Veterinary Pathology of cardiovascular system

1. Veterinary
Pathology of
Cardio-Vascular
System

2. Ectopia Cordis

3.  Ectopia cordis : is a congenital
malformation in which the heart is
abnormally located either partially or totally
outside of the thorax. The ectopic heart
can be found along a spectrum of
anatomical locations, including the neck,
chest, or abdomen.

4. Developmental Anomalies of Heart
 Patent Ductus
Arteriosus
 Dense layer of smooth
muscle fibers

5.  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent
opening between two major blood vessels
leading from the heart. The opening, called
the ductus arteriosus, is a normal part of a
baby's circulatory system before birth that
usually closes shortly after birth. The ductus
arteriosus is a blood vessel that allows blood to
go around the baby's lungs before birth. Soon
after the infant is born and the lungs fill with air,
the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed. It
usually closes in a couple of days after birth. If
the vessel doesn't close, it is referred to as
a PDA.

6. Ventricular Septal DefectAtrial Septal Defect
Septum primum
Endocardial cushions
Ostium secundum
Septum secundum
Foramen ovale

7.  Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital
heartdefect in which blood flows between
the atria (upper chambers) of the heart.
Normally, the atria are separated by a
dividing wall, the interatrial septum.

8. Tetralogy of Fallot
1. Ventricular septal defects
2. Pulmonic stenosis
3. Over riding aorta
4. Compansatory hypertrophy
Ventricular Septal Defect

9.  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a
congenital heart defect. This means that
your baby is born with it. A VSD is an
opening or hole in the dividing wall
(septum) between the 2 lower chambers of
the heart (right and left ventricles). VSDs
are the most common type of congenital
heart defect.

10. Subaortic StenosisPulmonic Stenosis

11.  Pulmonary stenosis: A condition in which the pulmonary valve is
too tight, so that the flow of blood from the right ventricle of the
heart into the pulmonary artery is impeded. This means that the
right ventricle must pump harder than normal to overcome the
obstruction.
 Subvalvular aortic stenosis (AS) is a rare congenital heart defect
in which the left ventricle is narrowed below the level of the aortic
valve resulting in obstruction to blood flow out of the heart. The
condition is also known as subaortic stenosis.
 Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve in theheart. This
restricts blood flow through the valve. Theheart then needs to
squeeze (contract) harder to pump blood into the aorta

12. Aortic and Subaortic Stenosis
Subaortic Stenosis

13. Complete Transposition Persistent Right Aortic Arch

14.  Transposition of the great vessels. ... Transposition of
the great vessels is a heartdefect that occurs from birth
(congenital). The 2 major vessels that carry blood away
from the heart -- the aorta and the pulmonary artery --
are switched (transposed)
 PERSISTENT RIGHT AORTIC ARCH : vessels in the
chest cavity, called the aortic arches, will fail to
disappear. The right aortic arch passes near
the esophagus. If this blood vessel persists in the
newborn, the esophagus is trapped between it and the
heart. This inhibits the growth and function of the
esophagus,

15. Pericardium
 Hydropericardium: The noninflammatory accumulation of watery fluid in the
pericardial cavity.
 Part of general anasarca
 Congestive heart failure
 Neoplastic--
 Viral diseases--
 Serofibrinous ( chracterized by serum and fibrin) – clostridial diseases(
any of several infectious conditions in animals and humans resulting
from Clostridium species, bacteria that are found in soil and that enter
the body via puncture wounds or contaminated food.)
 Diseases of pleura
 Hemopericardium
 Uremic dogs – ulcerative endocarditis(ulceration of the valves)
 Hemangio-sarcoma( It is a sarcoma arising from the lining of blood
vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly
observed microscopically.)
 Rupture of coronary artery or myocardium

16. Pericarditis
 inflammation of the pericardium
 Fibrinous
 Bovine encephalomyelitis(inflammation of the brain)
 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
 Pasteurellosis(a bacterial infection commonly affecting animals and
sometimes transferred to humans through bites and scratche)
 Blackleg(an acute infectious bacterial disease of cattle and sheep,
causing necrosis in one or more legs.)
 Clostridial hemoglobinuria(excretion of free haemoglobin in the urine.)
 Neonatal coliform(rod shaped bacteria) infection
 Horses and sheep streptococcal infection
 Purulent-----Pus forming bacteria

17. Fibrinous Purulent

18.  Fibrinous pericarditis is
an exudative
inflammation. The
visceral pericardium
(epicardium) is infiltrated
by the fibrinous exudate.
This consists in fibrin
strands and leukocytes.
Fibrin describes an
eosinophilic (pink)
network, amorphous.
 Purulent: Pertaining to
pus. Containing or
composed of pus. The
term "purulent" is often
used in regard to
drainage. For example,
gonorrhea in men usually
causes
apurulent discharge
from the penis.

