Cerebrum, structure and Functions.

1. PRACTICE TEACHING
Name: Maneera Gulzar
Class: M.SC. Nursing 1st year
Specialty: Medical Surgical Nursing
Topic: Structure and Functions of Cerebrum

3. INTRODUCTION
 The Nervous system is the major controlling,
regulatory, and communicating system in the body.
 It is the center of all mental activity including thought,
learning, and memory.
 Together with the endocrine system, the nervous
system is responsible for regulating and maintaining
homeostasis.
 The parts of Nervous system are as:
Central Nervous system
Peripheral Nervous system

4.  Central nervous system consists of : Brain and Spinal
Cord.
 Peripheral Nervous system consists of: all the nerves
outside Brain and Spinal cord.

5. OVERVIEW OF BRAIN
 Brain is the most complex part of the human body.
 It weighs about 1300-1400 grams in adults and
 350-400 grams in newborn babies.

6. PARTS OF THE BRAIN
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

7. FLOWCHART OF HUMAN BRAIN

8. PARTS OF BRAIN

9. PARTS OF BRAIN(SAGITTAL VIEW)

10. PARTS OF BRAIN (CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW)

11. CEREBRUM
 It is the largest and most anterior part of the Brain
and accompanies about 2/3rd of total weight of
Brain.
 Location: It is located in front area of skull and top
of the Brainstem and lie in anterior and middle
cranial fossa.
 Functions: Performs higher functions: Interpreting
touch, vision and hearing, speech, reasoning,
emotions, learning and fine control of movements.

12. CRANIAL FOSSA

13. CEREBRUM
 Cerebrum is divided into two “C” shaped
Hemispheres by longitudinal fissure.
Fig: Superior view of Brain

14. CEREBRUM
 Deep within the brain the hemispheres are connected by
a mass of white matter called the Corpus Callosum.
 Corpus Callosum allow communication between two
hemispheres.
 The Falx Cerebri is formed by the Dura matter. It
separates the two hemispheres and penetrates to the
depth of the corpus Callosum.

15. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

16. GYRI AND SULCI
 The cerebral cortex shows many infoldings or
furrows of varying depth.
 The exposed areas of the folds are the
Gyri(elevated part).
 Gyri are separated from one another by
Sulci(fissures).
 Function: These increase surface area of the brain.
 Fissure: Deep sulci form fissure.

17. SULCI AND GYRI

18. CONTD….
 Fissure divides cerebral cortex into 4 lobes:
1. Fontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
 The lobes take the name of the bone of the
cranium under which they lie.

19. LOBES OF CEREBRUM

20. MAIN CEREBRAL FISSURES
 Longitudinal fissure: divides Cerebrum into 2
hemispheres i.e., Right and Left hemisphere.
 Central fissure: between Frontal and Parietal lobe.
 Lateral fissure: also known as Sylvain fissure, lies
between frontal and temporal lobe.
 Parieto-occipital fissure: between parietal and
Occipital lobe.
 Transverse fissure: between Cerebrum and
Cerebellum

21. CEREBRAL FISSURES: ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR VIEW

22. CEREBRAL FISSURES

23. FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRUM (GENERAL)
 Functions: Performs higher functions:
 Mental activities: Memory, intelligence,
sense of responsibility, thinking, reasoning,
moral sense and learning.
 Sensory perception includes: perception of
pain temperature, touch, sight, hearing,
taste and smell.
 Initiation and control of skeletal muscle
contraction and therefore voluntary
movement.

24. LOBES OF CEREBRUM AND FUNCTIONAL
AREAS
 Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided into 4 lobes.
 Lobes have different areas which perform different
functions. These are known as Functional areas of
Cerebral Cortex.

25. FRONTAL LOBE
1. Frontal lobe: Located at the front of each cerebral
hemisphere.
 Present in front of Parietal lobe and above the
Temporal lobe.
Areas:
1. Primary motor area: located immediately anterior
to Central sulcus.
 Functions: controls voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles.
Motor area of right hemisphere controls
movement of left side of body and vice versa.

