A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. These pairs of electrons are known as bonding pairs or shared pair
Lecture on Introduction of Semiconductor at North South University as the undergraduate course (ETE411)
=======================
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://mashiur.biggani.org
Lecture on Introduction of Semiconductor at North South University as the undergraduate course (ETE411)
=======================
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://mashiur.biggani.org
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron d.pdfkareemangels
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent bonds. A good example of a polar
covalent bond is found in water (H2O).
Non-polar covalent is the least polar - in fact, it is not polar at all. This occurs when valence
electrons are shared equally between two atoms. There is little or no tendency for either atom to
pull any of the electrons toward itself. Non-polar covalent bonds can often be seen in molecules
with two non-metals. Methane (CH4) is an example of a non-polar covalent bond.
Solution
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
The presentation "Chemical Bonding" is prepared for class IX. It contains a brief introduction to bonding and a detailed study of types of chemical bonds, basically ionic and covalent, along with the characteristics of compounds formed by these bonds.
All constructive comments are welcome.
Corrosion Technology Forum – A two-day conclave discusses about corrosion prevention opportunities in the four major industries across geographies. Discusses various issues related to corrosion control, mitigation and methodologies to assess the damage due to corrosion.
Get 15% off on subscription now!! Chemical today magazine is a book for chemistry or chemical industry professionals which covers all influential topics, exotic concept &, fantastic appearance has attracted tons of readers over the globe.
Since the beginning of history recorded, human beings have sought to mask or augment their own body odor by applying perfume, which imitates nature’s pleasant smells. Many natural and man-made materials have been utilized or extracted to make perfumes. No perfume smells
Distillation is a method that can be utilized to take out an unadulterated liquid from a combination of liquids. It works when the liquids have distinguished boiling points. Distillation is typically used to detach ethanol, which is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks - from water.
Few things about Acetic acid you must knowrita martin
Acetic acid which is also known as Ethanoic acid is a colorless organic acid with chemicals formula C2H4O2 is liquid with strong and distinctive pungent and sour smell. Acetic acid got its name from a word “Acetum”, which is a Latin word for vinegar.
Tin is the 49th most rich element in the earth’s crust, having 2 parts per million compared with 75 parts per million for zinc, 50 parts per million for copper, and 14 parts per million for lead.
Calcium carbonate or CaCO3 is one of chemical compound found in the rocks as a mineral calcite and aragonite mostly particularly as a limestone, chalk or a marble.
4 vital things about zinc that you should knowrita martin
Zinc designated with the chemical symbol of Zn and an atomic number of 30. The number of electrons per shell is 2, 8, 18 and 2. The two valence electrons of zinc are in charge of shaping bonds with different atoms, which is determined by its electron affinity, electro-negativity and ionization energies.
Toluene Biodegration Using Jet Loop Reactorrita martin
Toluene aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is a solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, glues, correction fluid, carbon nanotubes and nail polish remover used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV
Why the statue of liberty is colored blue greenrita martin
Statue of Liberty is its own special colour because of its unique environmental conditions. It's not a simple single reaction between copper and oxygen to generate a green oxide, like you may think. The copper oxide continues to react to make copper carbonates, copper sulphide, and copper sulphate.
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas.
Diethyl ether can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the process called acid ether synthesis.
Ethanol is mixed with a strong acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).This strong acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing H3O+(hydronium ions).
Production of ethyl acetate by esterificationrita martin
Ethyl acetate is synthesised via the Fischer esterification reaction from ethanol and acetic acid, typically in the presence of an acid catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. Points You Should Remember About
Covalent Bonds
www.worldofchemicals.com
www.worldofchemicals.com
2. What is covalent bond?
• A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of
pairs of electronsbetween atoms.
• These pairs of electrons are known as bonding pairs or shared
pair.
• Covalent bond is also known as molecular bond.
• Covalent bonding arises between two atoms of the
same element, or of elements which are close to each other
in the periodic table.
• Covalent bonding occurs primarily between non-metals; but,
it can also be witnessed between metals and non-metals.
• Covalent bonds are most likely to occur, when atoms have
similar electro negativities.
www.worldofchemicals.comhttps://goo.gl/iM2J3W
3. History of covalence
• The term covalence was first used in 1919 in regards to
bonding, by Irving Langmuir in article of “Journal of the
American Chemical Society”, titled "The Arrangement of
Electrons in Atoms and Molecules".
• However, the idea of covalent bonding could be traced
to Gilbert N. Lewis, numeral years before 1919, who in 1916
explained the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
www.worldofchemicals.comhttps://goo.gl/iM2J3W
4. What are various types of covalent bonds?
• There exist three types of covalent bonds which is based upon number of
shared electron pairs.
• Single covalent bond: Single covalent bonds between two atoms are
formed, when there exist a mutual sharing of one electron pair. Single
covalent bond is denoted by short single line (----).
• Double covalent bond: Single covalent bonds between two atoms are
formed when there exist mutual sharing of two electron pairs. Double
covalent bond is denoted by short double line (=).
• Triple covalent bond: Triple covalent bond is formed, when there is sharing
of three electron pairs. This bond is denoted by triple short line.
• Polar covalent bond: When a covalent bond is formed between two
different atoms, it is said as polar covalent bond.
• Non-polar covalent bond: When a covalent bond is formed between two
like atoms, it is said as non-polar covalent bond.
www.worldofchemicals.comhttps://goo.gl/iM2J3W
5. What are the elements involved in forming
covalent bonds?
• The elements which are most likely to form covalent bonds
are those which shares electrons.
• Generally, they are non-metals having similar electro
negativities and they are mostly located towards the centre of
a periodic table.
• Covalent bonds are commonly formed by Hydrogen,
Nitrogen, Carbon, Halogens and Oxygen.
www.worldofchemicals.comhttps://goo.gl/iM2J3W
6. Why H2O is a covalent bond?
• Water consist of 2 hydrogen molecule and 1 oxygen
molecule with both having different electro-negativities
(3.44 & 2.1).
• So, there exist overall difference of 1.4 in electro
negativities, hence water have polar covalent bond
(between 0.4 and 1.7, the bond is polar covalent bond).
• As a summary, water has a covalent bond because of
oxygen and hydrogen nature, as they share electrons to
achieve stability and they also have enough close electro-
negativities so that their bonds can be considered as
covalent bond.
www.worldofchemicals.comhttps://goo.gl/iM2J3W