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Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
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A brief introduction and basic information about Pattern Recognition and its types. These slides were prepared for class presentation. Sharing these here as they can be helpful to others too.
Attention - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 8.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Pattern Recognition: A cognitive processMuna Shrestha
A brief introduction and basic information about Pattern Recognition and its types. These slides were prepared for class presentation. Sharing these here as they can be helpful to others too.
Attention - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 8.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Brain-Computer Interfacing, Consciousness, and the Global Brain: Towards the ...ringoring
Brain implants to increase intellectual capabilities, control machines using thought alone, or transfer information directly into the brain are quite popular in sci-fi and have been recently adopted as concrete research goals by many science and engineering teams around the world. Currently developed prototypes adopt a "black box" model - they do not allow the user to experience what is going on inside the implant. Our brain, however, doesn\'t only process sensory input and calculate appropriate behaviors based on it, but also enables us to experience what is happening. In other words, brain activity is accompanied by consciousness.
Potentially, brain chips can also be designed to have consciousness inside them. Inserted into a human brain, such a conscious implant would expand the user\'s conscious experience with its own contents. For this, however, a new kind of brain-machine interface should be developed that would merge consciousness in two separate systems - the chip and the brain - into single, unified one.
Progress in conscious interfaces could eventually allow us to unify consciousness of different human beings, leading to the emergence of special kind of global brain, in which every individual will experience itself being a GB, and won\'t become just one of the cogs in this huge super-intelligent system.
Consciousness - Part 10 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at...piero scaruffi
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This slides explain about parallel port that commonly used for connecting between the peripherals and the computer. It describe how does the parallel port works, advantages & disadvantages, pin configuration, and so on.
The presentation discusses about perception, the process by which we interpret things around us. It mainly discusses on the meaning, characteristics, process, the perceptual mechanism and also the factors affecting our perception
Basic psychological process, Perception, Factors influencing perception, Characteristics of Perceiver, Attribution theory, Specific applications in organizations, Learning, Theories of learning, using learning concepts for self-management, implications for performance and satisfaction, Remembering, Basic motivational concepts, Theories of motivation, Implications for performance and satisfaction, Operant Conditioning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory, Social Learning Theory, Types of Memory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, Two factor theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Need Theory, Theory X and Process Theories of Motivation, Equity Theory, Expectancy theory, Porter And Lawler Model Of Motivation,Calicut university OB
!!! The contents of slides 4 and 5 are covered by the inserted pictures which can be viewed properly when viewed as Slide Show. !!!
Includes:
* Background about the proponent: Carl Rogers
* Viewpoint
* View of Human Nature
* Essential Beliefs
* Goals
* Role of Counselor
* Counselor Characteristics
* Techniques
California Psychological Inventory by Harrison Gough (1957/1987)
Includes:
*Development
*Uses
*Administration and Scoring
*Interpretation
*Evaluation
*Scales
(Note: contents of each slides were kept brief.)
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. “Attention is the taking possession of the
mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of
what seem several simultaneous possible
objects or trains of thoughts.. It implies
withdrawal from some things in order to deal
effectively with others.”
- William
James
3. • The means by which we actively process a
limited amount of information from the enormous
amount of information available through our
senses, our stored memories and our other
cognitive processes
• Includes both conscious and unconscious
processes
• Allows us to use our limited mental resources
judiciously.
• Dimming the lights on many stimuli form the
outside and the inside to highlight one that
interests us.
4. According to John Locke, consciousness is “the
perception of what passes in a man’s own mind.”
From the Latin phrase “conscius sibi” which means
“knowing with oneself”
Consciousness is the state of being awake and
aware of one’s surrounding.
Attention and Consciousness form two partially
overlapping sets
5. • Helps in monitoring our
interactions with the environment
• Assists us in linking our past and
present to give a sense of
continuity of experience
• Helps us in controlling and
planning for our future actions
7. PRIMING occurs when a recognition of certain
stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same
or similar stimuli.
• Positive Priming
• Negative Priming
• Visual Priming
• Aural Priming
10. • Concealed from consciousness
• Unintentional
• Consume few attentional resources
11. Characteristics Controlled Processes Automatic Processes
Amount of intentional
effort
Require intentional effort Require little or no
intentional effort
Degree of conscious
awareness
Require full conscious
awareness
Generally occur outside
of conscious awareness
although some may be
available for
consciousness
Use of attentional
resources
Consume many
attentional resources
Consume negligible
attentional resources
Type of processing Performed serially Performed by parallel
processing
Speed of processing Relatively time-
consuming
Relatively fast
Relative novelty of tasks Novel and unpractised
tasks
Familiar and highly
practised tasks
Level of processing Relatively high levels of
cognitive processing
Relatively low levels of
cognitive processing
Difficulty of tasks Usually difficult tasks Usually easy tasks
Process of acquisition With sufficient practise, many routine and relatively
12. AUTOMATIZATION is the process by which
a procedure changes from being highly conscious
to being relatively automatic.
