Anatomy of Knee and Biomechanics. ACL, PCL, Medial and lateral Collateral ligament, Meniscus - Anatomy and Function. Mechanical and anatomical axis of lower limb.
Anatomy of Knee and Biomechanics. ACL, PCL, Medial and lateral Collateral ligament, Meniscus - Anatomy and Function. Mechanical and anatomical axis of lower limb.
Ligaments of ankle joint (Ankle complex)Ajith lolita
this will be more informative for you.The collateral ligaments are fully explained in this PPT and it gives clear & prospect information about ankle complex.
Ligaments of ankle joint (Ankle complex)Ajith lolita
this will be more informative for you.The collateral ligaments are fully explained in this PPT and it gives clear & prospect information about ankle complex.
Slideshow: Elbow Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.10&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
5. MOB TCD
Elbow Joint
•
•
•
•
Synovial hinge joint
One degree of freedom
Uniaxial
The articular surfaces are the
trochlea and the capitulum of
the humerus
• The trochlear notch of the ulna
• The superior aspect of the
head of the radius
6. MOB TCD
Elbow Joint
• When the elbow is extended,
medial epicondyle,
olecranon and
lateral epicondyle
are in a straight line
• When flexed, they form a
triangle
7. MOB TCD
Capsule of Elbow Joint
Capsule surrounds the joint
• Anteriorly to the margins of the
coronoid and radial fossae of
the humerus
• Medially and laterally just
beyond the articular margin
• Excluding the medial and
lateral epicondyles to which
the common flexor and
extensor origins are attached
8. MOB TCD
Capsule of Elbow Joint
Capsule surrounds the joint
• Posteriorly to the margins of
the olecranon fossa
• Inferiolaterally it is inserted
into the annular ligament of
the superior radioulnar joint
9. MOB TCD
Synovial Membrane
• Lines the capsule and nonarticular structures inside the
capsule
• Continuous inferiorly with
synovial membrane of superior
radio-ulnar joints
• Annular ligament covered with
articular cartilage
10. MOB TCD
Synovial Membrane
• Between the capsule and
synovial membrane are three
other pads of fat
• The largest, at the olecranon
fossa, is pressed into it by
triceps during flexion
• Two, at the coronoid and
radial fossae, are pressed in
by brachialis during extension
• They are all slightly displaced
in contrary movements
11. MOB TCD
Synovial Membrane
• Smaller synovial-covered
tags of fat project into the
joint near constrictions
flanking the trochlear notch,
covering small non-articular
areas of bone
12. MOB TCD
Medial or Ulnar Collateral Ligament
• Thick triangular ligament
attached superiorly to the
medial epicondyle
• Its anterior band is attached
distally to the tubercle on
the upper medial margin of
the coronoid process
• The posterior band is
attached to the medial
margin of the olecranon
• A thinner portion, the
oblique band, unites both
bands
13. MOB TCD
Medial or Ulnar Collateral Ligament
• The ulnar nerve lies on the
medial ligament
• The anterior band may be
ruptured in throwing events
14. MOB TCD
Lateral or Radial Collateral Ligament
• The ligament is attached to
the lateral epicondyle
• Fans out to be attached to
the upper border of the
annular ligament
• The annular ligament is
attached to the margins of
the radial notch of the ulna
• It is part of the articulation of
the superior radioulnar joint
• Covered with articular
cartilage
22. MOB TCD
Movements of Elbow Joint
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion and extension
Semiflexion is least pack position
Flexion of the elbow is limited by:
Impact of the radial head in the
radial fossa
Coranoid process against the
coronoid fossa
Tension of posterior part of capsule
Tension of triceps
Apposition (contact) between soft
tissues of forearm and upper arm
23. MOB TCD
Flexion of Elbow
• Main flexors
• Brachialis, musculocutaneous
(C5,6)
• Biceps, musculocutaneous
(C5,6)
• Weak flexors
• Common flexor origin, median
(C6,7)
• Except flexor carpi ulnaris,
ulnar nerve (C6,7)
• Brachioradialis, radial (C5,6)
26. MOB TCD
Extension of Elbow
• Triceps is the main extensor
• Weak are extensors from
common extensor origin
