The document discusses the components and purpose of a mental status examination (MSE). A MSE is used to assess a patient's mental state and behavior through objective observations and subjective reports. It provides information for diagnosis, treatment assessment, and comparison over time. The key components of a MSE include appearance, behavior, speech, mood, thought processes, thought content, cognition, insight, and judgment. A MSE allows clinicians to evaluate changes in a patient's condition.
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Organic mental disorders are disturbances that may be caused by injury or disease affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical or hormonal abnormalities.
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Organic mental disorders are disturbances that may be caused by injury or disease affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical or hormonal abnormalities.
Insight is one of the crucial components of a mental status examination in Psychiatry. Scarce data is available in the standard textbooks on this concept.
The following presentation was made after going through the myriad of articles and case studies i found online.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Depression is the leading cause of disability world wide and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of diseases .At its worst depression can cause suicide .
There are effective psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression
In Psychiatry and Psychology, Insight means the recognition of one’s own condition. (mental illness)
It refers to:-
the conscious awareness and understanding of one’s own psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a person.
insight,
true insight,
impaired insight,
judgement,
mental status examination,
Multi-dimensional model of Insight,
Grades of Insight, intellectual insight
assesment
Basic principles, interview style, various components and their significance, how to take history of present illness, past history,family and personal history, substance history, premorbid personality
Insight is one of the crucial components of a mental status examination in Psychiatry. Scarce data is available in the standard textbooks on this concept.
The following presentation was made after going through the myriad of articles and case studies i found online.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Depression is the leading cause of disability world wide and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of diseases .At its worst depression can cause suicide .
There are effective psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression
In Psychiatry and Psychology, Insight means the recognition of one’s own condition. (mental illness)
It refers to:-
the conscious awareness and understanding of one’s own psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a person.
insight,
true insight,
impaired insight,
judgement,
mental status examination,
Multi-dimensional model of Insight,
Grades of Insight, intellectual insight
assesment
Basic principles, interview style, various components and their significance, how to take history of present illness, past history,family and personal history, substance history, premorbid personality
Affect and Mood
Describing affect: Type / quality, Range / variability, Degree / intensity, Stability / reactivity, Congruence, Appearance
Affect has three functions
Describing mood: Type / quality, Stability, Pattern of mood disturbance
Mental status examination Maja (1) (1).pptxAmitSherawat2
The Mental Status Examination [MSE], also referred to as Mental State Examination, is an integral and essential skill to develop in a psychiatric evaluation. Conducting an accurate MSE helps elicit signs and symptoms of apparent mental illness and associated risk factors.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. WHAT IS IT?
The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is the
psychological equivalent of a physical exam that
describes the mental state and behavior of the
person being seen. It includes both objective
observations of the clinician and subjective
descriptions given by the patient.
3. WHY DO WE DO THEM?
The MSE provides information for diagnosis
and assessment of disorder and response to
treatment.
A Mental Status Exam provides a snap shot at
a point in time
If another provider sees your patient it allows
them to determine if the patients status has
changed without previously seeing the patient
4. CONTINUED…
To properly assess the MSE, information about
the patients history is needed including
education, cultural and social factors
It is important to ascertain what is normal for
the patient. For example some people always
speak fast!
5. COMPONENTS OF THE MENTAL
STATUS EXAMINATION
Appearance and Behavior
Motor activity
Speech
Mood
Affect
Thought process
Thought content
Perceptual disturbances
Cognition
Abstract thinking
Insight
Judgment
6. APPEARANCE AND BEHAVIOR:WHAT DO
YOU SEE?
Stated age, younger/older
Build, posture, dress, grooming, prominent physical
abnormalities
Level of alertness: Somnolent, alert
Emotional facial expression
Attitude toward the examiner: Cooperative,
attentive,interested,frank,seductive,defensive,hostile,playfull,
evasive or guarded
Eye contact: ex. poor, good, piercing
Rapport: measure of the quality of interaction b/w the patient
and examiner. Described in actual characteristics of the
interaction and changes throughout the interview.
7. Examples:
General self neglect- chronic schizophrenia, dementia, alcohol/drug
de-addiction.
