AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness.
Handout materials compiled by Dr. Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani for the SEMINAR-CUM-WORKSHOP ON YOGA AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES FOR AIDS/HIV organised by the Advanced Centre for Yoga Therapy Education & Research (ACYTER), JIPMER for medical & paramedical professionals and yoga therapists at JIPMER, Pondicherry. The event was held on 30th January 2010 at the Multipurpose Hall, JIPMER Nursing College, JIPMER, Pondicherry-6.
Corrosion Technology Forum – A two-day conclave discusses about corrosion prevention opportunities in the four major industries across geographies. Discusses various issues related to corrosion control, mitigation and methodologies to assess the damage due to corrosion.
Get 15% off on subscription now!! Chemical today magazine is a book for chemistry or chemical industry professionals which covers all influential topics, exotic concept &, fantastic appearance has attracted tons of readers over the globe.
Since the beginning of history recorded, human beings have sought to mask or augment their own body odor by applying perfume, which imitates nature’s pleasant smells. Many natural and man-made materials have been utilized or extracted to make perfumes. No perfume smells
Distillation is a method that can be utilized to take out an unadulterated liquid from a combination of liquids. It works when the liquids have distinguished boiling points. Distillation is typically used to detach ethanol, which is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks - from water.
Few things about Acetic acid you must knowrita martin
Acetic acid which is also known as Ethanoic acid is a colorless organic acid with chemicals formula C2H4O2 is liquid with strong and distinctive pungent and sour smell. Acetic acid got its name from a word “Acetum”, which is a Latin word for vinegar.
Tin is the 49th most rich element in the earth’s crust, having 2 parts per million compared with 75 parts per million for zinc, 50 parts per million for copper, and 14 parts per million for lead.
Calcium carbonate or CaCO3 is one of chemical compound found in the rocks as a mineral calcite and aragonite mostly particularly as a limestone, chalk or a marble.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. These pairs of electrons are known as bonding pairs or shared pair
4 vital things about zinc that you should knowrita martin
Zinc designated with the chemical symbol of Zn and an atomic number of 30. The number of electrons per shell is 2, 8, 18 and 2. The two valence electrons of zinc are in charge of shaping bonds with different atoms, which is determined by its electron affinity, electro-negativity and ionization energies.
Toluene Biodegration Using Jet Loop Reactorrita martin
Toluene aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is a solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, glues, correction fluid, carbon nanotubes and nail polish remover used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels
Why the statue of liberty is colored blue greenrita martin
Statue of Liberty is its own special colour because of its unique environmental conditions. It's not a simple single reaction between copper and oxygen to generate a green oxide, like you may think. The copper oxide continues to react to make copper carbonates, copper sulphide, and copper sulphate.
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas.
Diethyl ether can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the process called acid ether synthesis.
Ethanol is mixed with a strong acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).This strong acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing H3O+(hydronium ions).
Production of ethyl acetate by esterificationrita martin
Ethyl acetate is synthesised via the Fischer esterification reaction from ethanol and acetic acid, typically in the presence of an acid catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. History & Evolution
AIDS stands for: Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV stands for: Human
immunodeficiency virus
AIDS is a disease of the human
immune system caused by the HIV.
World AIDS Day observed on 1
December every year.
www.worldofchemicals.com
3. The earliest fully documented case of HIV dates
back to 1959. A Congolese man's blood sample
from a medical study was preserved, found, and
then analyzed in 1998. It was verified that he had
been HIV+.Several naysayers have claimed that
the disease originated from the use of African
green monkey kidneys to cultivate poliovirus in
the late 1950's and early 1960's.The first
recorded cases in the U.S. occurred in New York
City in 1952, 1959, and 1979.The first reported
cases were those in the June 5, 1981.
HIV infection existed at low levels for a long
period of time in small tribal communities in
Africa. Extensive use of blood transfusions for
the treatment of Malaria and the frequent use
and reuse of hypodermics for everything from
immunizations and antibiotics to vitamin
injections would contribute to spreading of HIV.
www.worldofchemicals.com
4. 1980’s timeline of AIDS
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
reported first official reporting of AIDS epidemic.
In December 10, 1982 reports mentioned 23
cases of immunodeficiency and opportunistic
infections in infants.
