DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
A presentation about depressive disorder. The presentation composed of the definition, causes, types, clinical feature, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of depression
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
A presentation about depressive disorder. The presentation composed of the definition, causes, types, clinical feature, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of depression
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
#UNTAdv14 Student Distress Identification, Intervention & ReferralUCAN at UNT
Student Distress Identification, Intervention & Referral by Dr. John Hipple
2014 UNT Advising Conference #UNTAdv14
May 22, 2014
Collin College - Preston Ridge Campus
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. FORM OF THOUGHT
• Conceptual / Abstract thinking
• Form: Consistent, uninterrupted and
organized flow of thinking towards its
goal (Jaspers)
3. FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDER
• The term ‘Formal thought disorder’ is
synonym for disorders of conceptual or
abstract thinking
• Once considered pathognomonic of
schizophrenia
• Occurs in :
- Schizophrenia
- Coarse brain disease.
4. Schizophrenic FTD can be divided into 2
subgroups:
Negative FTD:
Pt has lost his previous ability to think,
but does not produce any unusual concepts.
Positive FTD:
Pt produces false concepts by blending
together incongruous elements.
5. Thought, Language & Communication Disorder
• Poverty of speech
• Poverty of content of
speech
• Pressure of speech
• Distractibility of speech
• Tangentiality
• Derailment
• Incoherence
• Illogicality
• Clanging
• Neologisms
• Word Approximations
• Circumstantiality
• Loss of Goal
• Perseveration
• Echolalia
• Blocking
• Stilted Speech
• Self Reference
• Paraphasia – Phonemic
Semantic
6. Poverty of Speech
• Restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech
• Replies Brief, Concrete & Unelaborated.
Monosyllabic
Some Quests unanswered
• To elicit Must allow pt adequate time to
answer & to elaborate his answer.
7. Poverty of Content of speech (Alogia,
Verbigeration, Poverty of thought)
• Replies although speech is Adequate in amount
• Conveys Little Information
• Language Vagueness, emptiness, Repetitive,
Stereotyped,
• Exclude : Circumstantiality
- Provide a wealth of details.
8. Pressure of Speech
Increase in amount of spontaneous speech
Sentences left incomplete with new ideas coming up
Talks rapidly & Difficult to interrupt
Loud and emphatic Speech
Talk without social stimuli & even no one is listening
More than 150 words / min
9. Distractible Speech
During interview or discussion
Stops talking in the middle of sentence or idea
Changes the subject in response to nearby
stimulus
10. Tangentiality
Replies Oblique / Tangential / Irrelevant
manner
Reply : Related in distant way
Unrelated
Totally Irrelevant
Refers only to replies to questions
Not transitions in spontaneous speech
11. Derailment (Loose Associations, Flight
of Ideas)
Ideas slip off track onto another one.
- Obliquely related, or onto one which is
- Completely unrelated
“Disjointed Speech” – vague connect / No connect
MC Slow, Steady slippage
Goes farther, farther & farther off the track
No longer has any connection with question
asked
12. Derailment
(Loose Associations, Flight of Ideas)
Goal Not reached.
Characteristic --> Lack of cohesion between
clauses / sentence.
Flight of ideas is a derailment that occurs rapidly
in the context of pressured speech.
Exclude Tangentiality :
- Occurs as Immediate response to
questions.
13. Incoherence
(Word Salad, Jargon Aphasia, Schizophasia,
Para-grammatism)
Incomprehensible Speech
Cementing words (and, although, a, an) deleted
Often accompanied by Derailment
Difference with Derailment Unclear
connections between larger units e.g. sentence /
clause
14. Contd..
Relatively rare.. But when occur Severe FTD
Similar to Jargon Aphasia ..D/D Wernickes
Aphasia…R/O by History, Lab Investigations
etc.
Exclude Mild Ungrammatical Constructions
Idiomatic use in Particular regional /
ethnic background, lack of
education, low intelligence.
15. Illogicality
Conclusions reached with No Logicality
Reaching conclusions on faulty premises
without actual delusional thinking.
Exclude… Delusions
Cultural & Religious Values
16. Clanging
Sounds govern the word choice (rather than
meaningful relationships)
Redundant words are introduced.
Rhyming relationships
Punning associations (word similar in sound
brings a new thought)
Example: I’m not trying to make noise. I’m
trying to make sense. If you can make sense out
of nonsense, well have fun. I’m trying to make
sense out of sense.
