Classify data into Qualitative and Quantitative data.
Scales of Measurement in Statistics.
Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval
Prepare table or continuous frequency distribution.
#2 Classification and tabulation of dataKawita Bhatt
The placement of data in different homogenous groups formed on the basis of some characteristics or criteria is called classification. The Table is a systematic arrangement of data in rows and/or column. Here, few basic concepts of classification and tabulation such as class interval, variable, frequency, frequency distribution and cumulative frequency distribution have been explained in a nutshell. This presentation also deals with the basic guidelines for preparing a table. Any suggestion and query are welcomed please drop them in the comments.
Statistics is the science of counting. The science of averages. The science of measurement of social phenomena, regarding as a whole in all its manifestations.A subject not confined to any one science. Here several basic aspects of statistics such as definitions by various authors, functions, and limitations are explained in brief. any suggestions and queries are welcomed kindly drop them on comments. thank you!!
Classify data into Qualitative and Quantitative data.
Scales of Measurement in Statistics.
Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval
Prepare table or continuous frequency distribution.
#2 Classification and tabulation of dataKawita Bhatt
The placement of data in different homogenous groups formed on the basis of some characteristics or criteria is called classification. The Table is a systematic arrangement of data in rows and/or column. Here, few basic concepts of classification and tabulation such as class interval, variable, frequency, frequency distribution and cumulative frequency distribution have been explained in a nutshell. This presentation also deals with the basic guidelines for preparing a table. Any suggestion and query are welcomed please drop them in the comments.
Statistics is the science of counting. The science of averages. The science of measurement of social phenomena, regarding as a whole in all its manifestations.A subject not confined to any one science. Here several basic aspects of statistics such as definitions by various authors, functions, and limitations are explained in brief. any suggestions and queries are welcomed kindly drop them on comments. thank you!!
Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
The word STATISTICS is seems to be derived from the Latin word ‘status’ or the Italian word ‘Statista’ or German word ‘Statistik’. All of them means the same thing i.e. a political state.
Facts expressed numerically are called statistics such as data related to income, height of a class, weight of a class, etc.
However mere facts or aggregate of facts cannot be called statistics.
For example 151, 182, 169, 158, 162, 148 etc. are not statistics.
But if I say the above digits are the height of students of a particular class then that’s statistics.
This presentation gives you a brief idea;
-definition of frequency distribution
- types of frequency distribution
-types of charts used in the distribution
-a problem on creating types of distribution
-advantages and limitations of the distribution
Taking of a measurement and the process of counting yield numbers that contain information. The objective of a person applying the tools of statistics to these numbers is to determine the nature of this information.
This task is made much easier if the numbers are organized and summarized.
Even quite small data sets are difficult to understand without some summarization. Statistical quantities such as the mean and variance can be extremely helpful in summarizing data but first we discuss tabular and graphical summaries.
There are several ways to present a statistical data like;
Frequency table
Simple bar diagrams
Multiple Bar Diagrams
Histogram
Frequency Polygon etc.
Steam and Leaf plots
Pie Charts
A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement of data in which various items are arranged into classes or groups and the number of items falling in each class is stated.
The number of observations falling in a particular class is referred to as class frequency and is denoted by "f".
In frequency distribution all the values falling in a class are assumed to be equal to the midpoint of that class.
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution is also called grouped data. A frequency distribution table contains a condensed summary of the original data.
There are two types of frequency distribution i) Simple Frequency distribution ) ii) Grouped Frequency distribution.
Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
The word STATISTICS is seems to be derived from the Latin word ‘status’ or the Italian word ‘Statista’ or German word ‘Statistik’. All of them means the same thing i.e. a political state.
Facts expressed numerically are called statistics such as data related to income, height of a class, weight of a class, etc.
However mere facts or aggregate of facts cannot be called statistics.
For example 151, 182, 169, 158, 162, 148 etc. are not statistics.
But if I say the above digits are the height of students of a particular class then that’s statistics.
This presentation gives you a brief idea;
-definition of frequency distribution
- types of frequency distribution
-types of charts used in the distribution
-a problem on creating types of distribution
-advantages and limitations of the distribution
Taking of a measurement and the process of counting yield numbers that contain information. The objective of a person applying the tools of statistics to these numbers is to determine the nature of this information.
This task is made much easier if the numbers are organized and summarized.
Even quite small data sets are difficult to understand without some summarization. Statistical quantities such as the mean and variance can be extremely helpful in summarizing data but first we discuss tabular and graphical summaries.
There are several ways to present a statistical data like;
Frequency table
Simple bar diagrams
Multiple Bar Diagrams
Histogram
Frequency Polygon etc.
Steam and Leaf plots
Pie Charts
A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement of data in which various items are arranged into classes or groups and the number of items falling in each class is stated.
The number of observations falling in a particular class is referred to as class frequency and is denoted by "f".
In frequency distribution all the values falling in a class are assumed to be equal to the midpoint of that class.
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution is also called grouped data. A frequency distribution table contains a condensed summary of the original data.
There are two types of frequency distribution i) Simple Frequency distribution ) ii) Grouped Frequency distribution.
Frequency distribution, central tendency, measures of dispersionDhwani Shah
The presentation explains the theory of what is Frequency distribution, central tendency, measures of dispersion. It also has numericals on how to find CT for grouped and ungrouped data.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
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2. 2
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement of data in
which various items are arranged into classes or groups and
the number of items falling in each class is stated. The number
of observations falling in a particular class is referred to as
class frequency or simply frequency and is denoted by "f". In
frequency distribution all the values falling in a class are
assumed to be equal to the midpoint of that class.
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution is also
called grouped data. Data which have not been arranged in a
systematic order are called raw data or ungrouped data.
