The document summarizes characteristics of the phylum Annelida, focusing on two classes: Polychaeta and Clitellata. It describes the Samoan Palolo worm, which exhibits a unique reproductive behavior called epitoky where parts of the worm transform into reproductive individuals called epitokes. During the full moon, the epitokes swarm and spawn, providing a major food source for Samoans. The classes Polychaeta and Clitellata are then compared, contrasting characteristics like habitat, locomotion, feeding, and reproduction between marine worms and earthworms/leeches.
Larval forms and their significance in arthropodaRekha Jalandra
This presentation is all about the larval forms being found in phylum arthropoda. It starts with the introduction of phylum arthropoda and then detailed information about the larval forms and their significance. i have included total 9 larval forms in this presentation.
Larval forms and their significance in arthropodaRekha Jalandra
This presentation is all about the larval forms being found in phylum arthropoda. It starts with the introduction of phylum arthropoda and then detailed information about the larval forms and their significance. i have included total 9 larval forms in this presentation.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. At the time of the November full moon on
islands near Samoa in the South Pacific,
people rush about preparing for one of
their biggest yearly feast. In just one
week, the sea will yield a harvest that
can be scooped up in nets and buckets.
Worms by the millions transform the
ocean into what one writer called
“vermicelli soup!” Celebrants gorge
themselves on worms that have been
cooked or wrapped in breadfruit leaves.
3. Samoan Palolo worm
Stock photo of hunters with powerful lights used to attract more palolo worm, Palola
siciliensis, American Samoa, Pacific
4. Samoan Palolo worm
Image of palolo worms, Palola siciliensi, in water column after emerging from their
burrows on night of the spawning, Tutuila Island, American Samoa, Pacific Ocean
5.
6. Phylum Annelida
• Class Polychaeta
• Marine worms
• Class Clitellata
–Subclass Oligochaeta• Soiling building worms
–Subclass Hirudinea• Predatory leeches
7. Phylum Annelida
Characteristics
– Metamerism - segmented body
– Bilateral
– Protostome
– Wormlike
– Epidermal Setae
– Closed Circulatory System
– Dorsal ganglia and ventral nerve
cord
– Metanephridia or protonephridia
9. Advantages of Metamerism:
• 1. Hydrostatic compartmentsallows variety of locomotor and
supportive functions like
swimming, crawling, and
burrowing.
10. Advantages of Metamerism:
• 2. Lessens the impact of injuryif few segments injured others
can perform normal functions
which increases the likelihood
that the worm will survive.
11. Advantages of Metamerism:
• 3. Tagmatization- The specialization of
body regions in a metameric animal
• permits the modification of
certain regions of the body for
specialized functions like
feeding, locomotion, and
reproduction.
16. Class Polychaeta
Live:
• On the ocean floor
• Under rocks and
shells
• Within crevices of
coral reefs
• Some can burrow
17. External Structure and
Locomotion
Parapodia – lateral extensions
supported by chitin
Setae – bristles secreted from the
distal ends of the parapodia
• Important for locomotion/ digging
21. External Structure and
Locomotion
Prostomium- lobe that projects
dorsally and anterior to mouth
contains: eyes, antennae,
palps and nuchal organs
Nuchal organs: ciliated
sensory pits which are
chemoreceptors for food
detection
24. Prostomium and Peristomium
The prostomium (right) has
two antennae and two large,
two-segmented palps. The
peristomium (segment
behind the prostomium) has
4 pairs of tentacular cirri.
This photo is a 3d composite
made from a series of
photos using a Keyence
digital microscope. Photo by
Dave Cowles, July 2009
25.
26. Feeding and the Digestive System
Digestive tract is a straight tube:
Pharynx- when everted can form
a proboscis (See it)
Crop- storage sac
Gizzard- grinding
Intestine-long and
straight
27. Feeding and the Digestive System
• Polychaeta can be:
–Predatory-usually burrow or
live in coral crevices; some can
have poison glands
–Herbivores
–Scavangers
–Filter feeders- tube dwelling
(see them feed)
28. Examples of different worms and how they feed
Selective deposit feeders with tentacles.
Filter feeders with radioles.
29. Feeding and the Digestive System
Elimination of waste for
tube dwellers:
If open ends: wastes carried
away by water circulating in
tube.
If closed end: then the worms
either turns around in tube OR
uses ciliary tracts along body
wall to carry feces out.
30. Feeding and the Digestive System
• Polychaetes that inhabit
substrates rich in dissolved
organic molecules can absorb as
much as 20% to 40% of their
food across their body walls
(very unusual among animals)
31.
32. Gas Exchange and Circulation
• Respiratory gases diffuse across body wall
and parapodia (increase surface area)
• Closed circulatory system
• Oxygen is carried by molecules called
respiratory pigments- blood colorless,
green or red
33. Gas Exchange and Circulation
• Dosal aorta- propels blood from rear
(posterior) to front
• Ventral aorta- propels blood from
front to rear
• With Capillaries between the two aortas
34. Nervous and Sensory
• A pair of
Suprapharyngeal ganglia-
controls motor and sensory functions; feeding and
forward movement.
Connects to
• A pair of
Subpharyngeal ganglia-
mediates locomotor functions required for
coordination of distant segments.
By
• Circumpharyngeal connectives-run
dorsoventrally along the pharynx
35. Nervous and Sensory
• Ventral nerve cord
with paired
segmental ganglia in each segment; allows
escape response of segments
• Segmental ganglia- coordinate
swimming and crawling movements in isolated
segments.
