The document provides an overview of the major structures and functions of the human brain. It discusses the evolution of the brain from the reptilian to paleomammalian to neomammalian stages. It then describes the major parts of the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, ventricles, and meninges. Finally, it outlines several key functional areas of the cerebrum such as the motor, sensory, and language centers.

2. The Human Brain:
A Guided Tour

3. Evolution of the Brain
Reptilian  Paleomammalian  Neomammalian

4. The Brain Home Page

5. Size and the
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Gray Matter White Matter
Basal Nuclei
(Ganglia)
Surface
Features
http://cfs1.tistory.com/upload_control/download.blog?fhandle=YmxvZzE1Njk4QGZzMS50aXN0b3J5LmNvbTovYXR0YWNoLzEyLzEyMTUuanBn

6. Size and the Cerebrum
Ha! Ha!
What do you call a
brain without a 100
billion neurons? A
no brainer
Does a bigger brain mean you are
smarter?
The debate is still on. It seems that the
higher brain to body mass an animal
has, the smarter it is. Einstein's overall
brain was a normal size, but the specific
portion known for spatial intelligence was
wider and had a unique anatomy.
Cerebrum
http://media3.guzer.com/pictures/homers_brain.jpg

7. White Matter
Portion of the
cerebrum that is
composed of bundles
of nerve fibers,
myelinated so that it
appears white.
These are on the deep
portion of the brain.
Cerebrum

8. Gray Matter
The cell bodies of neurons in
the cerebrum.
Located primarily on the
superficial surface of the
cerebrum- the cerebral cortex.
Also, several groups of gray
matter are buried deep within
the cerebrum.
Ha! Ha!
What does a brain
wear in a rainstorm?
A waterproof
CORTEX jacket.
Cerebrum

9. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Several islands of gray matter, cell
bodies of neurons.
They are the processing link
between thalamus and motor
cortex.
They initiate and direct voluntary
movement and help with balance
and postural reflexes.
Parkinson’s disease and
Huntington’s chorea, both
diseases of muscular control
difficulties, stem from problems in
the basal nuclei.
Cerebrum

10. Surface Features of the Cerebrum
Right
Hemisphere
Left
Hemisphere
Fissures
Corpus
Callosum
Functional
Areas
Lobes
Sulci
Cerebrum
Gyri

11. Gyri
The elevated ridges of
tissue on the surface of the
cerebrum.
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral
gyrus
Surface
Features
(Colored
portions in
diagram to left)

12. Sulci
The shallow grooves on
the surface of the
cerebrum that separate
the gyri.
Central sulcus-
Separates frontal and
parietal lobes
Lateral sulcus- defines
temporal lobe
Surface
Features
Feelin’ groovy!
(“Lines” on
diagram above)

13. Fissures
Deep grooves on the
surface of the cerebrum.
Longitudinal
fissure- divides
cerebrum into
left and right
hemispheres
Helps to divide the
cerebrum into lobes.
Surface
Features

14. Corpus Callosum
Connects the right and
left hemispheres and
allows for
communication
between the
hemispheres.
Forms roof of the
lateral and third
ventricles.
Band of myelinated
nerve fibers.
(Label on Sagittal
Section diagram) Surface
Features

15. Right Hemisphere
For right-brainers
Ha! Ha!
Controls left side of body.
Visual spatial skills. Dancing and
gymnastics are coordinated by the right
hemisphere. Memory is stored in
auditory, visual and spatial modalities.
What did the right
hemisphere say to the
left hemisphere when
they could not agree on
anything?
Lets split!
Surface
Features
http://alphatel.waika9.com/brain1.gif

16. Left Hemisphere
For left-brainers
Controls right side of body.
Systematic, logical
interpretation of information.
Interpretation and production of
symbolic information.
Language, mathematics, abstrac
tion and reasoning.
Memory stored in a language
format.
Surface
Features

17. Frontal
Lobotomy
Lobes of the Cerebrum
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
Surface
Features

18. Frontal Lobe
Responsible for conscious
thought, cognition and memory.
Controls the ability to
concentrate, higher intellectual
reasoning, aggression, judgment, an
d inhibition.
Plays a role in personality and
emotional traits.
What did the
parietal say to
the frontal?
I lobe you!
Ha! Ha!
Lobes

