Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were two of the founders of bacteriology. Pasteur developed the process of pasteurization to prevent contamination and disproved spontaneous generation. He also discovered vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and rabies. Koch isolated pure bacterial cultures and invented techniques like the hanging drop method. He discovered the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and proposed Koch's postulates for identifying the microorganisms that cause diseases. Both scientists greatly advanced the germ theory of disease.
Microbiology is the study of organisms that are usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye; it employs techniques—such as sterilization and the use of culture media—that are required to isolate and grow these microorganisms.
Contribution of scientists in developing Microbiologyjigisha pancholi
CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY ROBERT KOCH, LOUIS PASTEUR,JOSEPH LISTER, JOHN TYNDALL, ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY HAS BEEN DESCRIBED
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Effects of Disease on Civilization
Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Key Contribution of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to Microbiology
1. Contribution of Louis Pasteur
and Robert Koch
Dr. K. KANNATHASAN
Assistant Professor of Botany
2. LOUIS PASTEUR’S (1822 – 1895)
CONTRIBUTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
•He used simple sterilization method of heating liquids (wine,
beverages etc) at specific temperatures to prevent contamination. This
process is popularly called as Pasteurization
•He disproved spontaneous generation by boiling beef broth in a
special flask (swan neck flasks) that prevents contamination.
•Louis Pasteur was born on 27.12.1822 in
Dole, France
•He coined the term Microbiology (Study of
Microorganisms with Microscopes)
•In 1857, Louis Pasteur proved that all
fermentation is caused by microorganisms and
that specific microorganisms cause specific
kinds of fermentation.
3. •He is regarded as one of the three main founders of bacteriology,
together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch.
•Pasteur’s academic positions were numerous, and his scientific
accomplishments earned him France’s highest decoration,
the Legion of Honor
•He was the founder of Pasteur Institute, Paris.
•He proposed the Germ Theory which states
certain diseases result from invasion of
microorganisms
•Pasteur contributed enormously to the field
of Vaccination. He discovered anthrax,
fowl cholera and rabies vaccines.
4. ROBERT KOCH’S (1843-1910)
CONTRIBUTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
•He studied isolation of bacterial pure cultures using potato slices,
gelatin etc.
•Koch supported Germ theory of diseases and rejected the theory of
spontaneous generation.
•He invented hanging drop technique (1878) to study microorganisms
using a special concave microscopic slide
•He was the first bacteriologist to discover the specific microorganism
which caused Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), Tuberculosis
( Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Cholera (Vibrio cholera).
•Robert Koch was born on Dec. 11, 1843 at
Clausthal, Germany
•He is called as one of the founders of
Bacteriology
5. •Robert Koch proposed the cycle of microorganism in causing
diseases and described four postulates, which are called Koch’s
postulates
•Koch’s postulates are
a) The microorganism is present in every case of the disease
b) It can be cultured outside the body
c) Inoculation of the culture in healthy animal causes same
disease
d) Same microorganism can be found in the animal
• Robert Koch was awarded Nobel Prize (1905) in
Physiology or medicine for his studies on Tuberculosis
• Koch after his extensive studies on Cholera epidemic in India
confirmed the importance of water ‘purification’ in preventing
water borne diseases like cholera
