This document discusses several poultry diseases:
- Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) affects chickens aged 3-6 weeks and causes immunosuppression. There is no treatment, but vaccination can help prevent it.
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza can cause high mortality in birds. It spreads through contact with infected secretions or contaminated materials. Signs include respiratory illness and death. Prevention relies on biosecurity.
- Salmonellosis in chickens is caused by Salmonella pullorum or S. gallinarum. It spreads through contact or contaminated feed/water. Young birds show diarrhea and death while adults show decreased egg production. There is no treatment, prevention relies on sanitation.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
The best fed and housed stock with the best genetic potential will not grow and produce efficiently if they become diseased or infested with parasites. Therefore good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
The best fed and housed stock with the best genetic potential will not grow and produce efficiently if they become diseased or infested with parasites. Therefore good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute, highly contagious infection of chickens and pheasants.
Inflammation of the larynx and trachea.
Result in severe production losses due to mortality and/or decreased egg production
Severe epizootic forms of infection are characterized by signs of respiratory depression, gasping (agonal respiration), expectoration of bloody mucus and high mortality
Mild forms of infection manifest variously as mucoid tracheitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis and low mortality
Avian influenza in herd health and production economicsShareef Ngunguni
Avian influenza is a zoonotic and notifiable disease which occurs world wide. Different risk factors are associated with transmission of the disease to humans. It has two forms HPAI and LPAI. The disease has an impact on public health and economics of the country. In Malawi,it seems the disease appeared in 2005 where it attacked migratory birds
Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease affecting wild and
domestic birds. It is characterized by a high variability in
morbidity, mortality,
ND primarily affects chickens and turkeys, but most poultry
and many wild and domestic birds are susceptible.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. Gamboro/IBD
(IBD), also known as Gumboro, is a highly contagious viral infection that is
found in chicken flocks in most countries. The severity of the disease will
depend on the age and breed of chicken
Chickens are most susceptible to clinical disease at 3-6 weeks
Chickens that are immunosuppressed by early IBD infections do not respond
well to vaccination and are more susceptible to other diseases, including
those that don’t normally affect healthy chickens
Incubation of 3-4 days. Mortality is usually low but has been reported to be as
high as 20%. Recovery from the disease usually occurs in less than a week,
3. Etielogy
Infectious bursal disease is caused by a birnavirus (IBDV) that is most readily
isolated from the bursa of Fabricius which is an organ of the immune system
It is shed in the faeces and spreads between birds or by contact with a
contaminated environment and is possibly also carried in dust. The virus can
be transferred from house to house on fomites
4. Signs
Sudden increase in mortality
a rapid drop in feed and water consumption,
mucoid (slimy) diarrhoea with soiled vent feathers, ruffled feathers,
listless chicks with unsteady gait or sitting in hunched position,
picking at own vent and
sleeping with beak touching the floor.
The bursa of Fabricius is the main organ affected, showing swelling from
edema and hemorrhage during the early stages of the disease and then
shrinking (atrophy) 7-8 days following infection.
5. Treatment
There is no treatment for IBD but support therapies such as vitamin and
electrolyte supplements and antibiotics to treat any secondary bacterial
infections, may reduce the impact of the disease
Prevention is through good biosecurity and vaccination
6. HPS/Angara disease
This condition was first identified in broilers in Pakistan in 1987. It spread
rapidly in broiler producing areas in that country
It affects mainly broilers
It is a condition caused by an adenovirus, possibly in combination with an RNA
virus and immunosuppression caused by Chick Anaemia Virus or Infectious
Bursal Disease.
Mortality may reach 60% but more typically 10-30%.
7. Signs
The disease is prevalent in 3-7 week old broilers
Characterized by its sudden onset
accumulation of a jelly like fluid in the pericardial sac
inflamed liver with basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies
congested kidneys
and up to 70% mortality rates
8. Treatment
None. Good water sanitation (e.g. treatment of drinking water with 0.1% of a
2.5% iodophor solution) appears to be beneficial.
The condition typically occurs in areas of high poultry density where multi-
age operation is traditional.
Control of predisposing immunosuppressive diseases may help limit losses.