19. Temporal Lobe
Receives and evaluates
input for smell and
hearing and plays an
important role in
memory.
Lobes

20. Parietal Lobe
Responsible for
processing of sensory
input and sensory
discrimination.
Plays a part in body
orientation.
Ha! Ha!
What happens when
you bother the parietal
lobe?
It gets a little touchy!
Lobes

21. Occipital Lobe
Primary visual reception
and interpretation area.
Lobes

22. Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
Frontal eye field
Visual area
Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
Frontal
association area
Primary motor
area
General
interpretation area
Olfactory area
Auditory area
Somatic
sensory area
Speech/language
area
Gustatory area
Surface
Features
Premotor area

23. Located in the left superior
and posterior portion of the
temporal lobe.
Understanding and
comprehension of spoken
language.
It is connected by nervous
pathways to Broca’s area (for
motor speech) and the
auditory area (for hearing).
Wernicke’s Area
Functional
Areas

24. Frontal Eye Field
Part of the premotor
cortex of the frontal lobe.
It coordinates and
maintains eye and head
movements, gaze shifts,
and visual reactions to
auditory and tactile
(touch) stimuli.
Functional
Areas

25. Primary Motor Area
Located on the
precentral gyrus
(posterior region of
the frontal lobe).
Allows conscious
movement of skeletal
muscles.
The axons of the
motor neurons here
form the
pyramidal, or
corticospinal tract.
Functional
Areas

26. Premotor Area
Located anterior to the
primary motor cortex in
the frontal lobe.
Responsible for
perception as well as in
preparing the commands
that result in physical
movement (links input
with output).
Functional
Areas

27. Frontal Association Area
Located in the anterior
portion of the frontal
lobe.
Plans behavior and
facilitates working
memory.
Control of
attention, emotional
expression, creativity, ph
ysical drive and
inhibition.
Functional
Areas

28. Broca’s Area
Located in the inferior
portion of the frontal
lobe anterior to the
premotor area.
Controls movements of
the lips, jaws, and
tongue for speech.
Functional
Areas

29. Olfactory Area
Located in the anterior
portion of the temporal
lobe.
Involved with
integration of smell.
Ha! Ha!
Why does your nose
like to be in the
middle of your face?
It likes to be the
scenter of attention.
Functional
Areas
http://www.tcnj.edu/~cathcar2/brain.gif
Microsoft Clipart

30. Auditory Area
Responsible for
processing information
related to hearing.
Functional
Areas
Microsoft Clipart

31. Somatic Sensory Area
Located in the
anterior portion of the
parietal lobe.
Processes tactile
senses- pain,
temperature, touch.
The homunculus shown to
the left demonstrates the
relationship of features and
their number of sensory
receptors by size.
Functional
Areas

32. Gustatory Area
Inferior region of
parietal lobe.
Responsible for
taste.
Ha! Ha!
What book did
Gus Tation write?
Tasty Treats for
Your Tongue
Functional
Areas
Microspft Clipart

33. Speech Language Area
Responsible for
incorporating
words into verbal
output.
Functional
Areas

34. General Interpretation Area
Overlaps the parietal,
occipital and temporal
lobes.
Association of
cumulative information
from senses.
Functional
Areas

35. Visual Area
Located in the posterior
portion of the occipital
lobe.
Processes vision.
Functional
Areas
VISUAL AREA

36. Brainstem
The lower extension
of the brain where it
connects to the spinal
cord. Most of the
cranial nerves arise
from the brainstem.
The brainstem is the
pathway for all fiber
tracts passing up and
down from peripheral
nerves and spinal
cord to the highest
parts of the brain.

