Cloning involves producing genetically identical individuals through asexual reproduction. There are three main types of cloning: gene cloning to copy DNA fragments, cell cloning to duplicate cells, and organism cloning to replicate whole organisms. The cloning process involves inserting the gene of interest into a vector, transforming the vector into a host, and expressing the cloned gene. While cloning has potential medical benefits like creating stem cells or animal disease models, it also raises ethical issues regarding individuality, consent, and reducing genetic diversity.
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.
It is the process of taking genetic information from one living thing and creating identical copies of it. The copied material is called a clone.
Nature has been doing it for millions of years. For example, identical twins have almost identical DNA, and asexual reproduction in some plants and organisms can produce genetically identical offspring.
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning).
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.
It is the process of taking genetic information from one living thing and creating identical copies of it. The copied material is called a clone.
Nature has been doing it for millions of years. For example, identical twins have almost identical DNA, and asexual reproduction in some plants and organisms can produce genetically identical offspring.
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning).
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final pptSreenivas vasu
cloning types in detail .... easy ppt for seminars....................................................................................................................................................................................
The genetic material of a cell or an organism refers to those materials found in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm, which play a fundamental role in determining the structure and nature of cell substances, and capable of self-propagating and variation.
Cloning, types and challenges
What types of cloning have been successful?
What are the Three Types of Cloning?
Human Cloning: The Good and The Bad
Ethical Issues regarding Human Reproductive Cloning
Challenges
Global and Religious Views
Final Thought
Origin of Junk DNA Hypothesis
Types of Junk DNA
Mobile DNA Element: Overview
Rate of Transposition, Induction and Defence
Classification of Transposons
Transposable Elements in Bacteria
Mobile Genetic Elements in Eukaryotes
Drosophila Transposons
Human Retrotranspons
Transposons as Mutagens
Genetic Transformation using Transposons
Transposons and Genome Organization
Transposable Elements and Evolution
Transposons and Diseases
Reverse transcription of RNA, which refers to the conversion of the RNA template into its complimentary DNA strand (cDNA) is an essential step in the analysis of gene transcripts.
cDNA can be sequenced, cloned and applied to estimate the copy number of specific genes in order to characterize and to validate gene expression.
Cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final pptSreenivas vasu
cloning types in detail .... easy ppt for seminars....................................................................................................................................................................................
The genetic material of a cell or an organism refers to those materials found in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm, which play a fundamental role in determining the structure and nature of cell substances, and capable of self-propagating and variation.
Cloning, types and challenges
What types of cloning have been successful?
What are the Three Types of Cloning?
Human Cloning: The Good and The Bad
Ethical Issues regarding Human Reproductive Cloning
Challenges
Global and Religious Views
Final Thought
Origin of Junk DNA Hypothesis
Types of Junk DNA
Mobile DNA Element: Overview
Rate of Transposition, Induction and Defence
Classification of Transposons
Transposable Elements in Bacteria
Mobile Genetic Elements in Eukaryotes
Drosophila Transposons
Human Retrotranspons
Transposons as Mutagens
Genetic Transformation using Transposons
Transposons and Genome Organization
Transposable Elements and Evolution
Transposons and Diseases
Reverse transcription of RNA, which refers to the conversion of the RNA template into its complimentary DNA strand (cDNA) is an essential step in the analysis of gene transcripts.
cDNA can be sequenced, cloned and applied to estimate the copy number of specific genes in order to characterize and to validate gene expression.
Is the cloning a way for surving of humankind?
The cloning is an extraordinary method used nowadays quite often. But it presents a lot of prejudices and a lot of people think that it is too dangerous. So I have decided to present different types of cloning and their contribution for our life.
At the end, I show some disadvantages as well and I reply to the question asked in the title.
Just discover my work and ask me some questions, because I would like to show you my point of view.