Bright/ Colorful clothes- Mania
Stooped posture,hunched,leaning forward- Depression
Sitting on the edge of the seat, gripping the arms of the chair- Anxiety
Facial Expression:
Sad face with downward corners of the mouth, flattened expressions
and vertical furrowing of brows suggest “Depression”
Horizontal furrowing of the brows with wide eyes,sweating and
dilated pupils suggest “Anxiety”
Expressionless face, mask like face suggest“Parkinsonism”
Grave’s disease is characterized by exophthalmos
Eye contact:
Reduced in Depression,Unsettled in Autistic disorder or social
Anxiety, may appear staring in Parkinsonism/Drug side effects.
8. MOTOR ACTIVITY
Psychomotor activity: ex. retardation or agitation
Movements: tremor( Drug side effects), abnormal movements i.e..
Stereotypes, gait ,freedom of movement
Apparent restlessness , lip smacking , tongue protrusion- Drug Side
effects
Difficulty in initiation of movement or slow, stiff movement-
Parkinsonism
Waxy Flexibility: patient’s movement having the feeling of a plastic
resistance e.g. in catatonic schizophrenia
Negativism: patient resist attempts to move him and does opposite to
what is asked. A sign of Catatonia.
9. Speech
Rate: normal, very slow, rapid, pressure of speech
Flow: spontaneous, hesitant, slurring, stuttering, speaks
only on question, muttering, mute
Volume: audible, excessive loud, abnormally soft
Amount: Normal, abundant, scanty
Tone: normal fluctuations, monotonous
Coherence: coherent, incoherent
Relevance: relevant, irrelevant
10. Disorders of Speech:-
Aphonia: fails to produce any vol. of sound, e.g. in laryngeal
or vocal cord disorder. If despite this he/she is able to cough
normally, probably hysterical.
Slow speech: may be a feature of psychomotor retardation.
Fast speech: normal anxiety but may indicate Mania or
Schizophrenia
Pressure of speech: rapid speech that is increased in
amount and difficult to interrupt. Seen in Mania
Poverty of speech: restriction in amount of speech, replies
may be monosyllabic
Poverty of content of speech: speech is adequate in amount
but covers little information due to vagueness, emptiness
stereotyped phrases.
Echolalia: repetition of sentence just uttered by the examiner.
Palilalia: repetition of only last uttered word or phrase said by the
examiner.
11. MOOD
A pervasive and sustained emotion that color the patient’s
perception of the world subjectively experienced and
reported by the patient.
Often placed in quotes since it is what the patient tells you.
e.g. “Fantastic, elated, depressed, anxious, sad, angry,
irritable, good”
Necessary to ask in mood- Depth
Intensity
Duration
Fluctuation
12. AFFECT
The expression of emotions expressed by the patient and
observed by the others.It varies over the time in response
to changing emotions.
Type: euthymic (normal mood), dysphoric (depressed,
irritable, angry), euphoric (elevated, elated), anxious
Range: full (normal) vs. restricted(reduced in range and
intensity), blunted(Severe reduction in intensity of
externalized feeling tone) or flat(no sign of affective
expression,monotonous voice,immobile face);
labile(repeated, rapid and abrupt variability in affective
expression)
Congruency: does it match the mood-(mood congruent
vs. mood incongruent)
Stability: stable vs. labile
Appropriateness: appropriate to situation or not
appropriate to situation.
13. THOUGHT PROCESS
Describes the rate of thoughts, how they flow and
are connected.
1. Stream of thought : Quote from the patient
a).Productivity – abnormalities seen are
1.Overabundance of idea. e.g. Mania
2.Paucity. e.g. depression
3.Flight of Ideas;- In FOI there are rapid shifts in
the frame of reference and there associations are
incoherent. e.g. Mania
4.Rapid thinking
5.Slow thinking or hesitant e.g. depression and
rare condition of manic stupor
5.Spontaneous or only when questioned
14. b). Continuity of thoughts – abnormalities seen are
1. Circumstantial: When thinking proceeds slowly with
many unnecessary detail but eventually get to the
point. Goal is never completely lost. It can occur in
context of learning disability and in individual with
obsessional personality traits,schizophrenia, dementia,
and anxiety disorders.
2. Tangential: Move from thought to thought that
relate in some way but never get to the point.e.g. In
Psychosis and Dementia
15. 3. Thought blocking: Sudden arrest of the train of thought,
leaving a blank, then entirely a new thought may begin.
May be seen in exhausted or very anxious state. When
clearly present, it highly suggests Schizophrenia.
