This document discusses normal and abnormal human behaviour. It defines abnormal psychology as studying unusual patterns of behaviour, emotion, and thought that may indicate a mental disorder. Abnormal behaviour is defined as behaviour that is socially unacceptable, distressing, maladaptive, or the result of distorted thoughts. The document then examines what constitutes normal and abnormal behaviour, factors that influence human behaviour, characteristics of normal behaviour, and causes of abnormal behaviour, including biological and psychosocial factors.
This document discusses various perspectives on psychological disorders and classifications of mental illnesses. It provides an overview of several major psychological disorders including anxiety disorders like specific phobias, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are explained. The document also summarizes schizophrenia, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, and some common childhood disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The purpose of creating classifications and diagnoses is to allow for statistical analysis, guide treatment choices, and provide a shorthand for discussing symptoms.
Ancient cultures believed mental illness was caused by evil spirits and treated it by trepanning, or drilling holes in the skull. Hippocrates proposed it was caused by imbalances in bodily fluids. In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were often considered witches. Psychopathology is the study of abnormal behavior, including patterns causing distress, harm to others, or impaired functioning. Abnormality is defined statistically, as deviant from social norms, by subjective discomfort, or as maladaptive. Biological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychoanalytic theories offer explanations of abnormal behavior and mental disorders.
Disorganized schizophrenia is a severe subtype of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent and illogical thoughts and behaviors that prevent daily functioning. Signs include disorganized thinking and speech, inappropriate behavior, lack of emotion, and delusions or hallucinations. It is diagnosed using criteria from the DSM including evidence of disorganized speech, behavior, blunted emotions, and emotions inappropriate for situations. The causes are likely genetic and environmental factors combined with imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior. There are several proposed causes including genetic, biochemical, and environmental factors. Symptoms are classified as positive (e.g. delusions, hallucinations) or negative (e.g. reduced speech, lack of motivation). Schizophrenia is further classified into subtypes based on symptoms such as paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic. Prognosis depends on factors like symptom severity, onset age, and social support. Nursing diagnoses for those with schizophrenia may include disturbances in thought processes and difficulties with self-care.
This document provides information on psychotic disorders, with a focus on schizophrenia. It discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, course, and treatment of schizophrenia. Key points include:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms.
- It typically onset in late adolescence/early adulthood and is treated long-term with antipsychotic medications to control symptoms and relapses.
- Treatment of acute psychotic episodes focuses on medication to reduce symptoms, safety, and may involve hospitalization. Long-term management emphasizes the lowest effective dose of medication to prevent relapses and address side effects.
Personality disorders are conditions in which an individual differs significantly from an average person , in terms of how they think, perceive , feel or relate to others.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders, including their historical and modern perspectives, classifications in the DSM, and descriptions of specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. It discusses the bio-psycho-social model for understanding disorders and covers topics like genetics, environment, and brain abnormalities in relation to schizophrenia.
This document discusses various perspectives on psychological disorders and classifications of mental illnesses. It provides an overview of several major psychological disorders including anxiety disorders like specific phobias, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are explained. The document also summarizes schizophrenia, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, and some common childhood disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The purpose of creating classifications and diagnoses is to allow for statistical analysis, guide treatment choices, and provide a shorthand for discussing symptoms.
Ancient cultures believed mental illness was caused by evil spirits and treated it by trepanning, or drilling holes in the skull. Hippocrates proposed it was caused by imbalances in bodily fluids. In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were often considered witches. Psychopathology is the study of abnormal behavior, including patterns causing distress, harm to others, or impaired functioning. Abnormality is defined statistically, as deviant from social norms, by subjective discomfort, or as maladaptive. Biological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychoanalytic theories offer explanations of abnormal behavior and mental disorders.
Disorganized schizophrenia is a severe subtype of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent and illogical thoughts and behaviors that prevent daily functioning. Signs include disorganized thinking and speech, inappropriate behavior, lack of emotion, and delusions or hallucinations. It is diagnosed using criteria from the DSM including evidence of disorganized speech, behavior, blunted emotions, and emotions inappropriate for situations. The causes are likely genetic and environmental factors combined with imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior. There are several proposed causes including genetic, biochemical, and environmental factors. Symptoms are classified as positive (e.g. delusions, hallucinations) or negative (e.g. reduced speech, lack of motivation). Schizophrenia is further classified into subtypes based on symptoms such as paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic. Prognosis depends on factors like symptom severity, onset age, and social support. Nursing diagnoses for those with schizophrenia may include disturbances in thought processes and difficulties with self-care.
