این پاورپوینت در کارگاه توانبخشی هوش توسط دکتر میثم محمدی ارائه شده است. برای مطالعه مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید. www.farvardin-group.com

1. Intelligence
M. Mohammadi
Cognitive Neuroscientist
‫در‬‫شده‬‫ارائه‬:
‫تخصصی‬‫کارگاه‬‫هوش‬‫توانبخشی‬
‫تابستان‬97

2. The origin of Intelligence
• Weather changes
• Machiavellistic theory
• Linguistic theory
• Gender selection

3. What is Intelligence?
• How would you know that someone is
intelligent?
• List the characteristics or behaviors that you
associate with intelligence.

4. Cultural Differences in Views of Intelligence
• China
Emphasis on benevolence & doing what is right
Importance of humility, freedom from conventional
standards of judgment, knowledge of oneself
• Africa
Conceptions of intelligence revolve largely
around skill that help to facilitate and maintain
harmonious & stable intergroup relations

5. Some Classic Definitions
• Binet & Simon (1905)
– The ability to judge well, to understand well, to reason well
• Terman (1916)
– The capacity to form concepts and grasp their significance

6. • Wechsler (1939)
– Global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment
• Sternberg (1985)
– the mental capacity to automatize information processing and to emit
contextually appropriate behavior in response to novelty
• Gardner (1986)
– the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which are
valued within one or more cultural settings

7. Is intelligence one general ability or several specific
abilities?
Charles Spearman general intelligence [g]
Howard Gardner 8 intelligences
Robert Sternberg 3 intelligences
Emotional intelligence 4 components
Intelligence: Single or Multiple?

8. General Intelligence,
also known as g
Charles Spearman (1863-1945) performed a factor analysis* of
different skills and found that people who did well in one area
also did well in another. Spearman speculated that these people
had a high “g” (general intelligence).

9. Cattell: Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence
• Also used factor analysis, discovered 2 major
factors:
Fluid Intelligence:
Non-verbal & culture-free form of
intelligence
Related to a person’s inherent
capacity to learn & solve
problems
Used in adapting to new
situations
Crystallized Intelligence:
What one has already learned through the
investment of fluid intelligence
Highly culturally dependent
Used for tasks which require learned

10. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid intelligence refers to
the ability to think quickly
and abstractly.
Crystallized intelligence
refers to accumulated
wisdom, knowledge,
expertise.

12. Robert Sternberg (b. 1949) proposed that “success” in
life is related to three types of ability.
Practical
intelligence:
expertise and
talent that help to
complete the
tasks and manage
the complex
challenges of
everyday life
Sternberg’s Intelligence Triarchy
Analytical
intelligence:
solving a well-
defined problem
with a single
answer
Creative
intelligence:
generating new
ideas to help
adapt to novel
situations

13. Gardner & Multiple Intelligences
• argues for existence of several relatively
independent human intelligences
• Different mind, different Intelligence:
– potential isolation by brain damage – faculty can
be destroyed or spared in isolation
– existence of savants – who are talented in area
but in no others

14. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
– Linguistic – sensitivity to language, grasp new meanings easily
– Musical – sensitivity to speech and tone
– Logical-Mathematical – abstract reasoning & manipulation of
symbols
– Spatial – relations among objects, re-create visual images
– Bodily-kinesthetic – represent ideas in movement
– Personal – sensitivity and understanding of self and others feelings
– Social – sensitivity to motives, feelings, and behaviors of others

15. Peter Salovey – Yale University
• Yale University
• Developed the idea of
EQ or emotional
intelligence.
• Goleman expanded
upon this theory.
15

16. Emotional Intelligence includes:
• Being aware of one’s own emotions.
• Being able to manage one’s own emotions.
• Being sensitive to the emotions of others.
• Being able to respond to & negotiate with
other people emotionally.
• Being able to use one’s own emotions to
motivate oneself.
16

17. Assessing Intelligence
 to study how (and why) people differ in ability
 to match strengths and weaknesses to jobs and school
programs
 Success prognosis
Why Try to Measure Intelligence?

18. Predicting School Achievement:
Alfred Binet
 Problem: in the late 1800s, a new
law in France required universal
education even for those without
the ability to succeed with the
current instruction.
 Solution: Alfred Binet devised tests
for children to determine which
ones needed help.
 Binet hoped to predict a child’s
level of success in regular
education.

19. 1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• developed by L.M. Terman of
Stanford University
• first time the concept of
“intelligence quotient” was
used:
100X
CA
MA
IQ 

20. David Wechsler’s Tests:
Intelligence PLUS
The Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale
(WAIS) and the
Wechsler Intelligence
Scale for Children
(WISC) measure “g”/IQ
and have subscores for:
verbal comprehension.
processing speed.
perceptual organization.
working memory.

21. Extremes of Intelligence
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale is set so that about 2
percent of the population is above 130 and about 2 percent
of the population is below 70.
Very High
Intelligence,
Gifted
Intellectual
Disability

22. Famous IQs
• Leonardo da Vinci 190 OR 180
• William Shakespeare 190
• Albert Einstein 190 OR 160+
• Plato 180 OR 170
• Napoleon 180 OR 145
• Pablo Picasso 175
• Bill Gates 173 OR 160

23. Famous IQs
• Marilyn Monroe 163
• Mahatma Gandhi 160
• Richard Nixon 143
• Charlie Chaplin 140
• Bill Clinton 140

24. Famous IQs
• Paul Hogan 140
• Arnold Schwarzenegger 135
• Nicole Kidman 132+
• Walt Disney 123
• Koko the trained gorilla 90

25. IQ 140
• Madonna (Singer)
IQ 150
• Sharon Stone (154) (Actress)
IQ 160
• Bill Gates (CEO, Microsoft)
Stephen W. Hawking (160+) (Physicist)
• Netanyahu 160

26. • Terman….. 1916
• Successful people
• unsuccessful
• Smart students
Mediocrity
Intelligence and success

27. Intelligence and success
Walter Mischel

28. • Being able to “see”
into the future…..
• “If ….., then…
Davidson
Wisconsin university
• Team player
• Normal emotions
• Focus on the goal
• Delayed gratification

29. Motivation:
comes from imagining the emotion of the future.
If I finish this assignment early, then I
will be happy because I can watch my
favorite show tonight!
• Being in love and Blindness
• Addiction
Motivation and Need

30. Reward system

31. future….. What is that?
Inhibition deficiency…. Indetermination
Addicted to now…marsh test.. similar to dysphoric
drug addicted Its due to DLPFC
Reward d syndrome…. Endurance d….. Try to get good score 6M later!!
Attention d…. PFC weakness
Ritalin effect