This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the human brain. It describes key regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It discusses the structure of gray and white matter, as well as specialized areas within the cerebral cortex involved in motor control, sensory processing, language, and more. Injury mechanisms to different brain lobes are also outlined.

8. Where’s the insula? What’s this called? What’s the name of this region

11. 6-Layered cortex Layer I (Molecular) Layer II (External Granular) Layer III (External Pyramidal)—cortico-cortical fibers Layer IV (Internal Granular)—thalamocortical fibers (VPL, VPM, LGN) Layer V (Internal Pyramidal)—CS, CB, & corticostriatal fibers (Betz giant pyramidal cells) Layer VI (Multiform)—corticothalamic projection & association fibers AFFERENT (Layer IV is big in Brodmann Area 3,1,2) EFFERENT (Layer V is big in Brodmann Area 4)

14. Temporal Lobe The temporal lobe plays a role in emotions, and is also responsible for smelling, tasting, perception, memory, understanding music, aggressiveness, and sexual behavior. The temporal lobe also contains the language area of the brain.

15. Parietal Lobe The parietal lobe plays a role in our sensations of touch, smell, and taste. It also processes sensory and spatial awareness, and is a key component in eye-hand co-ordination and arm movement. The parietal lobe also contains a specialized area called Wernicke’s area that is responsible for matching written words with the sound of spoken speech .

16. Occipital Lobe The occipital lobe is at the rear of the brain and controls vision and recognition.

17. Limbic Lobe The limbic lobe is located deep in the brain, and makes up the limbic system .

19. Frontal Lobe Injury Click image to play or pause video The frontal lobe of the brain can be injured from direct impact on the front of the head. Impairment of recent memory, inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, behavior disorders, difficulty in learning new information. Lack of inhibition (inappropriate social and/or sexual behavior). Emotional lability. "Flat" affect. Contralateral plegia, paresis. Expressive/motor aphasia.

20. Occipital Lobe Injury Click image to play or pause video Occipital lobe injuries occur from blows to the back of the head. Primary Visual Cortex: loss of vision opposite field. Visual Association Cortex: loss of ability to recognize object seen in opposite field of vision, "flash of light", "stars".

21. Temporal Lobe Injury Click image to play or pause video Hearing deficits. Agitation, irritability, childish behavior. Receptive/ sensory aphasia. Kluver-Bucy syndrome

24. BRODMANN’S AREAS 8 6 4 3,1,2 17 18 19 39 40 41,42 45,44 22 9 10 11 12 34 28 5,7

25. BRODMANN’S AREAS 8 6 4 3,1,2 17 18 19 39 40 41,42 45,44 22 9 10 11 12 34 28 5,7 8 = Frontal Eye Field 6 = Premotor ctx 5,7 = somesthetic association (apraxia, dom. side) 4 = Primary motor ctx 3,1,2 = Primary somatosensory ctx 41,42 = Primary auditory ctx (Transverse gyrus of Heschl) 45,44 = Broca’s speech area 22 = Wernicke’s speech area (arcuate fasciculus connect to Broca’s ) 40 = Supramarginal gyrus (Rt/Lt confusion, dyscalculia, understanding speech) 39 = Angular gyrus (dyslexia & dysgraphia)

26. BRODMANN’S AREAS 8 6 4 3,1,2 17 18 19 39 40 41,42 45,44 22 9 10 11 12 34 28 39, 40 = Inf parietal lobe (Gerstmann’s syndrome) on dominant side a) Rt/Lt confusion b) dyscalculia c) finger agnosia d) dyslexia & dysgraphia e) lower quadrantanopia (visual radiations to cuneus) Parietal lobe, non-dominant hemisphere (Sup or Inf parietal lobes) a) contralateral sensory neglect & astereognosis b) construction apraxia c) lower quadrantanopia (visual radiations to cuneus) 9,10,11,12 = Prefrontal ctx Post part of orbital gyrus = smell Uncus = serves as part of primary olfactory ctx (medial temporal lobe) 34 = Primary olfactory ctx (medial temporal lobe—seizures can have smell aura) 5,7

28. Primary motor cortex Broca’s Area Premotor cortex Frontal Eye Field

52. Connections- Afferent