This document provides an overview of the muscular anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the parts of the upper limb and then describes the individual muscles within the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. The document also discusses the muscular spaces in the upper limb like the axilla, cubital fossa, and anatomical snuff box. It concludes with some examples of how knowledge of muscular anatomy relates to radiological imaging and diagnosis, and provides multiple choice questions to test comprehension.
MRI anatomy of ankle radiology ppt pk is nice presentation that covers cross sectional anatomy as well as relevant anatomy from standard radiology book like CT MRI whole body by Hagga . cross section of mri is taken from mrimaster.com. This will help for radiology resident as well radiographers.
Anterior compartment of leg and Dorsum of foot CIMS
introduction about leg and four how we can differentiate , cutaneous innervation and in the contents like muscles with its blood supply nerve supply and finally will be appplied regarding topic
MRI anatomy of ankle radiology ppt pk is nice presentation that covers cross sectional anatomy as well as relevant anatomy from standard radiology book like CT MRI whole body by Hagga . cross section of mri is taken from mrimaster.com. This will help for radiology resident as well radiographers.
Anterior compartment of leg and Dorsum of foot CIMS
introduction about leg and four how we can differentiate , cutaneous innervation and in the contents like muscles with its blood supply nerve supply and finally will be appplied regarding topic
1.Anatomy
a.Course
b.Motor distribution
c.Sensory distribution
2.Common sites affected
3.Level of median nerve injury
4.Clinical feature with various test performed
5.Various syndromes related to median nerve
6.Treatment
7.Summary
basic anatomy of the median nerve and its variants. pathology and different theories of the carpal tunnel syndrome plus the variations of the palmar cutanous branch of median nerve. types of skin incision for surgical intervention and difference between endoscopic and microscopic approaches.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
15. 1. Biceps muscle - short head (flexor of the elbow)
2. Biceps muscle - long head (flexor of the elbow)
3. Brachialis muscle (flexor of the elbow)
4. Triceps muscle medial head (extensor of the elbow)
5. Triceps muscle lateral head (extensor of the elbow)
6. Triceps muscle long head (extensor of the elbow)
7. Basilic vein (neurovascular bundle)
8. Brachial artery (neurovascular bundle)
9. Median nerve (neurovascular bundle)
10. Cortex of humeral shaft
11. Medullary cavity
12. Subcutaneous fat in anterior aspect of the upper
arm
35. Axilla
• Anterior wall:
1. Pectoralis Major
2. Clavipectoral fascia enclosing pectoralis mINOR
& Subclavius
• Posterior wall:
1. Subscapularis above
2. Teres major and Lattisimus dorsi below
• Medial wall: Upper 4 ribs with intercostal
muscles, and upper part of Serratus anterior
• Lateral wall: Upper part of Humerus,
Coracobrachialis & short head of biceps
36.
37.
38. • Contents of Axilla:
1. Axillary Artery & its branches
2. Axillary Vein & its branches
3. Axillary Lymph Nodes(5 groups) & Lymphatics
4. Infraclavicular part of brachial plexus
5. Long Thoracic & Intercostobrachial nerves
6. Axillary fat & areolar tissue
46. Flexor Retinaculum
• Strong fibrous band which bridges the
anterior concavity of carpus and converts it
into a tunnel, the carpal tunnel
• Structures passing deep to Flexor
Retinaculum (Carpal Tunnel):
1. Median Nerve
2. Tendon of FDS
3. Tendon of FDP
4. Tendon of FPL
47. • Structures passing Superficial to Flexor
Retinaculum:
1. Palmar cutaneous branches of Median &
Ulnar nerve
2. Ulnar Nerve, Artery & Vein
3. Palmaris longus
4. Flexor carpi ulnaris
48.
49. Guyo ’s Canal
• Fibro-osseous canal superficial to the Flexor
Retinaculum, intimately related to pisiform &
hook of hamate
• Contains Ulnar nerve, artery and vein
• At the level of hook of hamate, the nerve
divides into a superficial palmar branch &
deep motor branch, such that fracture may
disrupt either or both branches by direct
contusion or persistent compression.
52. Impingment Syndrome
• Impingement of the supraspinatus tendon
occurs from abduction of the humerus, which
allows the tendon to be impinged between
the anterior acromion and the greater
tuberosity.