HOW?
By PRACTISE
13. A widely accepted view of automatization has been
that during the course of practise, implementation
of the various steps become more efficient
People consolidate various discrete steps into a
single operation.
14. INSTANCE THEORY
Automatization occurs because we gradually
accumulate knowledge about specific responses to
specific stimuli.
Instance theory explain specific responses to
specific stimuli while the prevailing view explain
more general responses involving automatization.
15. 1. MISTAKES - errors in choosing an object or in
specifying a means of achieving it.
2. SLIPS - errors in carrying out an intended
means for reaching an object.
1. When we must deviate from a routine and
automatic processes inappropriately override
intentional, controlled processes
2. When we are interrupted
16. Type of Error Description of Error
Capture Error When in need to deviate from a routine in a familiar
surrounding but we fail to pay attention and to
regain control of the process AP capture our
behavior.
Omission* An interruption may cause us to skip a step or two
in doing the routine
Perseveration* After an automatic procedure has been completed,
one or more step may be repeated.
Description Error A description leads to performing the correct action
on the wrong object.
Data-driven Error Incoming information may end up overriding the
intended variables in automatic action sequence.
Associative-
activation Error
Strong association may trigger the wrong routine
Loss-of-activation
Error
Activation of routine may be insufficient to carry it
through completion
17. HOW CAN WE MINIMIZE THE POTENTIAL
FOR NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF
SLIPS?
If we receive appropriate feedback from the
environment particularly the kind of feedback
which involves forcing function. Forcing functions
are physical constraints that make it difficult or
impossible to carry out an automatic behavior that
may lead to a slip.
18. HABITUATION involves our becoming accustomed
to a stimulus so that we gradually pay less and
less attention to it.
DISHABITUATION involves a change in a familiar
stimulus which prompts us to start noticing the
stimulus again.
SENSORY ADAPTATION is a lessening of
attention to a stimulus that is not subject to
conscious control.
19. ADAPTATION HABITUATION
Not accessible to conscious
control
Accessible to conscious
control
Tied closely to stimulus
intensity
Not tied very close
Unrelated to the number,
length, and recency of prior
exposures
Tied very closely to the
number, length, and recency
of prior exposures
20. 1. Stimulus internal variation
2. Subject arousal
AROUSAL is a degree of psychological excitation,
responsivity, and readiness for action, relative to a
baseline.
HOW? In terms of:
• rate
• Blood pressure
• EEG patterns
• Neural responses
21.
22. 1. Signal detection and vigilance
2. Selective attention
3. Divided attention
4. Search
24. FOUR POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
Hit
Miss
False Alarm
Correct Rejection
SIGNAL DETECT A
SIGNAL
DO NOT DETECT A
SIGNAL
Present Hit Miss
Absent False Alarm Correct Rejection
25. Covered in the: 1) context of attention, 2) context
of perception, and 3) context of memory
1. Whether one is paying enough attention to
perceive objects that are there
2. Whether one is able to perceive faint signals
that may or may not be beyond one’s
perceptual range
3. Whether one indicates one has or has not been
exposed to a stimulus before
26. Vigilance - A person’s ability to attend to a field
of stimulation over a prolonged period, during
which the person seeks to detect the appearance
of a particular target stimulus
• Needed in settings where a given stimulus
occurs only rarely but requires immediate
attention
• Highly localized and strongly influenced by
expectation
• Involves the speed and accuracy of detecting a
target stimulus
27. • Scan the environment for particular features
• Whereas vigilance involves passively waiting
for a signal stimulus to appear, search involves
actively seeking out the target
Distracters
• Nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away
from the target stimuli
• Can cause false alarm
Search
28. 2 KINDS OF SEARCH
1. Feature search
• When we can look for some distinctive features
of a target we simply scan the environment for
those features
2. Conjunction search
• We look for a particular
combination of features
29. • Each of us has mental map for representing
the given set of features for a particular item
(shape, size, color features)
• During feature searches we monitor the
relevant feature map for the presence of any
activation in the visual field
• During conjunction searches, we can simply
use the map of features, we must conjoin two
or more features into an object representation
at a particular location
30. As the similarity between target and distracter
increases, so does the difficulty in detecting the
target stimuli
Factors influencing search
1. DEGREE OF SIMILARITY - Similarity between
the target and the distracters
2. DEGREE OF DISPARITY - Similarity among
distracters
31. All searches involve two consecutive stages
• Parallel stage – simultaneous activation of all
the potential targets
• Serial stage – sequential evaluation of each of
the activated elements
32. • Movement-filter – can direct attention to stimuli
with a common movement characteristics
• Movement can both enhance and inhibit visual
search
33. Selective Attention
the process by which a person can selectively
pick out one message from a mixture of messages
occurring simultaneously.
