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DEPT OF NEUROSURGERY, CMCH, LUDHIANA
The Human Brain Master Watermark Image:  http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
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Cerebrum - The largest division of the brain.  It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif Cerebrum Cerebrum Cerebellum
Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum. http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg Cerebral   Cortex Cerebral  Cortex
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Gyri (ridge) Fissure  (deep groove) Sulci (groove) http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
 
 
Longitudinal Fissure Transverse Fissure Sylvian/Lateral Fissure Central Sulcus http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif Specific Sulci/Fissures:
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],*  Note:  Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe.  It is located deep to the Temporal Lobe. http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],(Investigation: Phineas Gage) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Investigation (Phineas Gage) Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],*  Possible Side Effects: - Epilepsy - Poor Emotional Responses - Perseveration (Uncontrolled, repetitive actions, gestures, or words)
Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Broca’s  Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg Regions Investigation (Phineas Gage)
[object Object],[object Object],-  Senses and integrates sensation(s) ,[object Object],[object Object],Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Primary Gustatory Cortex Somatosensory Association Cortex Regions Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],[object Object]
Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area Regions Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],- Wernicke’s Aphasia  – Language comprehension is inhibited.  Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical.
Primary Auditory  Cortex Wernike’s Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from Olfactory Bulb Regions Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
[object Object],-  Conduction Aphasia  - Where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech. Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg Arcuate Fasciculus
Click the Region to see its Name Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann Modified from:  http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes and Structures of the Brain B.  A. C.  D.  E. F.  G.  http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Lobes and Structures of the Brain B.  A.  (groove) C.  (groove)   D.  E. F.  G.  B.  Frontal Lobe G.  Parietal Lobe F.  Occipital Lobe D.  Temporal Lobe A.  Central Sulcus (groove) E.  Transverse Fissure C.  Sylvian/Lateral Fissure http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Cortical Regions A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Cortical Regions A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A.  Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus B.  Broca’s Area C.  Orbitofrontal Cortex K.  Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus I.  Primary Gustatory Cortex J.  Somatosensory Association Cortex G.  Primary Visual Cortex H.  Visual Association Area E.  Primary Auditory  Cortex F.  Wernike’s Area D.  Primary Olfactory Cortex  (Deep) http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
A: Primary Motor Cortex * This graphic representation of the regions of the Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex is one example of a HOMUNCULUS: Homunculus
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Q: Assuming this comical situation was factually accurate, what Cortical Region of the brain would these doctors be stimulating? Copyright: Gary Larson
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
N. Location of cell body and axon categories Cranial exit Terminal nuclei Main action Ⅰ Olfactory cells (SVA) Cribrifom foramina Olfactory bulb Smell  Ⅱ Ganglion cells (SSA) Optic canal Lateral geniculate body Vision  Ⅷ Vestibular ganglion(SSA) Internal acoustic meatus Vestibular nuclei Equilibrium Cochlear ganglion (SSA) Cochlear nuclei Hearing
[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
N.  Nucleus of origin and axon categories Cranial exit Main action Ⅲ Nucleus of oculomotor (GSE) Superior orbital fissure Motot to superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris Accessory nucleus of oculomotor (GVE) Parasympathetic to sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscl Ⅳ Nucleus of trochlear nerve (GSE) Superior orbital fissure Motor to superior obliquus Ⅵ Nucleus of abducent nerve (GSE) Superior orbital fissure Motor to lateral rectus  Ⅺ Nucleus of accessory nerve (SVE) Jugular foramen  Motor to sternocleidomastoid and  trapezius Ⅻ Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve( GSE) Hypoglossal canal Motot to muscles of tongue
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Oculomotor nerve
Accessory nerve Abducent nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Oculamotor paralysis Abducent nerve injury
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Injury to the facial nerve
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Superior laryngeal nerve External branch Internal branch
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
" Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations. Hippocrates ( 460 BC –  ca.  370 BC)
 
 

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Gross anatomy of human brain

  • 1. DEPT OF NEUROSURGERY, CMCH, LUDHIANA
  • 2. The Human Brain Master Watermark Image: http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
  • 3.
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  • 7.  
  • 8. Cerebrum - The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif Cerebrum Cerebrum Cerebellum
  • 9. Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum. http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex
  • 10.
  • 11. Gyri (ridge) Fissure (deep groove) Sulci (groove) http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
  • 12.  
  • 13.  
  • 14. Longitudinal Fissure Transverse Fissure Sylvian/Lateral Fissure Central Sulcus http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif Specific Sulci/Fissures:
  • 15.
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  • 18. Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Broca’s Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg Regions Investigation (Phineas Gage)
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Primary Gustatory Cortex Somatosensory Association Cortex Regions Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area Regions Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. Primary Auditory Cortex Wernike’s Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from Olfactory Bulb Regions Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
  • 28.
  • 29. Click the Region to see its Name Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
  • 30. Lobes and Structures of the Brain B. A. C. D. E. F. G. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
  • 31. Lobes and Structures of the Brain B. A. (groove) C. (groove) D. E. F. G. B. Frontal Lobe G. Parietal Lobe F. Occipital Lobe D. Temporal Lobe A. Central Sulcus (groove) E. Transverse Fissure C. Sylvian/Lateral Fissure http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
  • 32. Cortical Regions A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
  • 33. Cortical Regions A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A. Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus B. Broca’s Area C. Orbitofrontal Cortex K. Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus I. Primary Gustatory Cortex J. Somatosensory Association Cortex G. Primary Visual Cortex H. Visual Association Area E. Primary Auditory Cortex F. Wernike’s Area D. Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
  • 34. A: Primary Motor Cortex * This graphic representation of the regions of the Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex is one example of a HOMUNCULUS: Homunculus
  • 35.  
  • 36.  
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  • 45.  
  • 46.  
  • 47.  
  • 48.  
  • 49. Q: Assuming this comical situation was factually accurate, what Cortical Region of the brain would these doctors be stimulating? Copyright: Gary Larson
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52. N. Location of cell body and axon categories Cranial exit Terminal nuclei Main action Ⅰ Olfactory cells (SVA) Cribrifom foramina Olfactory bulb Smell Ⅱ Ganglion cells (SSA) Optic canal Lateral geniculate body Vision Ⅷ Vestibular ganglion(SSA) Internal acoustic meatus Vestibular nuclei Equilibrium Cochlear ganglion (SSA) Cochlear nuclei Hearing
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56. N. Nucleus of origin and axon categories Cranial exit Main action Ⅲ Nucleus of oculomotor (GSE) Superior orbital fissure Motot to superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris Accessory nucleus of oculomotor (GVE) Parasympathetic to sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscl Ⅳ Nucleus of trochlear nerve (GSE) Superior orbital fissure Motor to superior obliquus Ⅵ Nucleus of abducent nerve (GSE) Superior orbital fissure Motor to lateral rectus Ⅺ Nucleus of accessory nerve (SVE) Jugular foramen Motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Ⅻ Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve( GSE) Hypoglossal canal Motot to muscles of tongue
  • 57.  
  • 58.
  • 62.  
  • 63.
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  • 65.
  • 66.
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  • 70.  
  • 71.
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  • 73.  
  • 74.
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  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79. Injury to the facial nerve
  • 80.
  • 81.  
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  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89. Superior laryngeal nerve External branch Internal branch
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92.  
  • 93.  
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  • 95.  
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  • 98.  
  • 99. " Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations. Hippocrates ( 460 BC – ca. 370 BC)
  • 100.  
  • 101.  

Editor's Notes

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