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1. Attention and
Consciousness
Cognitive psychology of
Dr. Meysam mohammadi
‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ارائه‬:
‫شناسی‬ ‫عصب‬ ،‫توجه‬ ،‫آگاهی‬ ‫تخصصی‬ ‫کارگاه‬
‫توانبخشی‬ ‫و‬
‫پاییز‬96

2. The Nature of Attention and
Consciousness
Attention
Is the means by which we actively process a limited
amount of information from the enormous amount of
information available through our senses, our stored
memories, and our other cognitive processes
Consciousness
More directly concerned with awareness – it includes both
the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness,
some of which may be under the focus of attention

3. Biopsychological
different levels of arousal (sleep, coma, hyperactivity)
Meta-cognitive
Reflection on your own cognitive processes
Being aware of cognitive processes
Psychoanalytic
Unconscious information – we do not have access to it in
normal awakened state
Phenomenological
What it is like to have an experience of something
Individual, subjective aspects of experience
Different conceptions of consciousness

4. Relationship between attention and consciousness
Attention + Consciousness
No attention + No Consciousness
Attention + No Consciousness
No attention + Consciousness

5. Preconscious Processing
Information that is available for cognitive processing but that currently lies
outside of conscious awareness exists at the preconscious level of awareness

6.  Priming
 Processing of certain stimuli is facilitated by prior presentation of the same or
similar stimuli
 Sometimes we are aware of the prime sometimes we are not
 Even when we are not aware of the prime, the prime will influence the
processing of the target
Preconscious Processing

7. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Preconscious processing
 We try to remember something that is
known to be stored in memory but that
cannot quite be retrieved
 People who can not come up with the
word, but who thought they knew it,
could identify the first letter, indicate
the number of syllables, or approximate
the word’s sounds

8. Blindsight
Preconscious processing
Lesions in some areas of the visual cortex
Patients claim to be blind
When forced to guess about a stimulus in the
“blind” region, they correctly guess locations
and orientations of objects at above-chance
levels

9.  Controlled processes
 Require intentional effort; full conscious awareness; consume
many attentional resources; performed serially; relatively slow
 Automatic Processes
 Little or no intention or effort; occur outside of conscious
awareness; do not require a lot of attention, performed by
parallel processing; fast
Controlled Versus Automatic Processes

10. Habituation
We become accustomed to a stimulus, we gradually
notice it less and less (e.g. music and studying)
Dishabituation
A change in a familiar stimulus prompts us to start noticing
the stimulus again
Sensory adaptation
Physiological phenomenon; not subject to conscious
control; occurs directly in the sense organ, not in the brain

11. Theories of Attention

12. Similarity theory (Duncan and
Humphreys)
As the similarity between target and
distracter increases, so does the
difficulty in detecting the target stimuli
Factors influencing search
Similarity between the target and the
distracters
Similarity among distracters (p. 86, 87)

13. Attention
Search
Guided search theory (Cave and Wolfe)
All searches involve two consecutive stages
Parallel stage – simultaneous activation of all the potential
targets
Serial stage – sequential evaluation of each of the activated
elements
Movement-Filter theory (McLeod at al.)
Movement-filter – can direct attention to stimuli with
a common movement characteristics
Movement can both enhance and inhibit visual search

14. Selective Attention
Broadbent’s Model
We filter information right after it is registered
at the sensory level
Moray’s Selective Filter Model
The selective filter blocks out most
information at the sensory level, but some
highly salient messages are so powerful that
they burst through the filtering mechanism
(e.g. your name)

15. Selective Attention
 Treisman’s Attenuation Model
1. We pre attentively analyze the physical
properties of a stimulus (stimuli with target
properties)
2. We analyze whether a given stimulus has a
pattern, such as speech or music
3. We sequentially evaluate the incoming
messages, assigning appropriate meanings to
the selected stimuli messages

16. Selective Attention
 Deutsch and Deutsch’s Late Filter Model
 Placed the signal-blocking filter later in the process, after sensory analysis and also
after some perceptual and conceptual analysis of input had taken place
 Neisser’s Synthesis
 Two processes governing attention
 Preattentive processes (rapid, automatic, parallel)
 Attentive processes (controlled, occur later, serial)

17. ‫تخصصی‬ ‫کارگاه‬
‫و‬ ‫شناسی‬ ‫عصب‬ ،‫توجه‬ ،‫آگاهی‬
‫توانبخشی‬
‫سپاسگزاریم‬
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@farvardin_group_channel
@neuroscience4family
@farvardin_group96