By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
Mobile Communication Academic Assignment
For B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering 7th Semester
Index:
1. Introduction
2. Techniques
3. Schemes
4. History
5. Digital an Analog Beamforming
6. Difference between Digital and Analog Beamforming
7. Analog Beamforming Working
8. Digital Beamforming Working with receiver and transmitter
9. Digital Beamforming Challenges with receiver and transmitter
10. Solutions to the Challenges
11. For Speech Audio
Source: Wikipedia, Research Papers etc
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
In radio and electronics, an antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Mobile Communication Academic Assignment
For B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering 7th Semester
Index:
1. Introduction
2. Techniques
3. Schemes
4. History
5. Digital an Analog Beamforming
6. Difference between Digital and Analog Beamforming
7. Analog Beamforming Working
8. Digital Beamforming Working with receiver and transmitter
9. Digital Beamforming Challenges with receiver and transmitter
10. Solutions to the Challenges
11. For Speech Audio
Source: Wikipedia, Research Papers etc
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
In radio and electronics, an antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Antenna radiation pattern is also called antenna pattern, far-field pattern. The antenna gain cannot be obtained from the radiation pattern, but the directivity coefficient is obtained from the radiation pattern. Antenna gain = directivity factor * antenna efficiency. Therefore, it is certain that the directional coefficient is greater than the gain.
The antenna gain is mainly manifested through the test of the radiation pattern. There are many kinds of test systems for testing the pattern. That is the microwave chamber. And the result of the test in the darkroom is only a result of comparison with the ideal symmetrical vibrator. It is known that the gain of an ideal symmetrical oscillator is 2.15dB. In this way, the gain of the antenna can be calculated according to the test level.
G=D*N%.
In general, the efficiency of the antenna is not 100%, so G<d. When calculating the directional coefficient D of the antenna, it is usually calculated based on the lobe width of the main lobe shown on the directional pattern, such as the half-power lobe width, that is, the lobe width at which the level drops by 3dB.
The research method of 5G base station antenna OTA test research on the large-scale MIMO active antenna OTA test method of the 5G base station. In this paper, the necessity of an integrated OTA test for 5G base station antenna is analyzed. Different OTA test schemes such as far field, compact field, multi-probe near field and single probe near field are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of each test scheme are tested through the actual test. The comparative analysis points out the problems faced by the current 5G base station antenna OTA test and proposes a solution.
Frequency-independent (FI) antennas are radiating structures capable of maintaining consistent impedance and pattern characteristics over multiple-decade bandwidths. Their finite size limits the lowest frequency of operation, and the finite precision of the center region bounds the highest frequency of operation.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS. Ahmed Nassar
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
This presentation describes to you the very basic introduction of PN junction diode. All the topics and contents are presented in such a manner that students can understand it very easily and prepare it for final exam. At the end of this presentation, a few multiple choice questions (MCQ) are also there to test your knowledge on a particular topic that would be discussed in presentation.
Transformation of Random variables & noise concepts Darshan Bhatt
This presentation is describe transformation method of RV's using MATLAB tool. Its related to the post-graduate subject - Statistical signal analysis (SSA).
GRAMSAT - For rural development & tele-educationDarshan Bhatt
This presentation is dedicated to the satellite known as - GRAMSAT, which is launched specially for development of rural areas and better tele-education facilities specially for the backward areas of Orissa.
Side Lobe Level (SLL) Reduction Methods in AntennaDarshan Bhatt
Side Lobe levels are the important aspects in RADAR and navigation engineering and many other real time transmission systems. It is nothing but wastage of transmitted power in undesired direction. So, for reduction of SLL different methods are used for different types of antennas. In this presentation SLL reduction is discussed for Antenna arrays and for microstrip patch antenna arrays.
The main goal of this presentation is how to do research in particular field of engineering. For an example this presentation describes design of Vehicle tracking and monitoring system. So how to do research in particular field by referring standard IEEE papers is described in this presentation.
Prediction methods of Rayleigh scattering lossesDarshan Bhatt
Scattering, reflections and refractions are the major loss contributors in the field of optical fiber communication. There are some methods described in this presentation for reduction of the special case of scattering loss called rayleigh scattering loss.
Concept of Flip OFDM and its applicationsDarshan Bhatt
OFDM is the advanced FDM technique used for wireless communication. But for Uni-polar communication and Optical Wireless communication (OWC) its modified version called Flip OFDM is quiet efficient technique.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. Antenna
Measurements
[UNIT – 14 – As per the GTU Syllabus]
Brach: Electronics & Communication Engineering (11)
Semester: B.E (3rd year - 6th Semester)
Subject: Antenna and Wave Propagation (AWP)
GTU Subject Code: 2161003
Prepared By:-
Darshan Bhatt
Assistant Professor, EC Dept.
AIT, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
2. Content
◈ Introduction
◈ Experimental set ups for measurement of gain
◈ Experimental set ups for measurement of radiation pattern
◈ Experimental set ups for measurement of phase
◈ Experimental set ups for measurement of polarization
◈ Experimental set ups for measurement of terminal
impedance.
2
3. Introduction
◈ Antenna measurement techniques refers to the testing
of antennas to ensure that the antenna meets specifications or
simply to characterize it.
◈ Typical parameters of antennas are gain, bandwidth, radiation
pattern, beam width, polarization, and impedance.
◈ We will discuss some of the important parameters measurement
techniques in the upcoming sections.
3
4. Introduction
◈ Required Equipment in Antenna Measurement:
1. A source antenna and transmitter - This antenna will have a known pattern
that can be used to illuminate the test antenna.
2. A receiver system - This determines how much power is received by the test
antenna.
3. A positioning system - This system is used to rotate the test antenna relative to
the source antenna, to measure the radiation pattern as a function of angle.