17. Circumstantiality
Indirect Speech with delayed in reaching goal
Tedious elaboration & Need to interrupt
“Long winded”
Exclude Poverty of content of speech
Little information
Derailment
Goal not reached
18. Loss of Goal
Failure to follow chain of thought to its natural
conclusion
Begins with one subject wanders away
Not reached the goal
Often associated with Derailment
19. Perseveration
Senseless repetition of a goal-directed action / speech
which has already served its purpose / beyond
relevance.
Three types – 1. Compulsive Repetition
2. Impairment of Switching
3. Ideational / Thematic
Exclude…Stock words -- Inappropriate for their
usual meaning Pause fillers – you know, like, ok
20. Echolalia
Pt echoes words / phrases of interviewer
Repetitive & Persistent
More common in children
Exclude… Habit – To formulate answer
Indic by rewording question
/ repeating last words
21. Thought blocking
Interruption of train of speech before a thought /
Idea has been completed.
Entirely new thought may then begin.
Present if… Pt voluntarily describes losing his
thought. On question, indicated that blocking was
a cause for his pausing
22. Stilted Speech
Excessive Stilted / Formal quality
Use of particular word choices (Sorry, Please, at
your convenience)
Extremely polite phraseology
23. Self - Reference
Repeatedly refers subject under discussion back
to himself
Easily observed during-- Informal Conversation
24. Neologism
Completely new word / phrase whose
derivation can not be understood.
Also include incorrectly built up word with
understandable origin
For more clarification Usually classified in
Word Approximations.
25. Word Approximations
(Paraphasia, Metonyms)
Old words used in new & unconventional way
New words formed by conventional rules of
word formation.
May be based on use of Stock words – Uses
words repeatedly in ways that give them a
meaning e.g. “Vessel”
27. Paraphasia - Phonemic
• Recognizable mispronunciation of words
• Sounds / Syllables slipped out of sequence
• Severe… Aphasia
• Mild….. Everyday speech—Slips of tongue
• Recognizes error & may attempt to correct it.
28. Paraphasia - Semantic
• Substitution of inappropriate word when trying to
say something specific
• May / May not recognize his error
• Typically in Wernickes Aphasia & Brocas
Aphasia
• Exclude.. Incoherence -- Negative formal test
Aphasia
29. More Pathological
- Poverty of Speech
- Poverty of content of
Speech
- Pressure of Speech
- Distractibility
- Derailment
- Tangentiality
- Incoherence
- Illogicality
- Clanging
- Neologisms
- Word Approximations
Less Pathological
- Circumstantiality
- Loss of goal
- Perseveration
- Blocking
- Echoloalia
- Stilted Speech
- Self Reference
Andreasen N; Scale for assesst of TLC Dis
30. Bleuler (1911)
• The outstanding feature of schizophrenic
FTD is the lack of connection between
associations, which gave rise to changeable
and unclear concepts.
• Loosening of associations was the basic
disorder on the premise of which Bleuler
described schizophrenic thought disorder
31. • Condensation: 2 ideas with something in
common are blended into a false concept.
• Displacement: one idea is used for an
associated idea.
• Misuse of symbols: using the concrete
aspects of the symbol instead of the
symbolic meaning.
32. Cameron
1) In-coordination
2) Interpenetration – Speech cont elmts which
belong to the task in hand interspersed with a
stream of fantasy which he cant stop
3) Fragmentation
4) Over-inclusion – Inablty to maint boundaries
of problem & to restrict operans to their limits.
33. Asyndesis:
The lack of adequate connections between
successive thoughts.
Metonyms:
The imprecise approximations in which pt. uses
some substitute term or phrase instead of a more
exact one.
Cameron points out that the patient developed
his own private mode of speech which is full of
personal idioms.
34. GOLDSTEIN
• Loss of abstract attitude of thinking
• Thinking becomes concrete and
superficial
35. Payne
• Tests of concrete thinking Tests of over-
inclusion… which performed badly by
schizophrenics
• Schizophrenics with marked psycho motor
slowness have impaired tests of over-
inclusion
Chapman
• Cant free himself from major meaning of
word.
36. Schneider
Features of healthy thinking
Constancy :
Persistence of completed thought whether or not it is
simple or complicated in its content.
Organization :
the content of Thoughts related to each other & do not
blend with each other but separated in organized way.
Continuity :
Thoughts are arranged in order and are in continuum,
so that even the most heterogeneous subsidiary
thoughts, sudden ideas or observations which emerge
are arranged in order in the whole content of
consciousness.