• 2–4 pairs of eyes
37. Excretion
• Excrete ammonia
• Most of the excretory organs in
annelids are active in regulating
water and ion balances
• Nephridia – excretory organs in
annelids
38. Two types of Nephridia
• Protonephridia- tubule with a closed
bulb at one end and a connection to the
outside of the body at the other end.
• Metanephridia- open ciliated funnel
(nephrostome) that projects through
an anterior septum into the coelom of
an adjacent segment
42. Reproduction and Regeneration
•All polychaetes can regenerate
lost segments
•May have natural break points if
grabbed by predators (process
called autotomy)
•Some reproduce by fission or
budding
43. Reproduction and Regeneration
• Most sexually reproduce
• Most are dioecious
• External fertilization and
trochophore larvae
• Swarming occurs in some
species, where large numbers of
individuals join together to
release sperm and/or eggs
44. Reproduction and Regeneration
• Very few species copulate (most
external fertilization)
• A unique, weird, kinky copulatory
habit has been reported in
Platynereis megalops from Woods
Hole, Massachusetts. Read page
216 for the details. . .
45. Reproduction and Regeneration
• Epitoky-
formation of a reproductive
individual (an epitoke) that differs from
the nonreproductive form of the
species (an atoke).
• Epitoke- body modified into 2 body
regions; anterior segments-normal
maintenance; posterior segmentsenlarged & filled with gametes
• Example: Samoan palolo worm swarm
46. In some species the epitoke
breaks free from the atoke, which
stays in the burrow
The common clam worm
Nereis succineain its atoke
form (above) and epitoke
form (below). Especially
note the enlarged
parapodia on the epitoke; it
uses these to swim and
release eggs or sperm.
47. In others, the epitoke is
formed as part of the body,
and the whole animal leaves to
mate
Epitoke on the left,
atoke on the right
48. 3 Advantages of Swarming
Epitokes
1. Nonreproductive individuals
remain safe below the surface
waters; predators cannot
devastate an entire population.
49. 3 Advantages of Swarming
Epitokes
2. External fertilization requires
individuals to be ready at the
same time. Swarming ensures
large numbers of individuals are
in the right place at the right
time.
50. 3 Advantages of Swarming
Epitokes
3. Swarming of vast numbers of
individuals for brief periods provide a
banquet for predators. But because it
is such a BREIF period, predators can
only eat so much with respect to the
limits of their normal diets. Predators
can dine gluttonously and still leave
epitokes that will yield the next
generation of animals.
51. Class Clitellata
Earthworms and Leeches
Giant Blue Earthworm
Terriswalkeris terraereginae
mucin it releases is luminescent
Lives in rainforest in Australia
52. Class Clitellata
Earthworms and Leeches
•Have a clitellum
used in cocoon formation
•All are monoecious
•Have few or no setae
54. Subclass Oligochaeta
• 3,000 species
• Freshwater and terrestrial
habitats throughout the world
(some marine)
• Aquatic species live in shallow
water; burrow in mud and
debris
• Terrestrial species live in
soils with high organic content
55. Subclass Oligochaeta
So you want to see the
biggest earthworm in the
world? Go to Australia or
sit back and watch this. . .
Giant Gippsland Earthworm
56. External Features
• Have setae but fewer
• Lack parapodia- get in the way
because of burrowing
• Prostomium- lacks sensory
appendages
59. Locomotion
• Have both circular and longitudinal
muscles
• Move by antagonistic contractions of
these muscles
• Bulging and elongating body segments in
waves cause the worm to move forward
• Small setae help anchor the worm
• Small conical prostomium acts like a
wedge while burrowing, and soil is
swallowed (important for decomposition)
60. Feeding and Digestive System
• Scavengers-fallen and decaying
vegetation
• Mouth->muscular pharynx->esophagus
• Esophagus expanded form of stomach,
crop ( thin-walled storage structure),
gizzard (muscular grinding structure).
• Calciferous glands-evaginations of
esophagus wall that rids the body of
excess calcium absorbed by food;
regulates pH
61. Feeding and Digestive System
• Intestine-principle site of
digestion and absorption
• Anus
62. Subclass Oligochaeta
• Gas Exchange and Circulation:
same as polychaetes
• Nervous and Sensory: same as
polychaetes but lack welldeveloped eyes
63. Excretion
• Oligochaetes use metanephridia for
excretion of ammonia and urea and for
ion and water regulation.
• Chloragogen tissue- acts like a liver for
amino acid metabolism (deaminates
amino acids into ammonia and urea);
excess carbohydrates converts into
glycogen and water
64. Reproduction
•Monoecious
•Reproduce sexually via reciprocal
fertilization-both worms exchange sperm
(can last 2-3 hours!)
•Cocoon of mucous and chitinous materials
produced by clitellum
•Eggs, sperm, and food (albumen) deposited
in cocoon where fertilization takes place
•Young worms hatch from cocoon (no
larvae)
68. Subclass Hirudinea
• 500 species
• Mostly freshwater but some marine and
terrestrial
• Prey on small invertebrates or feed on
the body fluids of vertebrates.
69. External Structures
• Lack parapodia and head
appendages
• Leeches are dorsoventrally
flattened and tapered
anteriorly
• Anterior and posterior
segments have suckers
71. Locomotion
• Have lost metameric partitioning,
resulting in single body cavity
• Coelomic sinuses replace blood
vessels in most leeches
• Complex musculature (four types
of muscles)
• Move in looping motion or swim with
undulations