Formalin-inactivated oil adjuvant vaccines are reported to be highly effective
and are used in areas where the condition is endemic.
9. Avian Influenza
Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral infection which can affect all species
of birds
The virus causing avian influenza is an Influenzavirus A virus of the family
Orthomyxoviridae
To date only viruses of H5 and H7 subtype have been shown to cause HPAI in
susceptible species, but not all H5 and H7 viruses are highly pathogenic.
10. AI
There are many strains of AI viruses and generally can be classifi ed into two
categories:
low pathogenic (LPAI) that typically causes little or no clinical signs in birds
and highly
pathogenic (HPAI) that can cause severe clinical signs and/or high mortality in
birds
The Asian origin highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of the AI virus has attracted
much attention over the last few years because of signifi cant outbreaks
globally in domestic and wild birds.
11. Transmission
Several factors can contribute to the spread of AI viruses including
globalization and international trade (legally and illegally),
marketing practices
(live bird markets), farming practices
and the presence of the viruses in wild birds. Wild birds normally can carry
avian influenza viruses in their respiratory or intestinal tracts and usually do
not get sick. Wild birds have historically been known as reservoirs
12. Transmission
AI viruses can be spread through direct contact with secretions from infected
birds, especially feces or through contaminated feed, water, equipment and
clothing.
Avian infl uenza viruses are readily transmitted from farm to farm by the
movement of domestic live birds, people (especially when shoes and other
clothing are contaminated), and contaminated vehicles, equipment, feed,
and cages.
13. Signs
In the mild form, signs of illness may be expressed only as ruffled feathers,
reduced egg production, or mild effects on the respiratory system.
In the severe form of the disease, the virus not only affects the respiratory
tract, as in the mild form, but also invades multiple organs and tissues that can
result in massive internal haemorrhaging.
14. Signs
quietness and extreme depression;
– sudden drop in production of eggs, many of
which are soft-shelled or shell-less;
– wattles and combs become swollen and
congested;
– swelling of the skin under the eyes;
– coughing, sneezing and nervous signs;
– diarrhoea;
– haemorrhages on the hock;
– a few deaths may occur over several days,
followed by rapid spread and a mortality rate
that can then approach 100% within 48 hours.
15. Prevention
keep poultry away from areas frequented by wild fowl;
keep control over access to poultry houses by people and equipment;
do not provide elements on property that may attract wild birds;
maintain sanitation of property, poultry houses and equipment;
avoid the introduction of birds of unknown disease status into flock;
report illness and death of birds
appropriate disposal of manure and dead poultry.
16. Fowl pox
Fowl pox (FP) is a viral disease in hens, turkeys and many other birds
It is a relatively slow-spreading viral infection
It occurs in both a wet and dry form. The wet form is characterised by
plaques in the mouth and upper respiratory tract.
The dry form is characterised by wart-like skin lesions that progress to thick
scabs.
The disease may occur in any age of bird, at any time. Mortality is usually not
significant unless the respiratory involvement is severe.
Fowl pox can cause depression, reduced appetite and poor growth or egg
production. The course of the disease in the individual bird takes three to five
weeks.
17. Etieology
Fowl pox is caused by an avian DNA pox virus
Infection occurs through skin abrasions or bites, through the respiratory route
and possibly through ingestion of infective scabs. It can be transmitted by
birds, mosquitoes or fomites (inanimate objects such as equipment).
A flock may be affected for several months as fowl pox spreads slowly.
Recovered birds do not remain carriers.
18. Prevention
There is no treatment for fowl pox and prevention is through vaccination of
replacement birds.
As mosquitoes are known reservoirs, mosquito control procedures may be of
some benefit in limiting spread in poultry confined in houses.
19. Infectious coryza
Infections Coryza is usually acute and sometimes chronic, highly infectious
disease of chickens
Coryza is characterised by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory
tract, especially nasal and sinus mucosae. Facial swelling , nasal discharge
and conjunctivitis are the main clinical symptoms.
Infectious Coryza is caused by the
bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum and is seen in many countries
especially in multi-age farms that are never depopulated.
Morbidity is high but mortality low if uncomplicated, although it may be up to
20%.