#Scichallenge2017
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/sameer99932/gene-cloning
https://www.slideshare.net/kmm49/stem-cell-research-and-therapeutic-cloning?next_slideshow=1
https://www.neb.com/applications/cloning-and-synthetic-biology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21498/
https://www.neb.com/applications/cloning-and-synthetic-biology/pcr-cloning
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/
https://www.google.fr/search?q=cloning+dna&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLmtuA0vTSAhVCwxQKHTfYDWAQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#imgrc=cwNtgpdBcbf5dM:
https://www.google.cz/search?q=cloning+dna&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj75oyS1vTSAhXHvBQKHd0jAdEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#tbm=isch&q=cloning+&*&imgrc=dRmArnbnO_G5oM:
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2031-dna-cloning
google pictures
https://www.camoinassociates.com/biotechnology-market-trends-what-economic-developers-need-know-1
https://www.google.cz/search?q=cloning+dna&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj75oyS1vTSAhXHvBQKHd0jAdEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#tbm=isch&q=biotechnologie&*&imgrc=W7gqplQ-6DXMFM:
https://www.google.fr/search?q=beef+burger+stem+cell&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCm-ek5fTSAhVrB8AKHXVrBJ8Q_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#imgrc=iBUVaE_QE9PAfM:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
Introduction to cloning
1. Cloning
Definition
Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical
individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or
plants reproduce asexually.
Introduction to cloning
When is cloning done?
Cloning is done to amplify the DNA fragments containing the gene of interest and
ensures pure sample of gene. When the concentration of the required gene
products (proteins) is very low, the production of multiple clones makes it easy to
obtain large quantity of the gene products.
What all can be cloned?
Cloning is a powerful technique that can be implemented to obtain clones of
genes (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning) and organisms (organism cloning).
ne cloning, which creates copies of
genes or segments of DNA Reproductive cloning, which creates copies of whole
animals Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells. Researchers
hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or diseased
tissues in the human body
What are the requisites for cloning?
In biotechnology, cloning requires a gene of interest, a vehicle (vectors) to carry
the gene, a host to provide an environment for multiplication of genes and a
medium for growth of the host strain.
What is DNA cloning?
DNA cloning is the procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or
segment of DNA. A DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from
chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that
has been cut with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of
chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a
2. Page 1
"recombinant DNA molecule." Following introduction into suitable host cells, the
recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA.
What are the steps involved in cloning?
The major steps involved in cloning a gene are:
1. Preparation of carrier DNA (vector DNA).
2. Isolation of the desired gene.
3. Insertion of the isolated gene into the vector (which results in the rDNA).
4. Transformation of rDNA into a suitable host.
5. Expression of rDNA (cloned gene).
CLONING VECTORS-
Cloning vectors are self-replicating DNA, that is used to carry our gene of interest
into a host system where the gene is then expressed. There are many cloning
vectors used in cloning procedures. Usually, the following are used:
1) Plasmids.
2) Bacteriophages
3. Page 2
3) Bacterial artificial chromosomes
4) Yeast artificial chromosome.
Cloning in medicine
Cloning for medical purposes has the potential to benefit large numbers of
people.
Cloning animal models of disease
Much of what researchers learn about human disease comes from studying
animal models such as mice. Often, animal models are genetically engineered to
carry disease-causing mutations in their genes. Creating these transgenic animals
is a time-intensive process that requires trial-and-error and several generations of
breeding. Cloning could help reduce the time needed to make a transgenic animal
model, and the result would be a population of genetically identical animals for
study.
Cloning to make stem cells
Stem cells build, maintain, and repair the body throughout our lives. Because
these are processes that stem cells do naturally, they can be manipulated to
repair damaged or diseased organs and tissues. But stem cells transferred from
one person to another (such as in a bone marrow transplant) are seen as foreign,
and they usually trigger an immune response.
Some researchers are looking at cloning as a way to create stem cells that are
genetically identical to an individual. These cells could then be used for medical
purposes, possibly even for growing whole organs. And stem cells cloned from
someone with a diseasecould be grown in culture and studied to help researchers
understand the disease and develop treatments.
