The document outlines the components of a mental status examination, which is used to evaluate aspects of a patient's mental state and behavior. It describes elements like consciousness, attention, memory, thought processes, mood, affect, perception, insight, and other factors. The mental status exam provides important information for assessing a patient's diagnosis and determining appropriate treatment.
Affect and Mood
Describing affect: Type / quality, Range / variability, Degree / intensity, Stability / reactivity, Congruence, Appearance
Affect has three functions
Describing mood: Type / quality, Stability, Pattern of mood disturbance
this ppt is belongs to mental status examination which is present by ashish dadheech , that is so much essential to know about the basic observation and behavior of client its describe with my full effort as i explained at our college i hope u will like this and
Affect and Mood
Describing affect: Type / quality, Range / variability, Degree / intensity, Stability / reactivity, Congruence, Appearance
Affect has three functions
Describing mood: Type / quality, Stability, Pattern of mood disturbance
this ppt is belongs to mental status examination which is present by ashish dadheech , that is so much essential to know about the basic observation and behavior of client its describe with my full effort as i explained at our college i hope u will like this and
Mental function examination is a part of Neurologic and Psychiatric examination as an emergency and as an outpatient clinic.
Detail Mental examination is required for cases of Dementia in various neurological diseases.
This set of slides are not for Psychiatric patients with disturbance of thought and mood.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
The Mental Status Exam (MSE) The Mental examinationJayesh Patidar
The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is the psychological equivalent of a physical exam that describes the mental state and behaviors of the person being seen. It includes both objective observations of the clinician and subjective descriptions given by the patient.
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Mental status examination
• Consciousness
• Rapport
• General appearance and motor behavior
• Attention and concentration
• Language functions
• Orientation
• Memory
• Abstract ability
• Judgment
• General information
• Calculation
• Intelligence
2
3. Mental status examination
• Thought
o Stream
o Form
o Possession
o Content
• Mood and Affect
• Perception
• Other psychotic phenomena
• Insight
3
4. Thought Stream- (Progress)
o Spontaneity
o Volume
o Tonal fluctuations
o Retardation
o Pressured speech
4
5. • Poverty of speech: Restriction in amount, brief,
concrete, unelaborate
• Poverty of content: Long reply, adequate speech, less
content
5
6. • Flight of Ideas:
• Thoughts follow each other rapidly
• No general direction of thinking
• Connections between successive thoughts
appear to be due to chance and can usually be
understood (alliteration, clang)
• E.g.: I live in Birmingham, Kingstanding, see
the king, sing sing, bird on the wing….
6
7. • Prolixity: Ordered flight of ideas
• Speed not as fast
• Despite irrelevances, able to return to the task
• Circumstantiality:
• Unnecessary and trivial details, but finally the
point is reached
• Goal is never completely lost
7
8. • Inhibition or retardation:
• Train of thought is slowed down
• Number of ideas, images decrease
• Usually experienced as difficulty in making
decisions, lack of concentration or loss of
clarity of thinking
• Depression
8
9. Mood and affect
• Mood-
Prolonged subjective prevailing state or disposition;
• Sad, happy, worried, angry, fearful;
• Depth; predominant mood over the last 1 week
• Affect-
Objective state; range, reactivity, mobility and
communicability;
• Depressed, elated, euphoric, anxious, perplexed, blu
nted 9
10. Other psychotic phenomena
• Somatic passivity- bodily sensations especially
sensory symptoms experienced as imposed by
external force
• Made action, affect and impulse
• Negative symptoms
• Depersonalization and derealization
10
12. 6 grades
o Grade 1: Denial
o Grade 2: Slight awareness but denying it at the
same time
o Grade 3: Awareness present but attribute it to
external factors
12
13. o Grade 4: Awareness present but attribute it to
something unknown, acceptance
o Grade 5: Intellectual insight- Awareness present,
attributes it to psychological causes but does not
apply it to future experiences
o Grade 6: True emotional insight
13
14. Case summary
• Basic data and socio-economic profile
• Presenting complaints (including HOPI)
• Relevant past, family, developmental,
occupational history etc.
• Pre-morbid personality
• Relevant M.S.E. findings
• Relevant Physical examination findings
• Diagnosis
• Management
14