Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease of birds caused by paramyxovirus-1. It is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological signs. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with feces or respiratory secretions of infected birds, or indirect contact with contaminated feed, water, equipment, or clothing. Clinical signs include drops in egg production, edema around the eyes, greenish diarrhea, and neurological signs like tremors, circling, and twisting of the head. Post-mortem lesions include edema of tissues, hemorrhages in the trachea and intestines, and necrosis of lymphoid tissues. Diagnosis is made through virus isolation, identification, and serological tests. Prevention

1. NEWCASTLE DISEASE
(Ranikhet Disease)
Prepared By-
ID No.: 18 VMED JJ-12 M
18 VMED JJ-13 M
18 VMED JD-01 M
Course No.: VM 619
Course Title: Preventive Avian Medicine

2. Outline
 Introduction
 Epidemiology
 Transmission
 Clinical signs
 Post mortem lesions
 Diagnosis
 Prevention
 Control

3. Introduction
 Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral
disease of bird, caused by Paramyxovirus 1
(Newcastle disease virus) and characterized by
respiratory, gastro-intestinal and nervous signs
 All age groups are susceptible
 Pathotype
Velogenic
Mesogenic
Lentogenic
Avirulent
Gunes V. H., 2005

4. Epidemiology
 Morbidity: up to 100%
 Mortality: 90%
 Varies greatly depending on:
Virulence and strain
Avian species and susceptibility of host
Environmental conditions
Vaccination history

5. Transmission
 The virus survives for long periods in the
environment especially in feces, and may be
transmitted through:
 Direct contact with
Feces or respiratory secretions
Carcass of infected bird
 Indirect contact with contaminated
Feed and water
Equipment
Human clothing
Gunes V. H., 2005

6. Clinical Signs
 Drop in egg production
 Surviving birds may have neurological or reproductive
damage
 Edema of head, especially around eyes
 Greenish, dark watery diarrhea
 Respiratory and neurological signs
Muscle tremors
Drooping wings
Dragging legs
Twisting of the head and neck, circling
Alexandersen S. et al., 2003

7. Contd…
Coughing and Gasping

8. Contd…
Twisting and circling of
head and neck
Torticollis

9. Contd…
Greenish diarrheaParalysis of the
legs

10. Post mortem lesions
 Edema of the interstitial tissue of the neck,
especially near the thoracic inlet
 Congestion and hemorrhage on the trachael
mucosa
 Petechiae and small ecchymoses on the mucosa of
the proventriculus
 Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis or ulceration of
lymphoid tissue in the intestinal mucosa including
Peyer’s patches
Bachrach H. L.,1968

11. Contd…
Haemorrhagic
Proventriculus
Ulcers in the
Intestine
 Edema or necrosis of the cecal tonsil and lymphoid
tissue of the intestinal wall

12. Diagnosis
Field diagnosis
Tentative diagnosis of ND made on the basis of
 History
 Clinical signs
 Gross lesion
Laboratory diagnosis
 Virus isolation and identification
 Serological test: ELISA
Gulbahar M. Y. et al., 2007

13. Prevention practices
General Precautionary Measure
 Strict biosecurity measures for
Poultry and Poultry products
Vehicle
People and
Equipments
 Restriction of poultry movement
 Observe, detect and report any disease or unusual
signs immediately
Alexandersen S. et al., 2003

14. Poultry
 Not allowing contact of poultry birds with backward
chicken
 Fencing off streams and rivers
 Monitoring birds closely and frequently
 Isolating sick birds from the flock to minimize
disease spread

15. Contd…
 Using separate facilities, equipments and staff to
handle isolated birds
 Not purchasing birds from unauthorized hatchery
 Newly purchased birds should be quarantined for 14
days
 Preventing contact with free roaming animals
Gulbahar M. Y. et al., 2007

16. Vehicles
 Minimizing traffic to only that essential
 Not allowing off-farm vehicles, they should be
parked at the entrance
 Vehicles entering the farm must have their wheels
sprayed with disinfectant prior to entry and again
upon leaving
Fig: Disinfection of Vehicle

17. People
 Limiting employees to only those necessary
 Implementing strict biosecurity measures for
employees
 Contacting the veterinarian immediately if unusual
illness or signs are noticed
 Minimizing visitors to only those necessary
Bachrach H. L.,1968