• Nerve supply radial (C7,8)
• Extension of the elbow is
limited by:
• Impingement of the olecranon
of the ulna on the olecranon
fossa of the humerus
• Tension of the anterior arm
muscles and collateral
ligaments
27. MOB TCD
Biceps Brachii
• Crosses shoulder, elbow and
superior radioulnar
• A long head arising from the
supraglenoid tubercle
• The adjoining portion of the
labrum within the capsule of the
shoulder joint
• It passes above the head of the
humerus
• Leaves the joint below the
transverse ligament, which acts
as a retinaculum
28. MOB TCD
Biceps Brachii
• It is surrounded by
synovial membrane,
which extends
inferiorly to the lower
margin of the teres
major, i.e. the
posterior fold of the
axilla
• Short head arises from the coracoid
process with the coracobrachialis
29. MOB TCD
Biceps Brachii
• The two heads unite to form a
fleshy belly, which becomes a
tendon, inserted into the posterior
aspect of the radial tuberosity
• The bicipital aponeurosis extends
from its medial margin, passing
anterior to the brachial artery and
the median nerve, fuses with deep
fascia of the forearm and the medial
margin of the ulna
• A bursa separates it from the radius
Nerve supply is musculocutaneous
nerve C5,6,7
30. MOB TCD
Action of Biceps Muscle
• Helps to stabilise and flex the
shoulder
• Its role as a dynamic
stabiliser of the glenohumeral joint is particularly
important in the late cocking
phase of throwing
• Flexes the elbow
• The most powerful supinator
of the forearm when the
elbow is flexed
• The action of the biceps is
weak at the shoulder and
powerful at the elbow
31. MOB TCD
Brachialis Muscle
• Arises from the anterior aspect
of the shaft of the humerus
below the deltoid tuberosity
• It is inserted into the anterior
aspect of the coranoid process
of the ulna and the capsule of
the elbow joint
• It lies directly anterior to the
elbow joint and is only a flexor
of the elbow
• The musculocutaneous nerve
C5,6,7 supplies it
32. MOB TCD
Coracobrachialis Muscle
• It arises from the coracoid
process, together with the
short head of the biceps
brachii
• Inserts into the middle of the
medial surface of the
humerus
• Helps to flex and adduct the
arm at the shoulder joint
33. MOB TCD
Coracobrachialis Muscle
• The coracobrachialis muscle also
helps to stabilise the shoulder
joint
• A persistent lower head may
remain as supra-trochlear spur or
• Ligament of Struthers, attached
to the medial epicondyle of the
humerus
• May compress the median nerve
or the brachial artery
• Musculo-cutaneous nerve C5,6,7
34. MOB TCD
Pain in Elbow and Wrist
• Must rule out referred pain
from cervical spine
• Upper thoracic spines
• Increased neural tension
35. MOB TCD
Test for Stability of Elbow
• Varus and valgus stresses
• 0 and 30 degrees of flexion
Behr & Altchek, 1997
44. MOB TCD
Test for Lateral Epicondylitis
•
•
•
•
Stabilise flexed elbow
Resisted extension and radial deviation of wrist
Passive stretching of wrist extensors
Resisted extension of extensor digitorum communis
of middle finger with wrist extended
Anderson & Hall, 1995
46. MOB TCD
Test for Ulnar Neuritis
• Tap ulnar nerve on posteromedial aspect of medial
epicondyle
• Completely flex elbow and hold for five minutes
• Positive = tingling along nerve
Anderson & Hall ,995
47. MOB TCD
Elbow Effusion
• Fullness in the triangular area
bounded by
• The radial head
• The lateral epicondyle
• The tip of the olecranon
Behr & Altchek, 1997
48. MOB TCD
Pediatric Elbow Injuries
• Fractures lateral condyle
and olecranon
• Physeal fractures of
radial head
• Supracondylar fracture
and fracture of radial
neck
• ‘Little League elbow’
• Osteochondritis
dissecans of capitellum
Behr & Altchek, 1997
49. MOB TCD
Pediatric Elbow Injuries
• Traction apophysitis ‘Little
League elbow’
• Due to repeated stress on
medial epicondyle
by contraction of the flexor
pronator group
• Valgus loads during late
cocking and acceleration
stages of throwing
Behr & Altchek, 1997
51. Osteochondritis Dissecans
of Capitellum
• Avascular necrosis of subchondral bone
• Repetitive trauma to blood supply in dominant arm in
athletic children >8 years
• Female gymnasts
• Male baseball
Pappas, 1982
MOB TCD