This document discusses various microwave measurement techniques, including:
- Power, VSWR, impedance, frequency, cavity Q, and wavelength measurements.
- Common measurement devices are vector network analyzers, spectrum analyzers, power meters, tunable detectors, slotted sections, and VSWR meters.
- Power is typically measured using diode detectors, bolometers, or thermocouples, which convert RF power to a measurable DC signal.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Satellite Link Design:
EIRP, Transmission Losses, Free-space transmission, System noise temperature and G/T ratio, Noise figure, Design of downlinks, Design of uplink, Design of specified C/N: combining C/N and C/I values in satellite links, Overall C/No, Link design procedure.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Satellite Link Design:
EIRP, Transmission Losses, Free-space transmission, System noise temperature and G/T ratio, Noise figure, Design of downlinks, Design of uplink, Design of specified C/N: combining C/N and C/I values in satellite links, Overall C/No, Link design procedure.
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
Reflex klystron amplifier used in microwave systems for generating higher frequency that we can used further for various purposes in microwave engineering.
Sampling is a basic and fundamental step towards converting an analog signal into digital signal. Types of sampling with its merits and demerits with applications are discussed. Aperture effect observed in case of flat top sampling can be compensated using equalizer filter.
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
Reflex klystron amplifier used in microwave systems for generating higher frequency that we can used further for various purposes in microwave engineering.
Sampling is a basic and fundamental step towards converting an analog signal into digital signal. Types of sampling with its merits and demerits with applications are discussed. Aperture effect observed in case of flat top sampling can be compensated using equalizer filter.
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
X-RAY GENERATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM , PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS AND INTRACTION OF X-RAY WITH MATTER.
THIS PRESENTATION CONSISTS LOT OF ANIMATIONS YOU WOULD LOVE TO WATCHING IT.
JUST DOWNLOAD AND ENJOY
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Microwave Measurements
1. Power Measurements
2. VSWR Measurements
3. Impedance Measurements
4. Frequency Measurement
5. Measurement of Cavity Q
6. Measurement of wavelength
3. • In low frequency circuits parameters such as
voltage, current, etc can be measured and from
these impedance, power factor and phase angle
can be calculated.
• At microwave frequencies it is more convenient
to measure power instead of V and I.
• Properties of devices and circuits at microwave
frequencies i.e characterized by Sparameters,
power, frequency and VSWR and noise figure
4. • Direct microwave measuring devices are
vector network analyzers, spectrum analyzers
and power meters.
• Due to their complications and high cost,
microwave measurements in lab are often
carried out using 1 kHz square wave
modulating signal which modulates the
microwave test signal.
5. Important measurement devices
• The tunable detectors are used to
demodulate the signal and couple the
required output to high frequency scope
analyzer. The low frequency demodulated
output is detected using non reciprocal
detector diode mounted in the microwave
transmission line.
6. • Slotted section with line carriage is a
microwave sectioned coaxial line connecting a
coaxial E-field probe which penetrates inside a
rectangular waveguide slotted section.
• The longitudinal slot is cut along the center of
the waveguide broad walls. The probe is made
to move along the slotted wall which samples
the electric field proportional to probe
voltage.
7. Main purpose of slotted section with
line carriage is
1. For determination of location of voltage
standing wave maxima and minima along the
line.
2. Measure the VSWR and standing wave pattern.
3. Wavelength.
4. Impedance.
5. Reflection co-efficient.
6. Return loss measurement.
8. • VSWR meter is a highly sensitive, high gain,
low noise voltage amplifier tuned normally at
fixed frequency of 1KHZ of which microwave
signals modulated. This meter indicates
calibrated VSWR reading for any loads.
9. Power Measurement
• Power is defined as the quantity of energy
dissipated or stored per unit time.
• Microwave power is divided into three
categories –
1. low power (less than 10mW),
2. medium power (from 10mW to 10W) and
3. high power (greater than 10w)
10. • The general measurement technique for average
power is to attach a properly calibrated sensor to
the transmission line port at which the unknown
power is to be measured.
• There are three popular devices for sensing and
measuring average power at RF and microwave
frequencies. Each of the methods uses a different
kind of device to convert the RF power to a
measurable DC or low frequency signal.
• The devices are the diode detector or Schottky
Barrier diode, the bolometer and the
thermocouple.
11. Diode Detector
• The low-barrier Schottky (LBS) diode
technology which made it possible to
construct diodes with metal-semiconductor
junctions for microwave frequencies that was
very rugged and consistent from diode to
diode. These diodes, introduced as power
sensors in 1974, were able to detect and
measure power as low as 70 dBm (100 pW) at
frequencies up to 18 GHz.
12. Schottky Barrier Diode Sensor
• A zero biased Schottky barrier diode is used as
a square law detector whose output is
proportional to the input power.
• Since diode resistance is a strong function of
temperature.
13.
14.
15. Bolometer Sensor:
• Bolometers are power sensors that operate by
changing resistance due to a change in
temperature. The change in temperature
results from converting RF or microwave
energy into heat within the bolometric
element.
16. • There are two principle types of bolometers,
barretters and thermistors.
• A barretter is a thin wire that has a positive
temperature coefficient of resistance.
• Thermistors are semiconductors with a
negative temperature coefficient.
17. • Thermistor elements are mounted in either
coaxial or waveguide structures so they are
compatible with common transmission line
systems used at microwave and RF
frequencies
18. • Power meters are constructed from balanced
bridge circuits. The principal parts of the power
meter are two self-balancing bridges, the meter-
logic section, and the auto-zero circuit.
• The RF Bridge, which contains the detecting
thermistor, is kept in balance by automatically
varying the DC voltage Vrf, which drives that
bridge.
• The compensating bridge, which contains the
compensating thermistor, is kept in balance by
automatically varying the DC voltage Vc, which
drives that bridge.
19.
20.
21.
22. • The power meter is initially zero-set (by
pushing the zero-set button) with no applied
RF power by making Vc equal to Vrfo (Vrfo
means Vrf with zero RF power).
• After zerosetting, if ambient temperature
variations change thermistor resistance, both
bridge circuits respond by applying the same
new voltage to maintain balance.
23.
24.
25.
26. Thermocouple Sensors
• Thermocouple sensors have been the detection
technology of choice for sensing RF and microwave
power since their introduction in 1974.
• The two main reasons for this evolution are:
1) they exhibit higher sensitivity than previous
thermistor technology, and
2) they feature inherent square-law detection
characteristic (input RF power is proportional to DC
voltage out).
Since thermocouples are heat-based sensors, they are
true “averaging detectors.”
27. • Thermocouples are based on the fact that
dissimilar metals generate a voltage due to
temperature differences at a hot and a cold
junction of the two metals. The power sensor
contains two identical thermocouples on one
chip, electrically connected as in Figure
28.
29. • The principal advantage, however, of the two
thermocouple scheme is that both leads to the
voltmeter are at RF ground; there is no need for
an RF choke in the upper lead. If a choke were
needed it would limit the frequency range of the
sensor.
• For a square wave modulated signal the peak
power can be calculated from the average power
measured as P Y peak av P where T is the time
period and Շ is the pulse width