4
6. Introduction
◈ Anechoic Chamber:
◈ Anechoic chambers are indoor antenna ranges.
◈ The walls, ceilings and floor are lined with special electromagnetic wave absorbing material.
◈ Indoor ranges are desirable because the test conditions can be much more tightly controlled
than that of outdoor ranges.
◈ The material is often jagged in shape as well, making these chambers quite interesting to see.
◈ The jagged triangle shapes are designed so that what is reflected from them tends to spread in
random directions, and what is added together from all the random reflections tends to add
incoherently and is thus suppressed further.
6
9. Gain Measurement
◈ The most important figure of merit that describes the performance of a radiator is the
gain.
◈ The choice of either depends largely on the frequency of operation.
◈ Antenna gains are not usually measured at frequencies below 1 MHz.
◈ Usually there are two basic methods that can be used to measure the gain of an
electromagnetic radiator
Absolute-gain
Gain-transfer or gain-comparison
9
10. Gain Measurement
◈ The absolute-gain method is used to calibrate antennas that can then be used as
standards for gain measurements, and it requires no a priori knowledge of the gains of
the antennas.
◈ Gain-transfer methods must be used in conjunction with standard gain antennas to
determine the absolute gain of the antenna under test (AUT)
◈ The two antennas that are most widely used and universally accepted as gain standards
are
◈ Resonant λ/2 dipole
◈ Pyramidal horn antenna
10
11. Near field & Far field Gain Measurement
11
Near field Far field
12. Absolute Gain Measurement
◈ All of the methods are based on the Friis transmission formula which assumes that the
measuring system employs, each time, two antennas.
◈ The antennas are separated by a distance R, and it must satisfy the far-field criterion of
each antenna.
◈ Techniques for the gain measurements are:
• Two antenna method
• Three antenna method
• Extrapolation Method
• Ground reflection Range method
12
13. Two antenna Gain Measurement Method
13
The useful equation for this method in logarithmic form is given by -
15. Three antenna Gain Measurement Method
15
• If the two antennas in the measuring system are not identical, three
antennas (a, b, c) must be employed and three measurements must
be made (using all combinations of the three) to determine the gain
of each of the three.
17. Extrapolation Gain Measurement
◈ The extrapolation method is an absolute-gain method, which can be used with the
three-antenna method.
◈ It was developed to rigorously account for possible errors due to proximity,
multipath, and non identical antennas.
◈ If none of the antennas used in the measurements are circularly polarized, the
method yields the gains and polarizations of all three antennas.
◈ If only one antenna is circularly polarized, this method yields only the gain and
polarization of the circularly polarized antenna.
◈ The method fails if two or more antennas are circularly polarized.
17
18. Ground Reflection Range Method
◈ A method that can be used to
measure the gain of moderately
broad-beam antennas, usually for
frequencies below 1 GHz.
◈ The method takes into account the
specular reflections from the ground
(using the system geometry of
Figure), and it can be used with
some restrictions and modifications
with the two or three-antenna
methods.
18
21. Radiation Pattern Measurement
◈ An example should make the
process reasonably clear. Suppose
the radiation pattern of a microstrip
antenna is to be obtained.
◈ As is usual, let the direction the
patch faces ('normal' to the surface
of the patch) be towards the z-axis.
Suppose the source antenna
illuminates the test antenna from +y-
direction, as shown in Figure.
21
24. Phase Measurement
◈ The probe antenna should have good polarization purity, so that it can pick
up one component of the received field.
◈ To get the other orthogonal component, it could simply be rotated or another
probe antenna used.
◈ If the test antennas are very far from each other and the reference (source)
waveform can not be fed directly into the phase measurement circuit (this
happens at low frequencies and large outdoor ranges where many
wavelengths becomes a large distance), then a standard antenna with
known phase characteristics is used to transmit a wave, which is used to
compare with the received signal from the test antenna.
24
26. Polarization Measurement
◈ The far-field polarization of an antenna is usually measured at distances
where the field radiated by the antenna forms, in a small region, a plane
wave that propagates in the outward radial direction.
◈ The general polarization of an antenna is characterized by the axial ratio
(AR), the sense of rotation (CW or CCW, RH or LH), and the tilt angle τ .
◈ The tilt angle is used to identify the spatial orientation of the ellipse, and it is
usually measured clockwise from the reference direction.
26
27. Polarization Measurement
◈ There are a number of techniques that can be used to measure the
polarization state of a radiator and they can be classified into three main
categories:
1. Those that yield partial polarization information.
2. Those that yield complete polarization in formation but require a
polarization standard for comparison. They are referred to as comparison
methods.
3. Those that yield complete polarization information and require no a priori
polarization knowledge or no polarization standard. They are designated
as absolute methods.
27
28. Polarization Measurement
◈ To perform the measurements, the
antenna under test can be used
either in the transmitting or in the
receiving mode.
◈ Usually the transmitting mode is
adopted. The method requires that a
linearly polarized antenna, usually a
dipole, be used to probe the
polarization in the plane that
contains the direction of the desired
polarization. The arrangement is
shown in Figure.
28
30. Impedance Measurement
◈ Associated with an antenna, there are two types of impedances: a self and a
mutual impedance.
◈ When the antenna is radiating into an unbounded medium and there is no
coupling between it and other antennas or surrounding obstacles, the self-
impedance is also the driving-point impedance of the antenna.
◈ If there is coupling between the antenna under test and other sources or
obstacles, the driving-point impedance is a function of its self-impedance and
the mutual impedances between it and the other sources or obstacles. In
practice, the driving-point impedance is usually referred to as the input
impedance.
30
32. References
◈ “Antenna theory – Analysis and Design”, 3rd edition by
Constantine A. Balanis, John Wiley and Sons publications
◈ www.antennatheory.com
32