19. Subendocardial Fibrosis
 layer of loose connective tissue beneath
the endocarium.
 Diffuse or focal
 Ventricle or atrium is dilated for a log period –
diffuse
 Abnormal jets of blood due to turbulence

20. Subendocardial mineralization
 Plaques or grains
 Ulcerative endocarditis of renal
insufficiency
 Nutritional myopathy of lambs
 Chronic debilitating diseases
 High blood Ca and P content

22. Endocarditis
 inflammation of the endocardium.
 (mural / valvular)
 Usually valves are affected
 Bacteria
 Actinomyces pyogenes, Erysipilothrix rhusiopathiae,
Actinibacillus equuli, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
srteptococci, clostridial infections
 Parasitic larvae (Strongylus vulgaris)
 Renal failure in dogs

24. Myocardial Necrosis
 Focal( most imp. Part) or massive
 Highly fatal FMD of young ones. In old ones myocarditis
 Vit. E or selenium def., equine rhabdomylysis the destruction of
striated muscle cells; (especially in horses) , capture myopathy, and
other exertional myopathies
 Thiamine-def. of carnivores, prolonged Cu def.
 Ruminants of early age are affected by gossypol(a toxic crystalline
compound present in cotton-seed oil.) poisining, monencin
(transport of cations), thallium (rodenticide)
 Fluoroacetate as rodenticide and plants
 Plant glycoside poisoning (Na / K-ATPase) – Oleander and many
others
 Thrombi, embolism, arteriosclerosis

25. Myocarditis
 Variety of systemic diseases e.g., C.
chauvoei, tuberculosis
 Listeria monocytogenes, Actinobacillus
equuli – focal abscesses
 Interstitial and perivascular CT, edema, and
leukocytic infiltration, myocardial
degeneration

26. Parasitic Myocarditis
 Sarcosporidia(sporozoans that comprises
imperfectly known parasites of the muscles
of vertebrates)
 Cysticerci of T. ovis, saginata, T. solium
 Trichenella spiralis (larvae)
 Interstitial myocarditis, with basophilic
degeneration and necrosis of fibers

27. Heart Failure
 Congestive heart failure – venous
congestion and edema
 Left sided failure – lesions develop in the lungs
 Right sided failure – lesion in the body
 Acute heart failure (shock)
 Cardiac syncope
 Hyper-reaction or sensitivity
 Acute pleural and tracheal irritation

29. Vasculitis
 Arteritis
 Phlebitis
 Lymphangitis
 Inflammatory cells within and around blood vessels with
concomitant vessel wall damage (fibrin deposition,
degeneration of collagen, and necrosis of endothelium and
smooth muscle cells) – thrombosis can supervene
 Hypersensitivity III (deposition of antigen-antibody
complexes) or Arthus reaction necrotizing vasculitis
 Hypersensitivity IV (delayed)

33. Arteriosclerosis
 Atherosclerosis(a disease of the arteries
characterized by the deposition of fatty material
on their inner walls)
 Medial sclerosis or calcification( is a form
of arteriosclerosis or vessel hardening, where
calcium deposits are found in the
muscular middle layer of the walls of arteries
(the tunica media).)
 Arteriosclerosis(the thickening and hardening
of the walls of the arteries)

34. Atherosclerosis
 Large arteries intimal – atheroma or fibrofatty plaque
(core of lipid covered by fibrous tissue)
 Prone to mineralization, ulceration, superimposed
thrombosis, intraplaque hemorrhage, and aneurysm
 Myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular
disease
 Deposition of lipids, begin in middle and outer layers of
the media and occur more extensively in small muscular
arteries
 The veins are normal(The two types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to and from cells are low-
density lipoprotein, or LDL, and high-density lipoprotein, or HDL)
LDL
HDL
Hypothyroidism in dogs

37. Normal Artery Atherosclerosis

38. Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Coronary
Artery

40. Medial sclerosis with calcification
 Medium-sized arteries
 Hyaline and fatty changes
occur in muscular tissue
 necrosis  calcification
 Advancing age
 Over stimulation of
sympathetic system
(nicotine, adrenaline)
 Hyperparathyroidism and
vitamin D toxicity

41. Arteriosclerosis
(hypertensive vascular disease)
 Essential or idiopathic
 Secondary
 Renal
 Endocrine
 Cardiovascular
 neurogenic

42.  Arteriosclerosis kidney