A covalent bond is a chemical bond characterized by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, typically occurring between non-metals or atoms with similar electronegativities. There are three types of covalent bonds based on shared electron pairs: single, double, and triple, along with polar and non-polar distinctions. Common elements forming covalent bonds include hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, halogens, and oxygen, as exemplified by water, which has a polar covalent bond due to the differing electronegativities of hydrogen and oxygen.

1. Points You Should Remember About
Covalent Bonds
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2. What is covalent bond?
• A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of
pairs of electronsbetween atoms.
• These pairs of electrons are known as bonding pairs or shared
pair.
• Covalent bond is also known as molecular bond.
• Covalent bonding arises between two atoms of the
same element, or of elements which are close to each other
in the periodic table.
• Covalent bonding occurs primarily between non-metals; but,
it can also be witnessed between metals and non-metals.
• Covalent bonds are most likely to occur, when atoms have
similar electro negativities.
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3. History of covalence
• The term covalence was first used in 1919 in regards to
bonding, by Irving Langmuir in article of “Journal of the
American Chemical Society”, titled "The Arrangement of
Electrons in Atoms and Molecules".
• However, the idea of covalent bonding could be traced
to Gilbert N. Lewis, numeral years before 1919, who in 1916
explained the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
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4. What are various types of covalent bonds?
• There exist three types of covalent bonds which is based upon number of
shared electron pairs.
• Single covalent bond: Single covalent bonds between two atoms are
formed, when there exist a mutual sharing of one electron pair. Single
covalent bond is denoted by short single line (----).
• Double covalent bond: Single covalent bonds between two atoms are
formed when there exist mutual sharing of two electron pairs. Double
covalent bond is denoted by short double line (=).
• Triple covalent bond: Triple covalent bond is formed, when there is sharing
of three electron pairs. This bond is denoted by triple short line.
• Polar covalent bond: When a covalent bond is formed between two
different atoms, it is said as polar covalent bond.
• Non-polar covalent bond: When a covalent bond is formed between two
like atoms, it is said as non-polar covalent bond.
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5. What are the elements involved in forming
covalent bonds?
• The elements which are most likely to form covalent bonds
are those which shares electrons.
• Generally, they are non-metals having similar electro
negativities and they are mostly located towards the centre of
a periodic table.
• Covalent bonds are commonly formed by Hydrogen,
Nitrogen, Carbon, Halogens and Oxygen.
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6. Why H2O is a covalent bond?
• Water consist of 2 hydrogen molecule and 1 oxygen
molecule with both having different electro-negativities
(3.44 & 2.1).
• So, there exist overall difference of 1.4 in electro
negativities, hence water have polar covalent bond
(between 0.4 and 1.7, the bond is polar covalent bond).
• As a summary, water has a covalent bond because of
oxygen and hydrogen nature, as they share electrons to
achieve stability and they also have enough close electro-
negativities so that their bonds can be considered as
covalent bond.
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7. Thank You
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