2. INTRODUCTION
A stroke occurs when the blood supply
to part of your brain is interrupted or
severely reduced, depriving brain
tissue of oxygen and food. Within
minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Stroke is caused by the blockage of
blood flow or rupture of an artery to or
in the brain.
3. AETIOLOGY
Ischaemic stroke
Due to blockage of a brain artery by an
embolus or by thrombosis. If it lasts for
less than 24 hours it is a transient
ischaemic attack (TIA).
About 85 percent of strokes are
ischemic strokes.
4. Haemorrhagic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood
vessel in your brain leaks or ruptures. Brain
hemorrhages can result from many
conditions that affect your blood vessels,
including uncontrolled high blood pressure
(hypertension) and weak spots in your
blood vessel walls (aneurysms).
5.
6. Intracerebral hemorrhage
In an intracerebral hemorrhage, a
blood vessel in the brain bursts and
spills into the surrounding brain tissue,
damaging brain cells. High blood
pressure, trauma, vascular
malformations, use of blood-thinning
medications and other conditions may
cause intracerebral hemorrhage.
7. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
In a subarachnoid hemorrhage, an artery
on or near the surface of your brain bursts
and spills into the space between the
surface of your brain and your skull.
This bleeding is often signaled by a sudden,
severe headache. A subarachnoid
hemorrhage is commonly caused by the
rupture of an aneurysm,.
8.
9. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Anterior cerebral artery
Paralysis or weakness of the contralateral foot
and leg due to involvement of Motor leg area
Cortical Sensory loss in the contralateral foot
and leg
Gait apraxia, Impairtment of gait and stance
Abulia akinetic mutism, slowness and lack of
spontaneity
Urinary incontinence which usually occurs with
bilateral damage in the acute phase
10. Anterior communicating artery
visual field defects
Internal carotid artery
paralysis of the entire opposite half to the face
and body
temporary blindness in one eye
Sensation may be lost on the other side of the
body
Memory may be impaired. Urinary Incontinence
is another possible symptom
11. Posterior cerebral artery
Contralateral loss of pain and
temperature sensations.
Visual field defects
Ipsilateral deficit of oculomotor nerve
Contralateral deficits of facial nerve
Posterior communicating artery
Nystagmas
12. Basilar artery
Pupillary and oculomotor abnormalities,
dysarthria, and dysphagia
Middle cerebral artery
Paralysis or weakness of the
contralateral face and arm
Sensory loss of the contralateral face
and arm.
Aphasia
contralateral neglect syndrome
13. DIAGNOSIS
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
A CT scan can show a brain
hemorrhage, tumors, strokes and other
conditions.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
An MRI can detect brain tissue
damaged by an ischemic stroke and
brain hemorrhages.
16. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Aspirin
Aspirin prevents blood clots from
forming
Heparin
Surgical endarterectomy
A surgeon removes fatty deposits
(plaques) from your carotid arteries
that run along each side of your neck
to your brain.
17. Surgical blood vessel repair. Surgery
may be used to repair certain blood
vessel abnormalities associated with
hemorrhagic strokes.
18. PHYSIOTHERAPY
MANAGEMENT
Bed mobility : increase ability to roll /
move in bed / sit / stand
Active exercise, active assisted exercise,
active resisted exercise, resisted
exercise
improve balance and coordination
retrain normal patterns of movement
increase affected arm and leg function
Gait training and posture correction
increase independence and quality of life
reduce the risk of falls
20. SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
Demographic date
Name: Miss. K
Age: 54 years old
Sex: Female
Race: Indian
R/N: 00****
Date of assessment: 19/04/2013
Doctor’s diagnosis: Right CVA with left hemiparesis
Doctor’s management : conservative management
21. Chief complains
Unable to lift left arm and leg
c/o muscle weakness on left side
Current hx : On 05/04/2013 Pt fainted during
marriage function at her brother house, then
was brought to ED of HSDG at 4 PM, she
wasn’t conscious until she was admitted to
ward 6 B for 3 days and was discharged on
08/04/2013, until 19/04/2013 Pt was cared by
her sister in law.