37. http://www.hk.edu.tw/~mehu/VanDeGraff/Figures/Chap11/midbrain%20ant.jpg
Located on the superior portion of the brainstem.
Nerve pathway of cerebral hemispheres.
Connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum
Auditory and Visual reflex centers.
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina- posterior portion of the midbrain
separated by the cerebral aqueduct.
Controls reflexes for vision and hearing.
Midbrain
Brainstem

38. Pons
Located in the
middle of the
brainstem.
Respiratory center
that controls rate
and depth of
breathing.
Pons
Brainstem

39. Medulla Oblongata
Located in the inferior
portion of the brainstem.
Crossing of motor tracts.
Controls heart rate, blood
pressure and breathing.
Centers for
coughing, gagging, swallowi
ng, and vomiting are
located here.
Ha! Ha!
Who wrote the
book “The
Importance of
the Medulla?
Y.U. Breathe
Brainstem

40. Reticular Formation
Located throughout the
posterior portion of the
brainstem.
Controls motor activities of
visceral organs.
Controls sleep/wake cycles.
Damage to this area may
result in coma.
Plays a role in
alertness, fatigue, and
motivation to perform various
activities.
Brainstem

41. Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Thalamus
Pituitary Gland
Limbic System
Pineal Gland
Mammillary
Bodies
Olfactory Bulb Optic Chiasm

42. Hypothalamus
Located inferior to and slightly
anterior to the thalamus.
Controls regulation of
metabolism, temperature, and
water and electrolyte balance.
Holds many set points in
homeostasis.
Diencephalons

43. Limbic System
Olfactory
pathways:
Amygdala and
their different
pathways.
Hippocampus
and its different
pathways.
Sex, rage, fear;
emotions.
Integration of
recent
memory, biologic
al rhythms.
Diencephalons

44. Pituitary Gland
Located inferior to
the hypothalamus.
It secretes many
hormones controlling
growth, developmen
t, and puberty.
Diencephalons

45. Mammillary Bodies
Located inferior to
the
hypothalamus.
It is the reflex
center for smell.
Diencephalons

46. Epithalamus
Located posterior
to the thalamus.
Houses the pineal
gland.
Diencephalons

47. Thalamus
Located directly superior to
the midbrain.
It relays incoming messages
to the proper centers of the
brain.
Diencephalons

48. Pineal Gland
Located posterior to the
thalamus in the epithalamus.
Produces melatonin.
Melatonin helps to regulate
circadian rhythms (daily and
seasonal cycles of sleep and
wakefulness) and boosts
immune function.
Converts signals from the
nervous system into an
endocrine signal.
Diencephalons
http://www.howcomyoucom.com/images/PinealLocation.jpg

49. Olfactory Bulb
Diencephalons
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/1998/106-12/focusfig-brain.GIF
Located on the
underside of each
frontal lobe.
Contain the cell
bodies of olfactory
receptor neurons and
the nerve tracts
connecting it to the
olfactory cortex.

50. Optic Chiasm
Diencephalons
Where the optic nerves from each eye meet and
cross.
They go back through the optic tracts to the
occipital lobe.

51. Cerebellum
Located inferior and posterior to the
cerebrum.
Two hemispheres composed of outer gray
matter and inner white matter.
Controls posture, balance, equilibrium, and
coordination of skeletal muscles.
It is said to look like
cauliflower.
Who wrote the
book “It’s a
Balancing Act”?
Sara Bellum
Ha! Ha!

53. Lateral Ventricles
Large ventricles
located in both
hemispheres.
These contain
large masses of
choriod plexuses.
Ventricles

54. Third Ventricle
Located in the
diencephelon superior to
the thalamus.
Chamber filled with
cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricles

55. Fourth Ventricle
Located medially to the
brainstem and the
cerebellum.
Chamber filled with
cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricles

56. Choriod Plexuses
Located on the roof of the
third ventricle and in the
fourth ventricle.
Tangled masses of capillaries
that secrete cerebrospinal
fluid.
Ventricles

57. Cerebral Aqueduct
A canal filled with
cerebrospinal fluid that
connects the third and fourth
ventricles.
Ventricles

58. Meninges
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater

59. Pia Mater
The protective layer
that clings to the
surface of the
brain.
Meninges

60. Arachnoid Mater
The middle layer of
the meninges that
has a net-like mesh
(spider web-like).
In the spaces
between the fibers,
there is
cerebrospinal fluid.
Meninges

61. Dura Mater
In Latin, it
means “hard
mother”.
It is the
thick, protective
outer covering
on the surface
of the brain.
Meninges

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