In 2013, scientists at Oregon Health and Science University were the first to use
cloning techniques to successfully create human embryonic stem cells. The donor
DNA came from an 8-month-old with a rare genetic disease.
4. Page 3
Reviving endangered or extinct species
You might have seen the Jurassic Park movies. In the original feature film, based
on the Michael Crichton novel, scientists useDNA preserved for tens of millions of
years to clone dinosaurs. They run into trouble, however, when they realize that
the cloned creatures were smarter and fiercer than expected. Could we really
clone dinosaurs?
In theory? Yes. You would need:
A well-preserved source of DNA from the extinct dinosaur, and
A closely related species, currently living, that could serve as an egg donor and
surrogate mother.
5. Page 4
In reality? Probably not.
It's extremely unlikely that dinosaur DNA could survive undamaged for such a
long time. However, scientists have been working to clone species that became
extinct more recently, using DNA from well-preserved tissue samples. A number
of projects are underway to clone extinct species, including the wooly mammoth.
In 2009, scientists had their first near-success resurrecting an extinct animal.
Using goats as egg donors and surrogates, they made several clones of a wild
mountain goat called the bucardo—but the longest-surviving clone died soon
after birth. Even if the effort eventually succeeds, the only frozen tissue sample
comes from a female, so it will only produce female clones. However, scientists
speculate they may be able to remove one X chromosome and add a Y
chromosome from a related goat species to make a male.
Cloning livestock
Programs are underway to clone agricultural animals, such as cattle and pigs that
are efficient producers of high-quality milk or meat.
A group of researchers at Utah State University led by Dr. Ken White, Dean of
College of Agriculture & Applied Science, have been able to clone steer from
slaughterhouse carcasses. Their aim isn't to produce animals for consumption—
cloning is far more labor-intensive and expensive than conventional breeding
methods. Instead, they want to use these animals as breeding stock.
The important thing to know about beef cattle is that the quality and yield of their
meat can be assessed only after they are slaughtered. And male animals are
routinely neutered when they're a few days old. That is, their testes are removed,
so they are unable to make sperm. But cells from a high-quality carcass can be
cloned, giving rise to an animal that is able, though conventional breeding
methods, to pass its superior genes to its offspring.
Scientists have also cloned mules, a reproductively sterile hybrid of a male donkey
and a female horse; dairy cows; and horses. One gelded racing horse, a male
whose testes have been removed, has a clone that is available for breeding. Some
of the cloned cows produce about twice as much milk as the average producer.
And a cloned racing mule is ranked among the best in the world.
6. Page 5
Drug production
Farm animals such as cows, sheep, and goats are being genetically engineered to
produce drugs or proteins that are useful in medicine. As an example, scientists
could take cells from a cow that produces largeamounts of milk and grow them in
culture. Then they could insert a gene into the DNA of these cells that codes for a
drug or a vaccine. If they take the nucleus from one of these cells and transfer it
to a cow egg, it could develop into a cow that makes the drug in its milk. Since
every cell in the cow would carry the drug gene, it could pass the gene to its
offspring, creating a whole herd of drug-producing cows. Even better, we could
avoid the issueof the genetic reshuffling that happens during sexual reproduction
and simply clone our drug-producing cow.
7. Page 6
Cloning humans
The prospect of cloning humans is highly controversial, and it raises a number of
ethical, legal, and social challenges that need to be considered.
The vast majority of scientists and law makers view human reproductivecloning—
cloning for the purposeof making a human baby—immoral. Supporters see it as a
possible solution to infertility problems. Some even imagine making clones of
geniuses, whose work could advance society. Far-fetched views describe farms
filled with clones whoseorgans are harvested for transplantation—a truly horrific
idea.
For now, risks and technical challenges—as well as laws that make it illegal—will
probably keep human reproductive cloning from becoming a reality. Even though
many species havebeen cloned successfully, theprocess is still technically difficult
and inefficient. The success rate in cloning is quite low: most embryos fail to
develop, and many pregnancies end in miscarriage.