4. Perseveration: Inappropriate repetition of words or
phrases. It is common in generalized & local disorders of
brain, when present provide strong support for such a
diagnosis. Also seen in OCD & Psychosis.
16. Thought Possession/alienation : abnormalities seen are
1. Thought Echo : Hearing one’s own thought being spoken
aloud
2.Thought Insertion: Other person or forces are implanting
thoughts in a person’s mind
3. Thought Withdrawal: Other person or forces are removing
thoughts from a person’s mind
4. Thought Broadcasting: One’s own thoughts experienced
as being transmitted to another person or agency
All are features of Schizophrenia.
17. Formal thought disorder - abnormalities seen are
1. Loosening of association: Illogical shifting between
unrelated topics. It is a hallmark feature of
Schizophrenia.
2. Derailment : Gradual or sudden deviation in train of
thought without blocking.
3. Word Salad: Extreme version of LOA in which
changes in topics are so extreme and the associations so
loose that the resulting speech is completely incoherent .
4. Stereotypes: Constant repetition of a phrase(or
behavior) in many different settings, irrespective of
context.
3. Verbigeration: Disappearance of understandable
speech replaced by strings of incoherent utterance
18. .
4. Metonyms: are word approximation e.g. paper skate for
pen
5. Clang association: words are chosen or repeated based on
similar sounds, instead of semantic meaning.
Seen in mania
6. Neologism : It refers to the new word formation by the
patient or ordinary word that are used in new way.
Seen in Schizophrenia.
19. THOUGHT CONTENT
Refers to the themes that occupy the patient’s
thoughts and perceptual disturbances.
Abnormalities seen are -
1. Overvalued Ideas:- This is a thought, which
because of associated feeling tone, take
precedence over all other ideas and maintains
this precedence permanently or for a long period
of time. It tend to be less fixed than delusions
and tend to have some degree of basis in reality.
(McKenna, 1984).
20. 2. Delusions: False, firm (fixed), unshakable belief that is
out of keeping with the patient’s social, cultural, and
educational background. E.g.
Control: outside forces are controlling actions
Erotomanic: a person, usually of higher status, is in
love with the patient
Grandiose: inflated sense of self-worth, power or
wealth
Somatic: patient has a physical defect
Reference: unrelated events apply to them
Persecutory: others are trying to cause harm
21. Richard & Richard, 2010, provided the following
distinction b/w delusion and overvalued ideas –
1. Delusional individuals are less likely to identify what
might modify their belief, less preoccupied and less
concerned about others’ reactions than those with
overvalued ideas.
2. Delusions are less plausible and their onset less likely
to appear reasonable.
3. Delusions are more likely to have abrupt onset and
overvalued ideas have gradual onset.
4. Conviction and insight were similar in both groups.
5. Belief , conviction and insight may be an inadequate
basis for separating delusion from overvalued ideas.
Abrupt onset, implausible content, and relative
indifference to the opinions of others may be better
distinguishing feature.
22. CONTINUED....
3. Preoccupations
About illness
Obsessions(repetitive preoccupation with a thought,
acknowledged by the patient to be irrational) or
compulsions(repetitive acts based on obsession)
Phobias(persistent and irrational fear of delineated aspects
of nonhuman object or environment)
Plans, intentions or recurrent ideas about suicide, homicide
Hypochondriacal symptoms(excessive fear and anxiety of
having a serious disease)
Specific antisocial urges or impulse
4. Ideas of reference: The incorrect idea that words and actions
of others refer to oneself or the projection of causes of one’s
own imaginary difficulties upon someone else.
How ideas begin?
Content and meaning patient attribute to them.
23. Perceptions:
Process of transferring physical stimulation
into psychological information i.e. mental
process by which sensory stimuli are brought
to awareness.
24. PERCEPTUAL DISTURBANCES
Hallucinations: A false perception which is not a sensory
distortion or a misinterpretation, but which occurs at the
same time as real perception.
Can be auditory (AH), visual (VH), tactile or
olfactory,hypnogogic or hypnopompic hallucinations
Illusion : Misinterpretation of stimuli arising from an
external object.
types:- 1.Visual(m.c.)- Delirium
2.Complete – Due to inattention e.g. misreading in
newspaper or missing misprints
3.Affect Illusion- arise in context of particular
mood state
4.Pareidolia- vivid illusion without any effort by
the patient.