3. 3
CLASS LIMITS
The class limits are defined as the number or the values of the
variables which are used to separate two classes. The smaller
number is called lower class limit and larger number is called upper
class limit. For discrete variables, class boundaries are the same as
the class limits. Sometimes classes are taken as 20--25, 25--30 etc
In such a case, these class limits means " 20 but less than 25", "25
but less than 30" etc
Class Boundaries
The class boundaries are the precise numbers which separate one
class from another. The main object to defined class boundaries is
to removes the difficulty, if any, in knowing the class to which a
particular value should be assigned. The class boundary is located
midway between the upper limit of a class and the lower limit of
the next higher class.
4. 4
CLASS MARKS OR MIDPOINTS
The class mark or the midpoint is that value which divides a
class into two equal parts. It is obtained by dividing the sum
of lower and upper class limits or class boundaries of a class
by 2.
CLASS INTERVAL
Class interval is the length of a class. It is obtained by
I. The difference between the upper class boundary and the
lower class boundary. (Not the difference between class
limits).
II. The difference between either two successive lower class
limits or two successive upper class limits.
III. The difference between two successive midpoints.
A uniform class interval is usually denoted by "h".
5. 5
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Decide the number of classes
No hard and fast rule for deciding on the no of classes.
Statistical experience tells us that no less than 5 and no more
than 20 classes are generally used.
The number of classes is determine by the formula i.e K=1+3.3
log(n). Where K denotes the number of classes and n denotes
the total number of observations.
Determine the range of variation of the data.
The difference between the largest and smallest values in the
data is called the range of the data. i.e
R = largest observation - smallest observation
Where R denote the range of the data.
6. 6
Determine the approximate size of class interval
The size of the class interval is determine by dividing the range
of the data by the number of classes i.e h= R/K
Where h denotes the size of the class interval. In case of
fractional results the next higher whole number is usually taken
as the size of the class interval.
Decide where to locate the class limits
The lower class limit of the first class is started just below the
smallest value in the data and then add class interval to get
lower class limit of the next class, repeat this process until the
lower class limit of the last class is achieved.
Distribute the data into appropriate classes
Take an observation and marked a vertical bar "I"(Tally) against
the class it belongs.
7. 7
Example
The following data is the final plant height (cm) of thirty
plants of wheat. Construct a frequency distribution
87 91 89 88 89 91 87
92 90 98 95 97 96 100
101 96 98 99 98 100 102
99 101 105 103 107 105 106
107 112
8. 8
Step- 1: Calculate the Range
R = Largest observation - Smallest observation
= 112 - 87 = 25
Step- 2: Number of classes
The number of classes is determine by the formula
K = 1+3.3 log (n) = 1+3.3 log(30)= 1+3.3(1.4771)= 5.87 = 6
Step-3: Size of class interval
The size of the class interval h= R/K
h = 25/6 = 4.17 = 5
9. 9
Step- 4: Choose the lowest value
Minimum Value = 87, so start the class interval
from 86.
Step-5: Calculate the mid point
Average of lower and upper class limits
Step- 6: Convert the class limits to class boundaries
Step-7: Assigned the observations to the Classes
Starting from first observation and assigned the
observation to the classes they belong. Tally mark is
made in the tally column against this class.
2
h
midpiont
10. 10
The following data is the final plant height (cm) of thirty
plants of wheat.
87 91 89 88 89 91 87
92 90 98 95 97 96 100
101 96 98 99 98 100 102
99 101 105 103 107 105 106
107 112
11. 11
Class
Limits
Class
Boundaries
Mid-
Points
Entries Tally f c.f.
86------90 85.5-----90.5 88 87,89,88,89,87,90 IIII I 6 6
91------95 90.5-----95.5 93 91,91,92,95 IIII 4 10
96----100 95.5----100.5 98 98,97,96,100,96,98,99,98,
100,99
IIII
IIII
10
20
101--105 100.5--105.5 103 101,102,101,105,103,105 IIII I 6
26
106--110 105.5--110.5 108 107,106,107 III 3
29
111--115 110.5--115.5 113 112 I 1
30
Total 30
Frequency distribution of the height of plants.
13. Example
Suppose we walk in the nursery class of a
school and we count the no. of Books and copies
that 45 students have in their bags.
Suppose the no. of books and copies are
9, 9, 3, 5, 4, 7, 6, 7, 5, 6, 5, 5, 8, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6,
9, 6, 7, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 8, 7, 9, 9,
7, 8, 7, 7, 9,.
14. Representation of Data in a Discrete
Frequency Distribution
X Tally Frequency
3 | 1
4 ||| 3
5 |||| |||| 9
6 |||| |||| ||| 13
7 |||| |||| 10
8 ||| 3
9 |||| | 6
Total 45
15. Relative Frequency Distribution
X Frequency Relative/ %age
Frequency
3 1 1/45 x 100 = 2.22%
4 3 3/45 x 100 = 6.67%
5 9 9/45 x 100 = 20%
6 13 13/45 x 100 = 28.89%
7 10 10/45 x 100 = 22.22%
8 3 3/45 x 100 = 6.67%
9 6 6/45 x 100 = 13.33%
Total 45
16. Cumulative Frequency Distribution
X Frequency Cumulative
Frequency
3 1 1
4 3 1+3 = 4
5 9 4+9 = 13
6 13 13+13 = 26
7 10 26+10 = 36
8 3 36+3 = 39
9 6 39+6 = 45
Total 45
17. 17
Frequency
The number of values falling in a particular category
Cumulative frequency
Sum of the observed frequency plus all above class frequencies
Notations
X,Y,Z, n, N,∑ (Summation)