38. • Schneider claims that five features FTD could be
isolated. Viz.
• Derailment :Thought slides onto a subsidiary thought.
• Substitution: Major thought is substituted by
subsidiary one.
• Omission : Senseless omission of thought or part of it.
• Drivelling: Disordered intermixture of constituent
parts of one complex thought.
• Fusion: Heterogeneous elements of thought are
interwoven with each other.
40. Transitory thinking :
- Grammatical & syntactical structures are
both disturbed.
- Continuity is not loosened.
- Intention itself is affected.
Desultory thinking :
- Grammatically & syntactically correct
- Sudden ideas force their way time to time
- Each idea – simple & suitable thought.
. Driveling thinking:
-loses preliminary organization of thought so that
all the constituent parts get muddled together
41. 3 Symptoms groups in Schizophrenia
1. Desultory Group Affective blunting
Lack of drive
Somatic Hallucinations
Desultory thinking
2. Thought withdrawal group Transitory thinking
Thought withdrawal
Somatic Passivity
Religious & cosmic experince
Perplexity
42. Cont.
3. Drivelling Group Primary Delusional Exprinc
Loss of interest
Inadeq affective responses
Drivelling thinking.
43. Mania: Carlson and Goodwin (1973) followed 20
manic patients through an episode and noted that
100% showed pressure of speech, 75% showed
flight of ideas and 70% had loose associations.
Dubin and Martin (1977) reported neologism in a
manic patient and poverty of content of speech in
another.
44. Depression: In contrast to mania, studies
examining thought disorders in depression are
few. Lewis (1934) examined speech patterns of
61 cases of "melancholia" and found 21 patients
had over productive speech. The overall content
was coherent although topics mostly revolved
around depressive themes. Distractibility was
also observed in a number of patients.
Andreasen and Grove (1986) found greater
frequency of poverty of speech, poverty of
content of speech and self referential speech in
their sample of 36 depressed patients.
45. Delirium: Cutting (1987) studied thought
disorder in 74 patients who showed psychosis in
the setting of some clearly identified organic
cause and compared it with 74 patients of acute
schizophrenia.
Thought disorder was present in 63% of cases,
common types encountered being illogicality
(20%), poverty of speech (19%) and
tangentiality (8%). Four patients showed
circumstantiality and two showed neologisms.
Thus, thought disorders remain uncommon in
delirium thought it may show occasional
resemblance to schizophrenic speech.
46. Epilepsy : Changes in personality in long-
standing epilepsy, including circumstantiality and
slowness of thinking, has been described by
Kraepelin (1923) and Gruhle (1929).
Gastaut and colleagues (Gastaut et
al,1953;Gastaut,1954) observed similar features
in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Bear and Fedio (1977) devised a 100-item
questionnaire to validate the epileptic personality.
Subsequent works in this field have demonstrated
circumstantiality and viscosity of thought in
epileptic patients (Herman and Riel,1981;Bear et
al,1982)
47. Normal individuals: Since the works of Gruhle (1929),
Beringer (1924) and Schneider (1958), taking a
phenomenological approach, emphasized the normality
of several thought disorders. He proposed that "thought
blocking" occurred frequently in shy and embarrassed
people and "disjointed" or "fragmented" thinking
occurred to a lesser degree in normal and in those who
were "scatter-brained" either in normal circumstances
or when drunk.
48. SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT OF FTD
Thought, language and communication scale (TLC)
(Andreasen, 1979)
Thought Disorder Index (TDI) (Johnston and Holzman,
1979)
Assessment of Bizzare-idiosyncratic thinking (Harrow
and Quinlan, 1985)
The Thought and Language Index (TLI) (Liddle et al,
2002)
Whitaker index of schizophrenic thinking (WIST)
(Whitaker, 1973)
Impaired Categorical Thinking:
Illogical Thinking: Impaired Syllogistic Reasoning (von
Domarus, 1944) Object sorting tests
49. Conclusion
Thought disorder has come a long way since Bleuler’s
disturbances of association. Its presence across diverse
psychiatric disorders has prompted researchers in various
fields to explore its etiology from their own perspective.
However, no particular cause has been identified although
several researches have been carried out in last three
decades. Scales have been devised to bring universality to
the concept which was riddled with several confusing and
overlapping terminologies.
Those exploring psychosis have proposed that the
language specialization of human race came hand in hand
with psychosis. It remains to be .