This document provides information on psychotic disorders, with a focus on schizophrenia. It discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, course, and treatment of schizophrenia. Key points include:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms.
- It typically onset in late adolescence/early adulthood and is treated long-term with antipsychotic medications to control symptoms and relapses.
- Treatment of acute psychotic episodes focuses on medication to reduce symptoms, safety, and may involve hospitalization. Long-term management emphasizes the lowest effective dose of medication to prevent relapses and address side effects.
Personality disorders are conditions in which an individual differs significantly from an average person , in terms of how they think, perceive , feel or relate to others.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders, including their historical and modern perspectives, classifications in the DSM, and descriptions of specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. It discusses the bio-psycho-social model for understanding disorders and covers topics like genetics, environment, and brain abnormalities in relation to schizophrenia.
The document discusses various psychiatric symptoms and signs. It describes disorders of perception like illusions and hallucinations. It outlines different types of hallucinations and defines depersonalization and derealization. Disorders of thinking are categorized into formal thought disorders affecting structure and association of thoughts, abnormalities in thought speed and continuity, and abnormalities in thought content like delusions and obsessions. Common psychiatric disorders are also briefly mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to psychological disorders. It discusses various perspectives on defining abnormality and normality, and outlines criteria such as deviation from cultural norms, statistical norms, maladaptive behavior, and personal distress. It then classifies mental health problems as neuroses or psychoses and describes biological, psychological, psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and cultural perspectives. Specific anxiety disorders like panic attacks, phobias, and OCD are explained. Personality disorders like antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are also outlined. The document concludes with a description of dissociative identity disorder.
This document provides an introduction to mental health nursing. It defines mental health and mental illness, outlines the characteristics of mentally healthy and ill individuals, and describes common signs and symptoms of mental illness. It also discusses misconceptions about mental illness and potential unfounded fears nursing students may have about working in psychiatric settings due to lack of knowledge or experience.
Personality disorders, Eating disorders and Addictionsmeducationdotnet
This document summarizes key aspects of psychiatry, including normal personality traits, personality disorders, eating disorders, substance misuse, and other relevant topics. It describes the five factor model of normal personality as well as features and clusters of personality disorders. It also discusses etiology, assessment, and management of conditions like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, cannabis use, LSD use, and ecstasy use. Common co-morbidities, consequences, and risk factors are summarized.
This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Types include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and schizoaffective. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy with the goal of controlling symptoms.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders, including what constitutes a disorder, different categories of disorders, and approaches to defining and diagnosing disorders. It discusses several specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and drug addiction. For each disorder type, it outlines essential features, causes, examples of specific disorders, and treatment approaches. The goal is to define normal vs. abnormal behavior and thought patterns and classify psychological disorders.
The document discusses human behavior and victimology. It begins by defining behavior and outlining the nature and concepts of human behavior. It then discusses what psychology is and provides classifications of behavior such as overt and covert acts. It also discusses what constitutes normal and abnormal behavior. The document outlines various factors and determinants that affect human behavior, including biological, psychological, physiological and sociological factors. It discusses motivation of human behavior in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Finally, it discusses several personality dimensions and approaches that affect human behavior.
Personality Disoder by Jayesh Patidar.pptxJayesh Patidar
This document provides information on personality disorders according to the DSM-IV-TR. It discusses what personality and personality disorders are, and defines personality as predictable responses and behaviors to one's environment. Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behaviors that differ from cultural expectations and cause impairment. The document outlines three clusters of personality disorders - A, B, and C - and provides details on paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders, including key signs, symptoms, epidemiology, characteristics, etiology and classification.
Personality disorder ppt MENTAL HEALTH NURSINGvihang tayde
Most definition of normal personality includes some or all of the following features,
Present since adolescence.
Stable overtime despite fluctuations in mood.
Manifest in different environment.