25. o Derealization: Feelings the outer environment feels
unreal and detached from environment
o Depersonalization: Sensation of unreality concerning
oneself or parts of oneself (detached from self)
o Distinction b/w illusion and Functional hallucination-
Although both occur in response to an environmental
stimulus but in a functional hallucination both the
stimulus and the hallucination are perceived by the
patient simultaneously and can be identified as
separate and not as a transformation of the stimulus,
this contrast with the illusion in which the stimulus
from the environment changes but forms an essential
and integral part of the new perception.
26. COGNITION:-
Sensorium: State of functioning of special senses
alertness : awareness of the environment, attention span,
clouding of consciousness, fluctuation in level of awareness,
somnolence, stupor, lethargy, fugue state, coma
orientation:
time: day or approximate day and time, time spent in
hospital
place: where he or she is ?
person: name of the person with whom patient is in
contact
Disorders:- disorientation for time and place signifies organic
brain disorders like dementia, delirium, acute
confusional state, partial seizure, brain tumors and
intoxication
disorientation for personal identity is rare and is
associated with psychogenic or post-ictal fugue states,
other dissociative disorders and agnosia.It may occur in panic
attacks, PTSD and acute Psychotic state
27. concentration and calculations:
digit repetition test: repeat digit at a rate of one per
second, like
3-7 ; 7-4-9 ; 8-5-2-7 ; 2-9-6-8-3 ; 5-7-2-9-4-6
a patient of av. Intelligence can repeat 5 to 7 digits
without difficulty
serial subtractions like 100-7=?-7=?-7=?-7=?-7=?-7
tasks like 5 multiplied by 4=?
whether anxiety or some disturbance of mood or
concentration seems to be responsible for difficulty
28. Memory: It is a process whereby what is experienced or
learned is established as a record in C.N.S.(registration);
where it persist with a variable degree of Performance
(repetition) and can be recollected or retrieved from storage
at will(recall).
Impairment
Effort made to cope with impairment i.e confabulation,
denial, catastrophic reaction, circumstantialities used to
conceal deficit
Whether registration, retention or recollection is impaired
Types :-
1. Immediate retention and recall: ability to repeat six
figures after examiner dictate them- first forward
then backward then after a few minutes’ interruption
29. 2.Recent past memory: past few months
3. Recent memory: past few days or breakfast, lunch
or dinner
4. Remote memory: childhood datas, important events
known to have occurred when patient was younger or
free of illness, personal matters, neutral materials
5. Working memory : Immediate + recent memory
30. Fund of knowledge
• level of formal education
• counting and calculations
• general knowledge; questions should have relevance
to the patient’s educational and cultural background.
• Intellectual capacity
31. Abstract thinking
• Manner in which patient conceptualizes or handles his/
her ideas.
To test we may ask
1. Similarities and differences b/w similar looking
objects (e.g., between apple and pears)
2.meaning of simple proverbs(e.g., where there is a will,
there is a way)
Answer may be concrete( giving specific examples to
illustrate the meaning) or overtly abstract(giving
generalized explanation); appropriate
32. Insight : Degree of awareness and understanding
the patient has that he/she is ill
Grades :-.
1. complete denial of illness
2. slight awareness of being ill but denying it at the
same time
3. awareness of being sick but blaming it on others,
external factors, or medical or unknown organic
factors
4. Awareness that illness is due to something unknown
in the patient
5. Intellectual insight : admission of illness and
recognition that symptoms or failure in social
adjustment are due to irrational feelings or
disturbances, without applying that knowledge
to future experiences.
33. 6.True emotional insight : emotional awareness of
motives and feeling within and of the underlying
symptoms; whether the awareness leads to changes
in personality and future behavior; openness to new
ideas and concept about self and important people
in patient’s life.
34. Judgment
Social judgment: subtle manifestations of behavior
that are harmful to the patients and contrary to acce-
- ptable behavior in the culture; whether the patient the
likely outcome of personal behavior and is influenced
by that understanding
Test judgment: the patient's prediction of what he or
she would do in imaginary situations; for instance,
what patient would do with a stamped, own or neigh-
-bour’s house on fire, addressed letter found on street .
Personal Judgment: Ability for sufficiently realistic
future plan in the context of education, job or life situation
Impaired judgment is not specific to any diagnosis but
may be a prominent feature of disorders affecting the
Frontal lobe of the brain.
If a person’s judgment is impaired due to mental illness,
there might be concern for the person’s safety or the safety of others