The document provides information about chromosomal aberrations including definitions of key terms like chromosomes, chromatids, centromere, karyotype, autosomes, and sex chromosomes. It then describes different types of chromosomal abnormalities including structural abnormalities like deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and numerical abnormalities involving aneuploidy and polyploidy. Specific chromosomal disorders are summarized, such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, and others resulting from aneuploidy. The roles of non-disjunction and translocations in conditions like Down syndrome are explained. Overall features and implications of various chromosomal aberrations are concisely outlined.
Karyotyping is the process by which photographs of chromosomes are taken in order to determine the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number.
Karyotyping is the process by which photographs of chromosomes are taken in order to determine the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number.
Definition
Centromere Particular chromosome complement of an individual or a related group of individuals, as defined by the chromosome size, morphology, and number –Karyotype.
Karyotype
CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMES FORKARYOTYPING
Types of karyotype
Asymmetric Karyotype
• Show larger difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more acrocentric
chromosomes.
• Have relatively
advanced feature.
Symmetric Karyotype
Show lesser difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more metacentric
chromosomes.
• Have no relatively
advanced feature
Procedure of karyotyping
SPECIMENS USED
Types of banding
G-banding
R-banding
c-banding
Q-banding
T-banding
Karyotype Detects Various Chromosome Abnormalities
Aneuploidy
Deletions
Duplications
Translocations
Idiogram
Advantages of Karyotyping
Disadvantages:
In this presentation, I talk about the various forms of chimerism observed in humans like tetragametic chimerism, twin chimerism and fetomaternal microchimerism and some case studies related to chimerism.
A chromosomal disorder, anomaly, aberration, or mutation is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. It can be from a typical number of chromosomes or a structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes. Chromosome mutation was formerly used in a strict sense to mean a change in a chromosomal segment, involving more than one gene. The term "karyotype" refers to the full set of chromosomes from an individual.
Definition
Centromere Particular chromosome complement of an individual or a related group of individuals, as defined by the chromosome size, morphology, and number –Karyotype.
Karyotype
CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMES FORKARYOTYPING
Types of karyotype
Asymmetric Karyotype
• Show larger difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more acrocentric
chromosomes.
• Have relatively
advanced feature.
Symmetric Karyotype
Show lesser difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more metacentric
chromosomes.
• Have no relatively
advanced feature
Procedure of karyotyping
SPECIMENS USED
Types of banding
G-banding
R-banding
c-banding
Q-banding
T-banding
Karyotype Detects Various Chromosome Abnormalities
Aneuploidy
Deletions
Duplications
Translocations
Idiogram
Advantages of Karyotyping
Disadvantages:
In this presentation, I talk about the various forms of chimerism observed in humans like tetragametic chimerism, twin chimerism and fetomaternal microchimerism and some case studies related to chimerism.
A chromosomal disorder, anomaly, aberration, or mutation is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. It can be from a typical number of chromosomes or a structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes. Chromosome mutation was formerly used in a strict sense to mean a change in a chromosomal segment, involving more than one gene. The term "karyotype" refers to the full set of chromosomes from an individual.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. S.Y.B.Sc Semester III
Botany Paper II
Unit II :Cytogenetics
Chromosomal aberrations
By Mrs. Mandakini R Ingle
Department of Botany
Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, Thane (w)
2. Basic definitions
• Chromosomes, DNA and genes
• Chromatides, and centromere
• Arms of a chromosome (p and q)
• Karyotype
• Autosomes and sex chromosomes
• Genotype and phenotype
3. Human Chromosomes
• The chromosome carries the genetic
information.
• composed of deoxyribonucieic acid
(DNA) on framework of protein .
• Segments of DNA molecules
comprise the genes; the units of
heredity.
4. • During cell division,
the chromosome can
be seen to consist of
2 parallel strands; the
chromatids, held
together at one point,
the centromere.
Chromosomes
6. Karyotype
• It is the set of chromosomes of an individual.
• It is the systematized arrangement of the
chromosomes of a single cell.
• In the human cell, there are 46 chromosomes or 23
pairs (diploid number); of these 23 pairs, 22 are
similar in both sexes and are called the autosomes.
The remaining pair is called sex chromosomes : XX in
the female cells and XY in the male cells .
• Chromosomes are arranged in groups A to G
according to their shape & size.
10. Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Chromosomal abnormalities are either numerical or
structural.
• They are a very common cause of early spontaneous
miscarriage.
• Usually, but not always, cause multiple congenital
anomalies and learning difficulties.
11. Chromosomal Aberrations (abnormalities)
• Structural Aberrations
o Deletion
o Duplication
o Inversion
o Translocation
• Numerical Aberrations (abnormalities)
o Polyploidy: Multiple of the haploid (> Diploid)
o Aneuploidy: Abnormal number
12. Structural abnormalities
1) Deletion : loss of a portion of a chromosome
2) Duplication : extra piece of a chromosome. .