BASIC PARADIGMS
• Cocktail Party Problem (Colin Cherry, 1953)
- the process of tracking one conversation in
the face of the distraction of other
conversations.
• Shadowing
- listening to two different messages but are
able to follow only one message & ignore the
other.
34. • Binaural Presentation
- Presenting the same two messages or
sometimes just one message to BOTH
ears simultaneously.
• Dichotic Presentation
- Presenting different message to EACH ear.
35. • Distinctive sensory characteristics
of the target speaker’s speech
• Sound intensity
• Location of the sound source
36. • Broadbent’s Model
- we filter information right after it is registered
at the sensory level.
37. • Moray’s Selective Filter Model
- The selective filter blocks out
most information at the
sensory level. But some highly
salient messages are so
powerful that they burst
through the filtering
mechanism.
38. • Treisman’s Attenuation Model
- We preattentively analyze the physical
properties of a stimulus (stimuli with target
properties)
- We analyze whether a given stimulus has a
pattern, such as speech or music
- We sequentially evaluate the incoming
messages, assigning appropriate meanings to
the selected stimuli messages
39. • Deutsch and Deutsch’s Late Filter Model
- the signal-blocking filter occurs later in the
process. It has its effects after sensory
analysis. It occurs after some perceptual and
conceptual analysis of input had taken place.
40. • Multimode Theory
-Attention is flexible
INFORMATION PROCESSING OCCURS IN 3
STAGES
1. The individual constructs sensory representation of
stimuli.
2. The individual constructs semantic representations.
3. The representations of stages 1 & 2 become
conscious
41. • Neisser’s Synthesis
2 Processes Governing Attention
•Preattentive (rapid, automatic, parallel)
•Attentive processes (controlled, occur later,
serial)
• Help to explain how we can perform more than
one attention - demanding task at a time.
• We have attentional resources specific to a
given modality
42. Listen to
music
Listen to
the news
station
Concentrate on
writing
Having difficulty
doing task 2 & the
activity selected
simultaneously
Auditor
y
Visual
Listening to
music
Writing
Wouldn’t pose
serious attentional
difficulties
43. 1. Overall arousal
2. Specific interest in a target task and stimuli,
compared with interest in distracters
3. Nature of the task
4. Amount of practice in performing a given task or set
of tasks
5. Stage of processing at which attentional demands
are needed
44. • By John Ridley Stroop (1935)
• Demonstrates the psychological difficulty in selectively
attending the color of the ink and trying to ignore the
word that is printed with the ink of that color
45. • Because most other adult & for you, reading is now an
automatic process. It is not readily subject to your
conscious control
You find it difficult intentionally to refrain from reading
and instead to concentrate on identifying the colour of the
ink, disregarding the word printed in that ink colour.
46.
47. Is attention a function
of the entire brain, or
is if a function of
discrete attention-
governing modules in
the brain?
49. • An attentional dysfunction in which participants
ignore the half of their visual field that is
contralateral to the hemisphere of the brain that
has a lesion.
• Due to unilateral lesions in the parietal lobes.
50. • Anterior attention system – during task requiring
awareness/attention for action
• Posterior attention system – during task involving
visuospatial attention
52. This approach evaluates changes in
attention and consciousness associated with
various chemicals, hormones, and even
CNS stimulants and depressants.
53. Antony Marcel (1983)
• Participants had to classify series of words into
various categories
• Primes where words with two meanings such
as palm followed by target word (tree or hand)
• Task outline:
Prime – PALM
Target – TREE
- If the participant was consciously aware of
seeing the word “palm”, the mental pathway for
only one meaning was activated
- If the word “palm” was presented so briefly that
the person was unaware of seeing the word,
both meanings of the word appeared to be
activated
54. 1. Respective roles of structures and
processes.
2. Relation between biology and behavior.
3. Validity of causal inferences vs ecological
validity.