Recognizable to friends and acquaintance.
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This document summarizes challenges faced by children with prenatal exposure to alcohol and drugs, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. It outlines cognitive, behavioral and mental health issues these children often experience, such as difficulties with executive function, impulse control, memory and learning. It provides strategies for caregivers to support these children, including structured routines, clear rules/expectations, breaking tasks into smaller chunks, and teaching skills like problem-solving and emotional regulation. The document emphasizes that these children benefit from stable, predictable environments with consistent support.
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Personality can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Personality is defined as the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influence behaviors and interactions with others. There are several theories that seek to describe personality, including trait theory which describes personality in terms of stable dimensions or traits, and psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes unconscious motivations and drives. Understanding personality can provide insight into how individuals are likely to behave in different situations.
The document summarizes some of Sigmund Freud's key concepts regarding the structures of the psyche and defense mechanisms. It describes:
1) Freud proposed the id, ego, and superego as the three structures of the psyche. The id operates on the pleasure principle, the ego balances id urges with reality, and the superego incorporates moral standards.
2) Defense mechanisms like projection, denial, and distortion are used by the ego to protect the psyche from anxiety by distorting or blocking unconscious urges.
3) Defense mechanisms range from immature ones like acting out and passive aggression seen in children, to more mature defenses like humor and sublimation used by healthy adults.
The document summarizes some key concepts from Freudian psychoanalytic theory, including:
1) Freud proposed three structures of the psyche - the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, the ego balances the id and reality, and the superego incorporates moral standards.
2) Defence mechanisms distort id impulses in socially acceptable ways to reduce anxiety. Immature defences like projection and passive aggression are common in children and may indicate intimacy issues in adults.
3) Valliant's classification organizes defences from narcissistic-psychotic like denial to more mature ones like humour and sublimation that indicate psychological health.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations. It can cause deterioration in social and cognitive functioning. It has biological and genetic risk factors. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication and psychosocial support. Nursing care focuses on safety, managing symptoms, and promoting functioning.
Ob ppt-personality-henry-ford-case-f-g-section-8-9-augPooja Sakhla
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality and describes key theories about its determinants including heredity, environment, and situation. It also summarizes major approaches to understanding personality like the psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive perspectives. Specific concepts discussed include defense mechanisms, the Big Five model of traits, locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk-taking.
This document provides information on several personality disorders, including definitions, classifications, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders in Cluster A. Cluster B disorders covered are antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. The document aims to inform readers about the characteristics and clinical approach to these conditions.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses what research is, including careful investigation to gain new knowledge. The document outlines the steps involved in conducting research, including choosing a subject, conducting a literature review, defining objectives, designing experiments, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and reporting results. It also discusses different types of research such as applied versus pure research and quantitative versus qualitative methods. The goal of the document is to introduce readers to the overall process of research.
This document provides information on verbal and nonverbal communication. It discusses the differences between oral and written communication as two forms of verbal communication. For nonverbal communication, it identifies common forms like eye contact, facial expressions, posture, touch, gestures, personal space. It contrasts verbal with nonverbal communication and emphasizes the importance of understanding both the words and feelings behind a message. The document includes activities asking readers to identify speakers in a video about cross-cultural communication and to move up and down a ladder of abstraction.
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This document provides information on personality disorders according to the DSM-IV-TR. It discusses what personality and personality disorders are, and defines personality as predictable responses and behaviors to one's environment. Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behaviors that differ from cultural expectations and cause impairment. The document outlines three clusters of personality disorders - A, B, and C - and provides details on paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders, including key signs, symptoms, epidemiology, characteristics, etiology and classification.
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Most definition of normal personality includes some or all of the following features,
Present since adolescence.
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Recognizable to friends and acquaintance.
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The document summarizes some of Sigmund Freud's key concepts regarding the structures of the psyche and defense mechanisms. It describes:
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2) Defense mechanisms like projection, denial, and distortion are used by the ego to protect the psyche from anxiety by distorting or blocking unconscious urges.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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2. Abnormal Behaviour
• Abnormal Psychology is the
branch of Psychology that
studies unusual patterns of
behaviour, emotion and
thought, which may not be
understood as precipitating a
mental disorder.