3) Inversion : fragmentation of a chromosome
followed by reconstitution with a section inverted.
4) Translocation :
the transfer of a chromosome or a segment of it to a
non-homologous chromosome
13. Chromosomal Deletions
• a deletion results in a lost portion of a
chromosome,
• Deletion Causative Agents: Heat, radiation,
viruses, chemicals, errors in recombination. result
in partial monosomy,
• the organism is monosomic for the portion of the
chromosome that is deleted,
• as in monosomy, most segmental deletions are
deleterious.
19. Duplication
Causes:
– duplications often result from unequal crossing
over,
– can occur via errors in replication during S-Phase.
Effects:
– results in gene redundancy,
– produces phenotypic variation,
– may provide an important source for genetic
variability during evolution.
23. Duplication in Evolution
essential genes do not tolerate mutation,
duplications of essential genes, then subsequent
mutations, confers adaptive potential to the organism,
new gene family members are ‘recruited’ to perform new
functions.
25. Paracentric Inversion
...an inversion in which the centomere is
not included,
A B C
...a paracentric inversion does not
change arm length ratio.
B
A C
B A
26.
27. Pericentric Inversion
...an inversion in which the centromere is
included,
A B C
A B
C
...a pericentric inversion results in a
change in chromosome arm length.
33. Paracentric Outcomes
1 Normal Gamete, 1 Inversion Gamete, No Crossover Classes
Recombination is not inhibited, but recombinant gametes are selected against.
37. Acentric
…a chromosome having no centromeres,
…segregates to daughter cells randomly,
or is lost during cell division,
…deletions impart partial monosomy.
39. Recombination and Inversions
• Paracentric and Pericentric;
– 1 Normal Gamete,
– 1 Inverted Gamete,
– No Crossover Classes = No Recombination,
Inversions select against recombinant
gametes, thus preserves co-segregation of
specific alleles.
40. Inversions and Evolution
• Inversions ‘lock’ specific alleles
together,
– all offspring get the alleles from either a
wild-type, or inverted chromosome,
• If the ‘set of alleles’ is advantageous,
the set can be maintained in the
population.
44. Down Syndrome
• 95% of Down Syndrome individuals are a result
of Trisomy 21,
– the probability of having a second Down Syndrome
child is usually similar to the population at large,
• However, there is second cause of Down
Syndrome caused by a Robertsonian
translocations that is heritable.
46. Reciprocal translocations
• An exchange of material between two different
chromosomes is called a reciprocal translocation.
When this exchange involves no loss or gain of
chromosomal material, the translocation is 'balanced'
and has no phenotypic effect.
• Balanced reciprocal translocations are relatively
common, occurring in 1 in 500 of the general
population.
47. Reciprocal translocations
•Finding a balanced translocation in one parent
indicates a recurrence risk for future pregnancies and
antenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling or
amniocentesis should be offered as well as testing of
relatives.
51. Figure 8.4 Translocation Down's syndrome. There is a translocation between
chromosomes 21 and 14 inherited from a parent
52. Numerical Aberration
• Autosomal
- Trisomies: 1 ch extra (e.g. trisomy 21-13-18)
- Monosomies: 1 ch is missing
• Sex chromosome
- Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY male)
- Turner syndrome (45, XO female)
53. Overview
I. Chromosomal Variations
A. Polyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
II. Syndromes resulting from Aneuploidy
A. Trisomy 13
B. Trisomy 18
C. Down Syndrome
D. Turner Syndrome
E. Klinefelter Syndrome
F. XYY Syndrome
54. Numerical abnormalities
Trisomy i.e. 47 chromosomes
- Trisomy 21 (the extrachromosome is No 21)
- Klinefelter syndrome ( 47, XXY male)
Monosomy i.e. 45 chromosomes
- Monosomy 21
- Turner syndrome (the missing chromosome is
X in female : 45, X or 45 XO )
55. Variations in Chromosomal
Number
• Euploidy – the usual number and sets of
chromosomes
• Polyploidy – the presence of three or more
complete sets of chromosomes
• Aneuploidy – the presence of additional
chromosomes or missing individual
chromosomes
56. Types of Polyploidy
• Triploidy – three sets of chromosomes
23 x 3 = 69
• Tetraploidy – four sets of chromosomes
23 x 4 = 92
57. Types of Aneuploidy
• Monosomy – one less chromosome
(23 x 2) – 1 = 45
• Trisomy – one additional chromosome
(23 x 2) + 1 = 47
58. Aneuploidy
• When aneuploidy occurs in humans,
syndromes can result. Examples include
the following:
1. Trisomy 13
2. Trisomy 18
3. Down Syndrome
3. Turner Syndrome
4. Klinefelter Syndrome
5. XYY Syndrome
59. Trisomy of Autosomes
• Trisomy 13 or D-trisomy (Patau syndrome)
• Trisomy 18 or E-trisomy (Edward syndrome)
• Trisomy 21 or G-trisomy (Down syndrome)
60. Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)
• 1st described by Bartholin (1657) & redefined by
Patau (1960).
