Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Fowlpox is contagious viral disease.
Bird of all age is affected by this disease.
Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease.
Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese, pheasants and quills.
1-2% mortality rate.
Incubation period 2-3 weeks.
Fowlpox is seen worldwide.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Fowlpox is contagious viral disease.
Bird of all age is affected by this disease.
Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease.
Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese, pheasants and quills.
1-2% mortality rate.
Incubation period 2-3 weeks.
Fowlpox is seen worldwide.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
A presentation on neoplastic disease of poultry prepared by veterinary student currently studying at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Nepal.
Black head histomoniasis in poultry characterised by ulceration of ceca and filling of ceca with caseouse material and cyanosis of head in turkey, drop in egg production in chicken, heterakis gallinarum worm act as a vector for transport of histomonas parasite to chicken body
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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3. Introduction :-
• Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative, highly contagious
disease of poultry and caused by a highly cell associated gallid herpes
virus, a DNA virus belonging to Herpes viridae family.
• There are three serotypes of the virus recognized. Serotypes 1 and 2
are designated as virulent and avirulent chicken isolates respectively.
• Serotype 3 designates the avirulent turkey herpes virus. • Serotypes 2
and 3 and attenuated serotype-I virus are used for vaccine production.
The virus remains stable for about 24 hours at 30˚C.
• The Marek’s disease virus (MDV) has been propagated and assayed in
newly hatched chicks, tissue cultures (co-cultivation of lymphocytes
with chicken kidney cells or duck embryo fibroblasts) and embryonated
eggs. This disease is exists in poultry-producing countries throughout the
world.
4. • The infection is transmitted through inhalation of infected material
from the environment.
• Virus particle can persist for a considerable period of time in the
dandruff of feather follicles, which are released in environment.
• The infective materials are oral, nasal and tracheal secretions and
litter materials. The darkling beetle (Alphitrbius diaperinus) is acting
as mechanical transmitter of the disease.
• The chickens are the most important natural host and MD is very
rare and probably of no real importance in other species with the
possible exception of quail.
• Chickens of 12-24 weeks of age are mostly susceptible to Marek’s
disease and generally it does not occur in chickens below 6 weeks of
age and older birds above 24 weeks of age.
5. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS :-
• Incubation period-ranges from 3 weeks to 9 weeks.
• The disease appears in several forms.
• Classical form or neural form
Birds of 16-20 weeks age usually suffer.
Signs are mostly concerned with the affection of nerves.
Paralysis of legs, drooping wings.
Nerves like sciatic nerve, brachial nerve, celiac and vagus nerve
running through neck, thoracic and abdominal viscera are affected.
Birds unable to stand remain in recumbent position, legs and wings
may stretched in either direction. The “split leg” stance is the usual
feature.
Vents remain soiled with green diarrhea.
Mortality rate is comparatively low and mostly noted at the onset
of maturity.
6. • Acute or visceral form
Generally birds at the age of 3-4 weeks are affected.
Depression, droopiness, unthirfitness, dehydration,
emaciation and anaemia.
Internal organs of the birds affected.
Mortality rate may go as high as 60%.
Chicks may die suddenly without showing any clinical
manifestation.
Ovaries of the affected layers and pullets – looks like a
cauliflower and mulberry respectively.
7. • Transitional paralytic form
Occurs in chickens at the age of 5-18 weeks of age.
Sudden development of paresis or paralysis of the legs, wings
and neck.
Signs usually disappear within 24-48 hours.
• Ocular form
Blindness in birds due to mononuclear cell infiltration in the iris
causing “grey eye” or “pearl eye”.
• Skin or cutaneous form
Distinct white nodules on the skin and in extreme cases looks
like brownish nodules.
8. • Muscular form
Superficial and deep muscles like pectoral muscles affected.
Muscles look lusterless, whitish grey and there are tiny white
streaks to nodular tumours in the muscles.
9.
10. LESIONS :-
• Affected nerves thickened to more than 2-3 times than normal
• Striation and glistening appearance of nerve is lost and looks
oedematous
• Celiac, cranial, mesenteric, brachial and sciatic plexes and greater
splanchnic nerves are mostly affected
• Tiny whitish streaks to nodular tumours in muscles
• Atrophy of bursa
• Ovary- cauliflower like appearance
• Pale, single or multiple nodular tumours in myocardium
• Skin- whitish nodule, scab with brownish colour.
11.
12.
13. DIAGNOSIS :-
• Specimens to be collected
Skin, dander, feather tips of infected chickens, blood
• Based on the clinical signs and postmortem lesions
• Identification of the agent
Under field conditions, most chickens become infected with
MDV during the first few weeks of life and then carry the infection
throughout their lives, often without developing overt disease.
The infection is usually detected by inoculating live buffy coat
cells on to monolayer cultures of chicken kidney cells or duck
embryo fibroblasts, in which characteristic viral plaques develop
within a few days.
14.
15. Two serotypes of MDV are recognized – 1 and 2 – and a third
serotype is represented by the related herpes virus of turkeys
(HVT). Serotype 1 includes the virulent strains and serotype 2 the
naturally avirulent strains. MD viral antigen can be detected in the
feather tips of infected birds using a radial precipitin test.
•Serological tests
Antibodies to MDV develop within 1–2 weeks of infection and
are commonly recognized by the agar gel immunodiffusion
(AGID) test, the indirect fluorescent antibody test, and by other
serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
virus neutralization tests.
16. PREVENTION AND CONTROL :-
• Three classes of vaccines using Attenuated serotype 1 MDV, HVT and
natural a virulent isolate of serotype 2.
• Herpes virus turkey (HVT) – most extensively used because it is
economical to produce and cell free virus extracted from infected
cells.
• The vaccine usually administered at 0 day age by intra nasal or
intra ocular route.