Currentefforts at human cloning are focused on creating embryonic stem cells for
research and medicine, as described above. However, many feel that this type of
therapeutic cloning comes dangerously close to human reproductive cloning. And
once techniques become more streamlined and efficient, they fear that some may
be tempted to take that next step. From a technical and moral standpoint, before
human cloning becomes routine, we need to have a good idea of the risks
involved.
8. Page 7
Ethical issues
Religious Belief and Control
Cloning goes against the basic belief of certain religions that only God has created
life and its various forms in nature. Humans cannot act as God. Even when
genetically identical twins are born, their embryo splits spontaneously or
randomly to give a new unique genetic combination. Cloning involves a controlled
split of the embryo to producea tailor-made genetic makeup. Ethically, it is wrong
for any human to have control over the genetic makeup of any other individual.
More so, the cloned individual would be generated for specific purposes. This in
essence is wrong wherein the purpose of an individual's life should be more than
just satisfying someone else's needs.
Relationships and Individuality
Cloning creates a new human, yet strips him off his individuality. A man, along
with his clone can never be dignified as a single identity. The uniqueness
attributed to humans from God might be at stake. The replication of an individual
is a major blow to his most distinct feature - his identity. Another fact is that we
are unsure how the cloned individual might react and behave with regards to his
family and parents.
Legal and Other Issues
Altering Gene Pool
If cloning becomes widespread, the genetic diversity of humans will go down. This
would result in the decrease in immunity of humans against diseases. Thus
making humans susceptible to epidemics and unknown diseases. Some advocate
human cloning as ethically unacceptable because it is seen as a threat to the
entire human evolution.
Illegal Cloning and Clones
Cloning could have legal implications as well. A cloned child having multiple
donors might complicate parental right issues as well as inheritance and marital
eligibility issues. Another view held by many experts, suggests that there is a
possibility of clones being developed without the concerned individual's consent.
9. Page 8
This will definitely create legal issues not to mention violation of medical as well
as moral ethics. Many people are also concerned that clones would be produced
with a specific need and purpose in mind and such cloned individuals would be
traded or sold, amounting to human trafficking which is illegal.
Advantages of cloning
Organ Replacement
This form of cloning allows scientists to take a small amount of cells from an
organ, and harvest an entirely new, functioning one. This is extremely beneficial
because of the large amount of people that are on an organ donor waiting list.
Cloning Help Infertile Couples to Have Children
Fertility problems could also be potentially eased with the use of genetic cloning.
The child could have DNA and qualities from both parents, instead of just one.
With this cloning, somatic cells are acquired from male with female eggs and
surrogate mother. The process normally includes the extraction of nucleus in the
somatic cell. Then, somatic cells are inserted in the egg. Afterwards, the egg is
stimulated and an embryo is developed. It is also inserted in the surrogate
mother, wherein she needs to carry it for nine months.
10. Page 9
The Benefits of Growing Eminent Persons
Very influential and historical people could possibly be recreated. People such as
Albert Einstein and Martin Luther King Jr. could, theoretically, be brought back to
life to educate and help people in today’s world.
Disadvantages of cloning
Human can live on the Earth relies on the diversity of genes. And the diversity of
genes comes fromparents having different sets of genes. The mosthorrendous
part of identical genes is that it will weaken our power and adaptations, which
make us subjected to great diseases easily. In addition, human cloning is just
copying the identical genes, which means it will decrease the diversity of genes.
Furthermore, the beauty of humanity lies in the differences we see in each other.
Cloning would eliminate surprise and predict expectancy.
As mentioned above, in human cloning, all human beings will be identical.
Which means that entire human is at a risk of getting infected by the same type
of pathogen. In scientific point of view, if everyone has the same type of genes
and they are closed to each other they may not defend against the same kind of
serious disease. Then cloning will be detrimental in terms of a great disaster.
Another negative effect of cloning is inbreeding, as everyone has the same
genotype and keep reproducing among themselves. This would lead us to our
own extinction finally.