bacterial Diseases :
Collibacilosis Heart , Liver , And Lungs For Isolation And Identification Of The E.Coli Causative Agent .
Infectious Coryza Swabs From Infraorbital Sinus ,Trachea And Air Sacs From Actually Disease Chicken For Isolation And
Identification Of The Causative Organisms Haemophilus Paragallinarum .
Salmonellosis Liver ,Gall Bladder , Or Yolk Sac For Isolation And Identification Of Salmonella From Chicks Dying Of Septicemia .
In Older Birds , Caeca Is The Most Likely Site For Isolation .
Fowl Cholera Impression Smears From The Liver And Lungs , Or Smears Of The Heart Blood For Demonstration Of The Causative
Agent Pasteurella Multocida .
Liver, Bone Marrow , Heart Blood For Isolation And Identification Of The Organism .
Fowl Typhoid Liver , Spleen And Caeca For Isolation & Identification Of The Organism Of Salmonella Gallinarum .
Whole Blood And Serum For Serological Tests .
Pullorum Disease Liver , Spleen And Caeca For Isolation Of The Causative Organism Salmonella Pullorum .
Whole Blood And Serum For Serological Tests .
Necrotic Enteritis Intestinal Contents , Scrapings Of Intestinal Wall , Or Haemorrhagic Lymphoid Nodules For Isolation And
Identification Of The Causative Organism Clostridium Perfringens .
Ulcerative Enteritis Liver Or Spleen For Isolation And Identification Of The Causative Organism .
Clostridium Colinum . The Organism Is Present In The Liver In Pure Form ,Rather Than In The Intestine .
Gangrenous
Dermatitis
Exudates Of Skin And S/C Tissue , Or Underlying Muscle , For Isolation And Identification Of The Causative
Organism , Staphylococcus Aureus & Clostradium Perfringens .
However , Isolation Can Be Misleading Since Both The Organisms Are Present On The Skin Of Normal Chickens .
Staphylococcosis Suspected Clinical Material , Such As Exudate From Joints , Yolk , And Swabs From Internal Organs For Isolation
And Identification Of Causative Organisms . Staphylococcus Aureus .
Streptococcosis Blood Smears Or Impression Smears From Liver , Spleen ,Affected Heart Valves , Or Lesions From Sick Birds For
Demonstration Of The Causative Organisms Streptocooci.
However This Will Provide Only A Presumptive Diagnosis .
To Confirm Diagnosis , Isolation Of Streptocooci From Typical Lesions Is Needed . This Should Be Attempted
Without Any Fecal Contamination , As These Organism Are Found In The Fecces Of Normal Poultry .
Tuberculosis Crushed Lesions ( From Liver ,Spleen Or Other Organs ) For Demonstration Of Acid Fast Tubercle Bacilli For

Presumptive Diagnosis .Even Smears From Infected Liver And Spleen Are Very Helpful In Diagnosis .
Young Lesions And Bone Marrow For Isolation And Identification Of The Causative Organisms Mycobacterium
Avium .
Whole Blood For Serological Tests ( Rapid Agglutination Test And Elisa )
Campylobacteriosis Caecal Contents , Even Cloacal Swabs Or Fresh Samples , For Isolation And Identification Of The Causative
Organisms “Campylobacters ”.
With Systemic Infection . The Organism Can Also Be Recovered From Liver , Bile And Blood .
Listeriosis Heart , Liver , Spleen , Brain Or Blood For Isolation And Identification Of The Causative Organisms , Listeria
Monocytogeenes.
Erysipelas Infection For Confirmation , Liver , Spleen , And Bone Marrow For Isolation And Identification Of The Causative Organism
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae.
Smears From Heart Blood , Especially In Peracute Cases , For Tentative Diagnosis .
Spirochaetosis Blood Smears For Staining , Or Wet Blood Films For Examination By Dark- Field Illumination For Demonstration Of
The Causal Organism Borrelia Anserina.
Mycoplasmal Diseases :
Mycoplasmosis
Mycoplasma
Gallisepticum
Infection ( Crd )
Swabs From Nasal Cavity , Airsacs ,Trachea And Lungs As Well As Exudate Aspirated From The Infraorbital Sinus
And Joints For Isolation And Identification Of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum.
Serum Sample For Serological Tests.
Mycoplasma Synoviae
Infection
Trachea , Lungs ,Airsacs And Joint Lesions For Isolation And Identification Of Mycoplasma Synoviae.
Mycoplasma Synoviae Serum Samples For Serological Tests.
Fungal Diseases:
Aspergillosis
( Brooder
Pneumonia)
Smears From Lesions ( White Caseous Nodules In The Lungs Or Air Sacs) For Demonstration Of Branched , Septate
Aspergillus Hyphae.
Lesions ( Granulomas Or Plaques In The Lungs Or Air Sacs ) For Cultural Isolation And Identification Of The
Causative Fungus .

Candidiasis (Crop
Mycosis , Thrush )
Pieces Of Crop And Esophagus In 10 % Formaline For Microscopic Demonstration Of The Causative Fungus Candida
Albicans.
Mycotoxicosis Samples ( 500 G ) Of Suspected Feed, Feed Ingredients And Mouldy Clumps Shouls Be Collected And Submitted In
Seprate Containers For Chemical Analysis And Screening Of Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, T-2, Don , & Fumonisin .
Isolation , Identification And Quantification Are Done By Various Analytical Chemical Methods , As Well As By
Feeding Trials . Samples Should Be Promptly Submitted To A Feed Testing Laboratory For Analysis .
Mycotoxins Formation May Not Be Uniform , In A Batch Of Feed Or Grain , And Multiple Samples From Different
Sites Increase The Chance Of Confirming A Mycotoxin . Samples Should Be Collected And Submitted In Seprate
Containers . Clean Papers Bags Or Polythene Bags , Properly Labeled , Are Adequate .
How To Take Sample Of Feed :
While Taking A Sample Of Any Kind Of Feed Stuff For Laboratory Analysis , It Is Essential That Samples Are Taken
In A Correct Manner So That The Samples Used Is Truly Representative Of The Feed Stuff. Failure To Make This
Makes Laboratory Analysis Meaningless. Also Results Could Be Misleading If Unrepresentative Samples Are Taken .
Samples Should Not Be Taken From Feed Troughs .
The Principle Of Taking A Feed Sample Is That From The Bulk At Least For Samples Aare Taken From Different
Places By A Mug Or A Large Cup, Or By Grain Probe If Ffrom Bag .These Samples Are Then Pooled To Form An
Aggregate (Combined ) Sample, From Which The Final Sample ( At Least 500 G Or 1 Lb ) Is Taken For Analysis .
Chlamydial Diseases :
Chlamydiosis Impression Smears From The Surface Of The Liver Or Spleen And Cloacal , Tracheal Or Conjunctival Swabs For
Demonstration Of The Causative Organisms Chlamydia Psittaci .
For Isolation And Identification Of Chlamydia , Pieces Of Liver Or Spleen , Exudates Or Feces In A Diluent
Containing Antibiotics , Which Reduce Contamination But Have No Adverse Effect On Chlamydia .

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