The brain is a complex organ made up of neurons and glia. It is divided into four lobes - the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Each lobe is associated with different functions. The frontal lobe plays roles in memory, attention, and motivation. The parietal lobe is located at the back of the skull and deals with touch. The occipital lobe handles vision and is located at the back of the brain. The temporal lobe is located behind the temples and includes structures like Wernicke's area and Broca's area. All areas of the brain interact to allow for thoughts and behaviors.

3. Brain

4. The brain is a remarkably complex organ comprised of billions of
interconnected neurons and glia. It is a bilateral, or two-sided, structure that
can be separated into distinct lobes. Each lobe is associated with certain types
of functions, but, ultimately, all of the areas of the brain interact with one
another to provide the foundation for our thoughts and behaviors. There are
four lobes and many functions of entire body rely on these lobes.
Four lobes of Brain:
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Frontal lobe
• Temporal lobe
Introduction

5. Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions
of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

6. Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
 Thin layer of neurons
 2 to 5 millimeters thick
 One quarter of a square meter
 100 billion neurons
 Neurons are of three types:-
a. Granular (also called stellate)
b. Fusiform
c. Pyramidal

7. 1
Parietal lobe:
The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral
cortex in humans. It sits near the upper back portion of the skull,
close to the parietal bone. The parietal lobe is divided into two
hemispheres by the central furrow, or medial longitudinal fissure

9.  Anatomical and Functional Relations of the Cerebral Cortex to the
Thalamus and Other Lower Centers
 Functions of Specific Cortical Areas
 Association Areas

10. Touch
Stimul
i
Tactile stimuli are external forces in physical
contact with the skin that give rise to the
sensations of touch. We normally think of touch as
involving minimal force on-or-by an object that
produces very little distortion of the skin.
How does signal travel?
• Receptors
• Sensory Nerves
• Integration
• Motor nerves
• Effectors

11. 2
Occipital lobe:
The occipital lobe is the smallest of the lobes.
There are actually two occipital lobes — one on each hemisphere
of the brain. The central cerebral fissure divides and separates the
lobes.The surface of the occipital lobe is a series of folds, including
ridges called gyri and depressions called sulci. The occipital lobe
deals with aspects of vision.

13.  Parieto-occipitotemporal Association Area
 Analysis of the Spatial Coordinates of the Body
 Wernicke’s Area Is Important for Language Comprehension
 Angular Gyrus Area Is Needed for Initial Processing of Visual
Language (Reading)
 Area for Naming Objects

14. Visual
Stimuli
In the human visual system, the eye receives physical
stimuli in the form of light and sends those stimuli as
electrical signals to the brain, which interprets the
signals as images.
How does signal travel?
• Receptors
• Sensory Nerves
• Integration
• Motor nerves
• Effectors

15. 3
Frontal lobe:
It is one of four paired lobes in the brain’s cerebral cortex, and it
plays vital roles in memory, attention, motivation, and numerous
other daily tasks. The frontal lobe is actually made up of two,
paired lobes. Together, these comprise two-thirds of the human
brain.

17. Prefrontal Association Area
Broca’s Area Provides the Neural Circuitry for Word
Formation
Limbic Association Area
Area for Recognition of Faces

18. Motion
Stimuli
Motion perception is the process of inferring the
speed and direction of elements in a scene based
on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs.
How does signal travel?
• Receptors
• Sensory Nerves
• Integration
• Motor nerves
• Effectors

19. 4
Temporal lobe:
The temporal lobe sits at the bottom middle portion of the brain,
just behind the temples within the skull. Key structures that are
part of the temporal lobe include:
• Wernicke’s area
• Broca’s area
• Limbic system

21.  Comprehensive Interpretative Function of the Posterior Superior Temporal
Lobe—“Wernicke’s Area”
 Angular Gyrus—Interpretation of Visual Information
 Concept of the Dominant Hemisphere
 Role of Language in the Function of Wernicke’s Area and in Intellectual
Functions
 Functions of the Parieto-occipitotemporal Cortex in the Nondominant
Hemisphere
 Higher Intellectual Functions of the Prefrontal Association Areas
 Decreased Aggressiveness and Inappropriate Social Responses
 Wernicke’s Aphasia and Global Aphasia
 Loss of Broca’s Area Causes Motor Aphasia
 Concept of a “Working Memory.”
 Function of the Brain in Communication—Language Input and Language
Output
 Motor Aspects of Communication

22. Auditory
Stimulus
It is a stimulus capable of eliciting auditory sensation.
It usually refers to airborne sound but can include
vibration produced by bone conduction or by
internally generated events.
How does signal travel?
• Receptors
• Sensory Nerves
• Integration
• Motor nerves
• Effectors

23. THANK YOU
From 2k20 BMET (Group-A)