• The scope of Abnormal
Psychology is to study
people’s emotional,
cognitive, and/or
behavioural problems.
• It studies the atypical or
abnormal members of the
society who fall outside of
the most common
parameters.
3. What is behaviour?
• Most people use the word
‘behaviour’ to mean conduct.
• Behaviour is anything that a
person does.
• In psychology, behaviour is
regarded as any observable
activity by human being.
• Most human behaviour results
from a combination of factors
such as culture, attitudes,
emotions, values, ethics,
authority, rapport, persuasion,
coercion and genetics.
4. Principles of
Human
Behaviour
Almost all human behaviour is learned.
All behaviours occur for a reason.
No behaviours occur “out of blue.”
Behaviours continue to occur because
they are effective.
Behaviours stop occurring when they are
ineffective.
5. A – B – C Model of Behaviour
A
Antecedent
Trigger
1 2
B
Behaviour
Action
3
C
Consequence
Response
6. • “When will you understand
that being normal is not
necessarily a virtue. It rather
denotes a lack of courage.”
- Unknown
7. Behaviour
• Behaviour is the manner in which
a person behaves , whether they
can conform to the accepted
social standards or not.
8. Normal Behaviour
• Word ‘NORMAL’ derived from
the Latin word ‘norma-’ which means rule.
• Therefore ‘normal behaviour’ means that which follows the rule or pattern or
standard as set by the society.
• When an individual is able to function adequately and performs daily living
activities efficiently and feels satisfied with his lifestyle, he is said to have normal
behaviour.
9. Factors Affecting Human
Behaviour
• Genetics – Patterns of
behaviour are influenced by
inheritance from parents.
• Early Childhood Experiences
• Social Norms shape our
behaviour and attitudes.
Every individual manipulate
his/her behaviour to best ‘fit
in’ with others.
• Core Faith and Social Culture
shape our religious faith,
philosophical thinking and
emotional wellbeing (e.g.
Emotions such as shame and
guilt connected to moral
living).
10. Factors
Affecting
Human
Behaviour
• Creativity – Pushes people past
their comfort zone.
• Attitude – Is an expression of
favour or disfavour, likes and
dislikes of a person toward a
person, place, thing, or event.
The way a person behaves
depends a lot on how he looks
at the situation.
11. Characteristics of Normal Behaviour
• A perception of reality.
• A positive attitude toward one’s own
self, accepting weaknesses and taking
pride in strengths.
• Adequate in work, play and leisure.
• Willing to use problem solving
approaches in life process.
• Capacity to adapt oneself to current
situation.
• Capacity for withstanding anxiety and
stress.
12. Normality vs. Abnormality
• In the Medical
Practice, it is easy to
decide what is normal
in examining the
temperature of the
body, the blood
pressure, the Blood
Glucose value, etc.
• However, on a
Psychological or
Behavioural Level, we
can’t have an ideal
model of a man or
ideal behaviour to be
set as standard or
norm.
13. Abnormal
Behaviour
• Abnormal Behaviour is
defined as behaviour that is
disturbing (socially
unacceptable), distressing,
maladaptive (or self-
defeating), and often the
result of distorted thoughts
(cognitions).
14.
15. Abnormal Behaviour
• The word
‘abnormal’ with
prefix ‘Ab’ (away
from) means
anything away
from normal or
acceptable.
• It means
deviation from
the norm or
standard or rules.
16. Defining Abnormality
• Deviation from the Normal.
• Deviation from the Ideal.
• Create discomfort in Others.
- Produces distress, anxiety, guilt, or
causes harm in others.
• Inability to Function Effectively.
• Legal Concept.
- Know the Difference Between
Right and Wrong.
17. Abnormal Behaviour
Definition
Disturbance in behaviour
which is seen in
• Cognitive Domain
(Thinking, Knowing,
Memory)
• Affective Domain (Emotion
and Feeling), and
• Conative Domain
(Psychomotor Activity).
• The individual with
abnormal behaviour
manifests his/her mental
distress through thought,
feeling and action.
18. Defining (ab-)normal Behaviour
• Behaviour that is Harmful to the Self or
to the others without serving interest of
the self.
• Poor Reality Contact – e.g. Beliefs that
most people don’t hold or sensory
perceptions of things that most people
do not perceive.