Type of stroke: infarction
Site of lesion: cortical
Motor deficit: Left
22. Past Hx: No previous stoke and TIA, previous
mobility was normal
PMHx/Surgery: HPT for past 4 years ( under
medication ), DM type II for past 6 months,
hyperlipidemia for past 1 month.
Social Hx: Pt married with 2 kids and staying in
terrace house, pt doesn’t involve in any outdoor
activites
Medication Hx: amlodipine 5 mg (HPT)
23. SPECIAL QUESTION
General health : Well
Investigation:
Home /Social Situation (pre current episode)
- Home Care independent
Home /Social Situation (Current Status) -
Home Care Dependent
Bladder and bowel incontinence: No
Occupation: house wife
24. OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
General Observation
Body built: A medium size indian lady came to
physio department by wheelchair with her son
Dominant hand: Right
Mental/cognitive impairment: none
Visual field deficit: no
Hearing deficit: no
Perceptual status: NAD
Posture: normal
Gait pattern : unable to analyse gait d/t pt on
wheelchair
25. Palpation
Sensation
-Light touch: impaired
-Pain: impaired
-Temperature: impaired
Comment: light touch and pain is impaired
d/t interruption of sensory receptors in the
skin
Muscle tone: Left : UL: 1+
LL: 1+
29. Motor Assessment Scale
Supine to side lying: 1
Supine to sitting over side of bed: 2
Balanced sitting: 3
Sitting to standing: 1
Walking: 0
Upper arm function: 0
Hand movements: 0
Advanced hand activities: 0
32. SHORT TERM GOALS
To improve bed mobility
To improve functional activities
To improve balance
To normalize muscle tone
To teach transfer techniques
To educate patient
33. LONG TERM GOALS
To improve ADL activities
To regain balance in sitting and
standing
34. PLAN OF TREATMENT
Bed mobility
Joint approximation
Active assisted exercise
Balance exercise
HEP/ Patient education
35. INTERVENTION
Bed mobility
Supine to side lying with unaffected
knee bend 90 degree with moderate
assistance
Side lying to sitting with moderate
assistance
Sitting to standing with maximal
assistance
Standing to transfer wheelchair with
maximal assistance
36. Joint approximation
Knee joint approximation, shoulder joint
approximation
To improve joint sense by applying
compression to the joint
Active Assisted exercise
Use right hand to carry left hand for
X10
Use right leg to carry left leg X 10
In supine lying
37. Balance exercise
Wobble board in sitting position
Weight shifting more on affected side
in sitting position
Shifting forward and backward
38. HEP/ PATIENT EDUCATION
Educate pt to perform all the exercise
that have been taught
Educate pt to avoid sleeping on
affected side
In sitting position educate pt to shift
more weight on affected side
Educate pt to support shoulder with
triangular sling
Teach pt proper way of waking up
from bed
39. EVALUATION
Pt is very cooperative and able to
perform all the exercise
40. REVIEW
Review for next visit to improve
functional activities and bed mobility,
balance,
41. REFERENCES
Lennon S, Ashburn, A. The Bobath
concept in stroke rehabilitation: a
focus group study of the experienced
physiotherapists' perspective.
Disability and Rehabilitation. 2000;
22(15): 665-674.
Dickinson, John (1976).
Proprioceptive control of human
movement. Princeton Book Co. p. 4.
Retrieved 8 April 2011.
42. O'Sullivan, Susan (2007). "Physical
Rehabilitation", p.60, 512, 720. F.A.
Davis, Philadelphia.
O'Sullivan, Susan B; Schmitz, Thomas
J (2007). Physical Rehabilitation, Fifth
Edition. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis
Company. p. 512.