18. Contd…
 Providing the following items for visitors: -
 Clean coveralls, hats and disposable or
disinfected rubber boots
 Facilities for disinfecting vehicles, footwear and
clothing
Fig: Personnel Protection

19. Cleaning and Disinfection of
equipments
 Removing any organic material before any cleaning
or disinfection
 Using the proper concentration of disinfectant
 Allowing the disinfection solution to “sit ” (contact
time) and work (usually at least 5 minutes)
 Cleaning and disinfecting anything that has come in
contact with manure or secretions

20. Contd…
 Cleaning isolation areas and replacement of litter
regularly
 Surfaces should be scraped, cleaned with high
pressure hot water and detergent and rinsed
Fig: Cleaning and disinfection of equipments

21. Record Keeping
 Maintain thorough and accurate records of birds
movement

22. Control
 Clinical Surveillance
 Migration Control and Monitoring
 Early detection measures and epidemic control
 Other biosecurity

23. Clinical surveillance
 Regular random sampling of serum from across the
state
 Testing the sample for the presence of infection
 Identification of infected carriers or new infections
 Quarantine and control measures including
emergency vaccination
Bachrach H. L., 1968

24. Migration Control and
Monitoring
 New birds imported into another state has to be
tested and certified free of disease before the
purchase is made

25. Early detection measures and
epidemic control
 The most important step in epidemic control is early
detection
 This data should be used to establish the infection
perimeter quickly and accurately
 This perimeter should then be used to implement
quarantine measures in the infected area
Gulbahar M. Y. et al., 2007

26. Contd…
 Emergency vaccination should be performed around
the perimeter to block spread
 Once the epidemic is over, all the birds in the area
should be screened again for the presence of
carriers so that follow-up outbreaks do not occur
Gunes V. H., 2005

27. Other biosecurity
 Fomite control
 Vector control (people, insects, objects,….)
 Cleaning and disinfection of affected premises
 Culling (affected, dangerous contacts,…)
 Vaccination
 Mass vaccination
 Targeted vaccination
 Specific risk group

28. Vaccination failure
 Vaccine of one serotype does not protect the animal
against other serotypes
 Must closely match the serotype and strain
 Higher rate of mutation occurs among the serotypes
 Administration failure
Donaldson A. I., 2007

29. Vaccination
Three type of vaccines used
 Live lentogenic:- in young chicks through eyes and
nostrils
 Live mesogenic:- used in epidemic and in village
chickens
 Inactivated vaccines:- usually applied after initial
priming vaccination with a live vaccine

30. Contd…
Disease Age at Vaccination Method of
administrationPrimary Booster Revacci-
nation
Baby
Chick
Ranikhet
1-3 day 21th day - One drop in
each eye
Ranikhet >2
months
- Half
yearly
IM injection
Vaccination Schedule in Layer

31. Contd…
Disease Age at Vaccination Method of
administrationPrimary Booster
Baby
Chick
Ranikhet
1st week
(Best on
day 3)
21st day One drop in each eye
Vaccination Schedule in Broiler

32. Contd…
 Nobilis ND Lasota (Intervet)
 Nobilis Newcavac (Intervet)
 CevacVitapest L (ACI)
 Hipraviar Clon/79 (Nasco
Agroproducts)
 Izovac Clone (Renata)
 Ranivax Plus Booster
(Incepta)
Some Commercial Vaccines

33. References
1. Alexandersen S., Z. Zhang, A. I. Donaldson, A. J. M.
Garland (2003): The Pathogenesis And Diagnosis Of Foot-
and-mouth Disease. J. Comp. Pathol. 129, 1-36
2. Bachrach H. L (1968): Foot-and-mouth Disease. Ann. Rev.
Microbiol. 22, 201-244
3. Donaldson A. I., R. F. Sellers (2000): Foot-and-mouth
Disease. In: Diseases Of Sheep. (Martin, W. N., I. D. Aitken,
Eds). Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom. Pp. 254-
258
4. Gulbahar M. Y., W. C. Davis, T. Guvenc, M. Yarim, U. Parlak,
Y. B. Kabak (2007): Myocarditis Associated With Foot-and-
mouth Disease Virus Type O In Lambs. Vet. Pathol. 44, 589-
599
5. Gunes V., H. M. Erdogan, M. Citil, K. OZCAN (2005): Assay
Of Cardiac Troponins In The Diagnosis Of Myocardial
Degeneration Due To Foot-and-mouth Disease In A Calf.
Vet. Rec. 156, 714-715