• Chromosomal complement: 47,XX,+13 (female) or
47,XY,+13 (male)
• Phenotype: Male or female
• Incidence: 1:12,000 (increases with the age of
mother)
64. Trisomy 18 (Edward Syndrome)
• Chromosomal complement: 47,XX,+18
(female) or
47,XY,+18
(male)
• Phenotype: Male or female
• Incidence: 1:8000
65.
66. Features of Edward Syndrome
• Mental deficiency
• Growth retardation
• Prominent occiput with
elongated head
• Webbing of the neck
• Short sternum
• Micrognathia
• Low-set malformed ears
• Ventricular septal
defects
• Renal anomalies
• Clenched fists with
overlapping of fingers
• Hypoplastic nails
67. Trisomy 18, Edward Syndrome
Overlapping of the fingers
inEdwards' syndrome Short broad hand
69. Pathogenic mechanisms
Disruption
Involves destruction of a fetal part which
initially formed normally; e.g. amniotic
membrane rupture may lead to amniotic bands
which may cause limb reduction defects.
Dysplasia
Refers to abnormal cellular organization or
function of specific tissue types, e.g. skeletal
dysplasias and dysplastic kidney disease.
71. Down Syndrome (Mongolism) Trisomy 21
Incidence :
• The most common chromosomal aberration
• Incidence 1/700 live birth & 10 % of M.R.
Definition : It is trisomy 21 i.e. the cell contain an extra
chromosome, number 21 i.e. the cell contains three
21 chromosomes instead of two .
72.
73. Genetic types (Cytogenetics)
(1) Non-disjunction : “ 95 % of cases”
• It is due to failure of disjunction of the 2
chromosomes of the pair No 21 during division, the
extra 21 chromosome is separate and so total no. in
cell is 47.
• Incidence is higher with increasing maternal age & so
it is age-dependent
76. Genetic types (Cytogenetics)
Translocation : “ 4 % of cases”
• The extra 21 chromosome is translocated (attached)
to another chromosome e.g. (15/21) so total no. of
chromosomes is 46 but the genetic material is that of
47 chromosomes .
• Incidence is usually in young mothers & risk of
recurrence is high & mother is called translocation
carrier
77. Down syndrome
Translocation carrier
• One parent contains a 14/21 translocation
and has only 45 chromosomes, and is a
phenotypically normal carrier.
• 1/4 of the individual's gametes will have
almost 2 copies of chromosome 21.
• The resulting zygote has 46 chromosomes, but
almost 3 copies of chromosome 21, and
exhibits Down syndrome.
79. Genetic types (Cytogenetics)
Mosaicism : “ 1 % of cases”
• Some cells are normal (46 chromosomes) & others
are trisomic (47 chromosomes)
Clinical feature are less evident & M.R. is mild .
Characteristic physical features
(in the absence of mental retardation, they should
NEVER be considered diagnostic)
80. Hands
• Simian crease (transverse palmar crease)
• Clinodactly (incurved little finger)
• Short broad hand
Feet
• Big space between the first and second toes
Clinical Features
83. Features of Down Syndrome
• Short height
• Severe mental deficiency
with decline in the IQ with
age
• Brachycephaly with flat face
and occiput
• Flat and low nasal bridge
• Upward slant to palpebral
fissures
• Malformed large ears
• Epicanthal folds of the eyes
• Brushfield spots in iris
• Renal anomalies
• Prominent and protruding
tongue (scrotal tongue)
• Simian crease
• Clinodactyly of 5th digit
85. Klinefelter Syndrome
• Trisomy of sex
chromosome - XXY
(An additional X
chromosome in males)
• Occurrence – 1 in 500-
1000 males
86. Features of Klinefelter Syndrome
• Tall , Comparatively low weight relative to stature
• Infertility , Sexually underdeveloped
• Sparse facial and body hair
• Developmental delays
• Increased risk of autoimmune disorders, breast cancer,
osteoporosis, leg ulcers, depression, and dental
problems
• Larger craniofacial dimensions
• Severe acne in adolescence
• Behavior problems Learning disabilities
• Slightly lower IQ than normal
91. Turner syndrome
(Gonadal Dysgenesis)
At Birth .. Edema of dorsum of hand & feet
.. Webbing of neck.
Childhood period
- Short stature
- Head .. Low posterior hairline
- Neck .. Webbing of the neck
- Chest .. Broad chest & wide spaced nipples
- Limbs .. Cubitus valgus
92. Turner syndrome
Adolescence
- Failure of development of 2ry sex characters
- 1ry amenorrhea (streaked ovary)
- Normal mentality, Some learning disability
Associated anomalies & complications:
1- Cardiac anomalies: Bicuspid aortic valve –
AS - coarctation of aorta
2- Renal anomalies: Horseshoe kidney
3- Ear: Recurrent OM – SNH loss