• The normal supraspinatus tendon is said to be
uniformly low in signal on all pulse sequences.
• If the signal in the tendon gets brighter on the
T2WIs, it is abnormal.
54. Quadrilateral Space Syndrome
• Fatty Atrophy of Teres Minor Muscle
• This most commonly occurs from fibrous
bands or scar tissue in the quadrilateral space
impinging on the axillary nerve.
• Quadrilateral space syndrome is found in
about 1% of shoulder MRIs.
• These patients present clinically similar to a
rotator cuff tear, and many patients have had
needless surgery for presumed cuff pathology
when the real problem was quadrilateral
space syndrome.
56. Parsonage Turner Syndrome
An oblique sagittal T2WI with fat suppression shows edema in the
supraspinatus (S) and the infraspinatus (I) muscles consistent with
involvement of the suprascapular nerve
57. • Lateral epicondylitis:
The term epicondylitis is misleading, as the
disorder is characterized by soft tissue changes in
the absence of epicondylar bony oedema or
inflammation.
It is thought to reflect degeneration and tearing
of the common extensor tendon as a result of
chronic microtrauma secondary to traction forces,
as it is most frequently identified in athletes.
• Medial Epicondylitis:
Injury is primarily to the common flexor tendon
rather than to the underlying bone.
58. • De-Quervai ’s Tenosynovitis:
Chronic tenosynovitis in the first dorsal
compartment or a fibro-osseous tunnel at the
level of the radial styloid surrounding the
extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis
longus
• At MR imaging, there is focal peritendinous
fluid and apparent soft tissue thickening.
59. • Ga ekeeper’s Thu b/Skier’s Thu b :
The injury is characterized by disruption of the
ulnar collateral ligament at the base of the
thumb, integrity of which dictates the ability to
successfully appose the thumb and digits.
May be imaged by MRI following suspected
trauma.
• Mallet Finger:
The term mallet finger is used to describe the
flexion deformity of the DIP joint resulting from
loss of extensor tendon continuity to the distal
phalanx.
60. • Boutonniere or buttonhole deformity :
Caused by disruption of the central slip of the
extensor tendon combined with tearing of the
triangular ligament on the dorsum of the
middle phalanx
Flexion at PIP and extension at DIP
64. • Q. 1) Most common muscle to be congenitally
absent is:
A. Teres major
B. Pectoralis major
C. Flexor Pollicis Longus
D. Pronater Teres
Q. 2) Tendon most commonly affected by its
congenital absence is:
A. Pronator Teres
B. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
C. Flexor Digitorum Profundus
D. Palmaris longus
65. • Q. 3) Which of the following is a composite
muscle?
A. Pronator Teres
B. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
C. Flexor Digitorum Profundus
D. Palmaris longus
Q. 4) The contents of Cubital fossa are:
A. Brachial Artery
B. Ulnar Artery
C. Median Nerve
D. Tendon of Biceps Brachii
E. Ulnar Nerve
66. • Q. 5) Lateral border of Cubital fossa is formed by:
A. Brachialis
B. Biceps
C. Brachioradialis
D. Pronator Teres
Q. 6) Carpal Tunnel contains all of the following
structures except:
A. Median Nerve
B. Flexor Pollicis Longus
C. Flexor Carpi Radialis
D. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
67. • Q. 7) Modality of Choice for evaluation of
Musculoskeletal System is:
A. Plain Radiograph B. US C. CT D. MRI
Q. 8) De-Quervai ’s Disease classically affects:
A. Abductor pollicis brevis & Extensor pollicis longus
B. Abductor pollicis brevis & Extensor pollicis brevis
C. Abductor pollicis longus & Extensor pollicis longus
D. Abductor pollicis longus & Extensor pollicis brevis
68. • Q. 9) Muscles attached to the greater tubercle of
humerus are all except:
A. Suprainspinatus
B. Infraspinatus
C. Teres Minor
D. Subscapularis
Q. 10) The Pronator Quadratus has the same
innervation as of the following muscle:
A. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
B. Palmaris Longus
C. Flexor Pollicis Longus
D. Flexor Digitorum Profundus of little finger
69. References
• Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging, Stephanie
Ryan, 3rd edition
• B. D. Chaurasiya Human Anatomy, 5th edition
• Fundamentals of Diagnostic Imaging, Bryant &
Hel ’s, 4th edition