• Emotional Reactions inappropriate to
the person’s situation.
• Erratic Behaviour – i.e. Behaviour that
shifts unpredictably.
19. Characteristics of
Abnormal Behaviour
• Change in Person’s Thinking Process,
Memory, Perception and Judgement.
• Reduced Work Efficiency and General
Stamina.
• Forgetfulness
• Unable to Cope with Stresses.
• Develops Anxiety and Worries at the
Slightest Disturbance in Daily Routine.
• Complete Lack of Respect for Self and
Others.
• Lack of Self-Confidence.
• Lack of Gratification.
20. Symptoms of Abnormal
Behaviour
• Easily getting annoyed or nervous.
• Often or always appearing angry.
• Always putting the blame on
others.
• Refusing to follow rules or
questioning authority.
• Arguing and throwing temper
tantrums.
• Having difficulty in handling
frustration.
21. Psychological Disorders Associated
with Serious Behavioural
Abnormalities
1. Anxiety Disorders, such as –
- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
- Panic Disorders
- Phobia
23. Psychological Disorders Associated with
Serious Behavioural Abnormalities
3. Dissociative Disorders, when the person has a personality that is
fragmented or separated from the rest;
- Dissociative Identity Disorder, when more than one personality
is present in his mind.
- Dissociative Amnesia, where the person suffers from selective
memory loss in response to a particular stress.
- Dissociative Fugue (“a Fugue State”), where the patient runs away
from home after forgetting his/her identity.
24. Psychological Disorders Associated with Serious
Behavioural Abnormalities
4. Affective Disorders, in which person suffers from abnormally high or
low moods for long periods of time.
-Major Depressive Disorder where he suffers from hopelessness, guilt,
sadness, and apathy for more than two weeks. Caused by endogenous
depletion of Neurotransmitter Serotonin’
- Mania, where there is overly hyperactive and optimistic state.
Because of overconfidence, the patient takes series of terrible
decisions leading to overspending.
- Bipolar Disorder with extreme shift in moods, Depressive phase may
lead to suicidal thoughts, or action out of overconfidence leading to
accidental death.
25. Psychological Disorders Associated with
Serious Behavioural Abnormalities
5. Personality Disorders (Replacing the old terms of ‘psychopaths’ and
‘sociopaths’).
- Schizoid Personality, who lacks in feelings for other people and
is often withdrawn. Does not make friends with others.
- Paranoid Personality, who find it difficult to trust anyone.
- Antisocial Personality engages in crimes such as rape and murder
because of lack of development of conscience.
- Narcissistic Personality are people who are in exaggerated love
with self leading to overconfidence and a constant need for attention.
26. Psychological Disorders Associated with
Serious Behavioural Abnormalities
6. Schizophrenic Disorders, with disturbances in thoughts, emotions,
communication, and perception. Hallucinations and Delusions.
- Disorganised Schizophrenia (Inappropriate Mood, Bizarre Speech and
behavioural patterns);
- Catatonic Schizophrenia (Difficulty in movements; either inability to move
or uncontrolled hypermobility, person may copy other’s movements or have
waxy flexibility);
- Paranoid Schizophrenia (Being suspicious of everyone and everything);
- Undifferentiated Schizophrenia (with a mixture of any or all the other types
of schizophrenia)
27. Causes of Abnormal
Human Behaviour
• The causation of any
particular behaviour pattern
is tremendously complex
and impossible to predict
how given circumstances
will affect of has affected the
person.
28. Causes of Abnormal
Human Behaviour
Abnormal Human Behaviour is the
result of –
a) Outcome of Faulty Development;
b) Psycho-social Stress
c) Combination of Both
29. Causes of Abnormal Human Behaviour
•Biological Factors, such as –
- Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Genetic Defects
- Physical Deprivation: Malnutrition, Illness, Injuries,
Sleep Deprivation, Fatigue, etc.
30. Causes of Abnormal Human Behaviour
Psycho-social Factors
Maternal Deprivation
Faulty Parent-Child Relationship
- Overprotection
- Over permissiveness and Indulgence
- Faulty Discipline
- Unrealistic Demands
- Poor Communication
- Undesirable Parental Models