26. PRIMARY MOTOR AREA

27. 2. The Premotor area: this lies in the frontal lobe
immediately anterior to the primary motor area.
Function: the neurons here coordinate movement initiated by
the Primary motor cortex, ensuring that learned pattern of
movements can be repeated.
3. Broca’s area(motor speech area): this is situated in the
frontal lobe just above the lateral sulcus.
Function: it controls muscle movement needed for speech.
It is dominant in the left hemisphere in right-handed people
and vice versa.

28. 4. The Prefrontal area: this extends anteriorly from
the Premotor area to include the remainder of the
frontal lobe. It is a large area and is more highly
developed.
Function: it performs intellectual functions like
thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving,
emotions, behavioral control, decision making and
personality.

29. PARIETAL LOBE
 Parietal lobe: located immediately behind the frontal lobe.
Areas:
1. The Somatosensory area: located immediately behind the
Central sulcus.
Functions: sensation of pain, temperature, pressure, touch,
awareness of muscular movement and the position of
joints(proprioception) are perceived.
*The Somatosensory area of the right hemisphere receives
impulses from the left side of the body and vice versa.

30. 2. The taste area: this lies just above the lateral
sulcus in the deep layers of the Somatosensory
area.
Function : here impulses from sensory receptors in
taste buds are received and perceived as taste.

31. TEMPORAL LOBE
 Temporal lobe: located on sides of head.
Areas:
1. Wernicke’s area(sensory speech area): situated in
temporal lobe adjacent to the parieto-occipitotemporal
area.
Functions: Perceiving spoken word, comprehension and
intelligence.
2. The Auditory area: lies immediately below the lateral
sulcus within the temporal lobe.
Function: the nerve cells receive and interpret impulses
transmitted from the inner ear by the cochlear part of the
vestibulocochlear nerve.

32. 3. The Olfactory area: lies deep within the temporal
lobe where impulses from the nose , transmitted
via the olfactory nerves are received and
interpreted.

33. OCCIPITAL LOBE
 Occipital lobe: located at the back of the Brain.
Areas:
1. Visual area: lies behind the Parieto-occipital sulcus
and includes the greater part of the occipital lobe.
Function: the optic nerve pass from the eye to this area,
which receives and interprets the impulses as visual
impressions.
2. Parieto-occipitotemporal area: lies behind the
Somatosensory area and includes most of the parietal
lobe.
Function: Spatial awareness, interpreting written language
and the ability to name objects.
*Objects can be recognized by touch alone because of the
knowledge from past experience retained in this area.

36. SUMMARY
 The Nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory,
and communicating system in the body.
 T he parts of Nervous system are as: Central Nervous
system and Peripheral Nervous system.
 Brain consists of 3 main pasts: Forebrain, Midbrain and
Hindbrain.
 It is the largest and most anterior part of the Brain and
accompanies about 2/3rd of total weight of Brain
 Cerebrum performs higher functions: Interpreting touch,
vision and hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions,
learning and fine control of movements.
Cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes: Frontal lobe, Parietal
lobe, Temporal lobe and Occipital Lobe.

38. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Anne. W, Allison. G. Anatomy and Physiology in Health
and Illness. 12th edition, Elsevier Publications; p 151-
158.
 Tortora. G, Derrickson.B. Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology.14th edition, Wiley Publishers; p 488-500.
 Bethesda. Brain Basics(2019). Retrieved on 11th
December 2021. www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders.
 Hans. S. Everything about Cerebrum(2020). Retrieved
on 15th December 2021. www.medicalnewstoday.com.
 Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. The
Cerebrum(2020). Retrieved on 15th December 2021.
www.courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless

39. EVALUATION
Q1.Enlist parts of Brain?
Q2. Enlist lobes of Cerebrum?
Q3. which fissure divides Cerebrum into two
hemispheres?
Q4. What is the function of Broca’s area?