20. Transmission
The route of infection is conjunctival or nasal with an incubation period of 1-3
days followed by rapid onset of the disease over a 2-3 day period with the
whole flock affected within 10 days.
This results in increased culling.
Carriers are important with transmission via exudates and by direct contact.
It is not egg-transmitted.
21. Signs
Facial swelling.
Purulent ocular and nasal discharge.
Swollen wattles.
Sneezing.
Dyspnoea.
Loss in condition.
Drop in egg production of 10-40%.
Inappetance.
22. Treatment
Antibiotic treatment will reduce the severity of the course of the disease.
This contributes to a reduction of egg production losses. Be aware that
antibiotics do not eliminate the bacteria, birds remain carriers of the
bacterium.
vaccines are used to prevent infection in high incidence areas. However,
control of the disease requires good husbandry practices. Prevention is best
achieved using biosecurity principles based on an all-in/all-out replacement
policy and ensuring replacement birds are not infected. If infection occurs,
complete depopulation followed by thorough cleaning/disinfecting is the only
means for eliminating the disease. The bacterium survives 2-3 days outside
the bird but is easily killed by heat, drying and disinfectants.
23. Fowl Cholera
Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial infection. The disease can range from
acute septicemia (blood poisoning) to chronic and localised infections
disease caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida
morbidity and mortality may be up to 100%.
24. Transmission
The route of infection is oral or nasal with transmission via nasal exudate,
faeces, contaminated soil, equipment, and people.
The incubation period is usually 5-8 days.
Predisposing factors include high density and concurrent infections such as
respiratory viruses.
25. Signs
Clinical findings vary greatly depending on the course of the disease.
In acute cases, increased mortality is usually the first indication.
Affected birds have swelling of the face or wattles, discharge from the
nostrils, mouth and eyes which may become “cheesy”, laboured breathing
and, in some cases, lack of coordination.
The face, combs and wattles may become cyanotic (turn a bluish colour).
Other symptoms include depression, loss of appetite, lameness, diarrhea and
ruffled feathers.
26. Prevention
Fowl cholera can be treated with sulfonamides and antibiotics. Vaccines are
available but give variable results
The disease is best controlled by eradication
Prevention relies on good biosecurity practices, with good sanitation and
rodent control and separation of birds by age with thorough cleanout between
flocks.
This bacterium is susceptible to ordinary disinfectants, sunlight, drying, and
heat.
27. Avian Salmonellosis
Pullorum disease is an infectious poultry disease caused by the
bacterium Salmonella pullorum. The disease affects mainly young chicks and
poults, but can also affect older chickens, game birds, guinea fowl, ostriches,
parrots, peafowl, ring doves, sparrows and turkeys.
Fowl typhoid is an infectious poultry disease caused by the
bacterium Salmonella gallinarum. The disease affects mainly mature or
growing chickens, but has the ability to affect all chickens, ducks, grouse,
guinea-fowl, peafowl, pheasants, quail and turkeys.
28. Signs
The clinical signs of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are very similar. Pullorum
disease is generally a disease of young chicks and poults, while fowl typhoid is
more predominant in growing and adult birds.
In young birds:
anorexia;
depression;
diarrhea;
dying or death (highest mortality rate in the first 2 weeks of life and in
incubators); and
laboured breathing.
29. Signs
In growing and mature birds:
anorexia;
decreased egg production;
depression;
diarrhea;
high fever;
increased mortality (usually higher in chickens than turkeys); and
poor hatchability.
30. Transmission
The most common ways for these diseases to spread is through contact with
infected birds, and the transmission from hens to chicks through the egg.
Game birds and backyard flocks may act as reservoirs for the infection.
These diseases can also spread via contaminated feed, water and litter, as
well as through contaminated clothing, footwear, vehicles and equipment.
31. Treatment
There are no treatments available for these diseases, but the best ways to
protect flocks from these diseases are through the following:
keep poultry away from areas frequented by wild fowl;
keep strict control over access to poultry houses;
keep equipment cleaned and disinfected before taking it into poultry houses;
do not keep bird feeders or create duck ponds close to poultry barns as they
attract wild birds; and
maintain high sanitation standards.