The causative agent for AIDS was identified as
‘Retrovirus’
In the 1980’s only some organizations identified
that by “avoiding injection drug use and reducing
needle-sharing “should also be effective in
preventing transmission of the virus.”
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
license the first commercial blood test- ELISA - to
detect antibodies to HIV in the blood.
www.worldofchemicals.com
5. 1990’s timeline of AIDS
FDA approved first medication named zidovudine
(AZT) for pediatric AIDS and even it licenses a
10-minute diagnostic test kit which can be used
by health professionals to detect the presence of
HIV-1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) published guidelines for preventing
transmission of human immunodeficiency virus
through transplantation of human tissue and
organs.
Important public health service recommended
that pregnant women be given the antiretroviral
drug AZT to reduce the risk of perinatal
transmission of HIV.
In 1990’s 500,000 cases of AIDS have been
reported in the U.S.
www.worldofchemicals.com
6. 2000’s timeline of AIDS
FDA approved the first rapid HIV
diagnostic test kit for use in the United
States that provides results with 99.6
percent accuracy in as little as 20
minutes
Many government authorities started
taking precautionary methods like
producing new vaccines to AIDS, new
type of test kits, precautionary
measurements to other diseases
which can lead to AIDS.
www.worldofchemicals.com
7. Spreading HIV
According researchers opinion HIV
evolved at some point from the closely
related Simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV), and that SIV or HIV (post
mutation) was transferred from non-
human primates.
HIV-1 virus can be transferred from
chimpanzees and gorillas to humans
HIV-2 virus can be from sooty
mangabeys to humans
www.worldofchemicals.com
8. In most non-human primate species, natural SIV
infection does not cause a fatal disease. Comparison of
the gene sequence of SIV with HIV should therefore
give us information about the factors necessary to
cause disease in humans. The factors that determine
the virulence of HIV as compared to most SIVs are only
now being elucidated. Non-human SIVs contain a nef
gene that down-regulates CD3, CD4, and MHC class I
expression; most non-human SIVs therefore do not
induce immunodeficiency; the HIV-1 nef gene however
has lost its ability to down-regulate CD3, which results
in the immune activation and apoptosis that is
characteristic of chronic HIV infection.
In addition, a long term survey of chimpanzees naturally
infected with SIVcpz in Gombe, Tanzania, found that,
contrary to the previous paradigm, chimpanzees with
SIVcpz infection do experience an increased mortality,
and also suffer from a Human AIDS-like illness.SIV
pathogenicity in wild animals could exist in other
chimpanzee subspecies and other primate species as
well, and stay unrecognized by lack of relevant long
term studies.
www.worldofchemicals.com
9. HIV Structure
HIV is different in structure from other
retroviruses. It is roughly spherical with a
diameter of about 120 nm, around 60 times
smaller than a red blood cell, yet large for a
virus.
It is composed of two copies of positive
single-stranded RNA that codes for the virus's
nine genes enclosed by a conical capsid
composed of 2,000 copies of the viral protein
p24.
The initial period following the contraction of
HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute
retroviral syndrome.
www.worldofchemicals.com
11. HIV transformation to AIDS
process
HIV destroys CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, which
are white blood cells crucial to maintaining the
function of the human immune system. As HIV
attacks these cells, the person infected with the
virus is less equipped to fight off infection and
disease, ultimately resulting in the development
of AIDS.
Most people who are infected with HIV can carry
the virus for years before developing any serious
symptoms. But over time, HIV levels increase in
the blood while the number of CD4+ T cells
decline. Antiretroviral medicines can help reduce
the amount of virus in the body, preserve CD4+ T
cells and dramatically slow the destruction of the
immune system.
www.worldofchemicals.com
12. Causes of HIV infection
HIV can be transmitted through following
ways
Unprotected sex
Blood transfusion from HIV infected person to
healthy person
Sharing of contaminated needles used for
injectable drugs
Sharing infected needles for tattoos and body
piercing
Oral sex
From HIV infected mother to her child during
pregnancy, child birth or breast feeding
www.worldofchemicals.com
13. Symptoms
Fever
Fatigue
Achy muscles
Joint pain
Swollen lymph nodes
Sore throat
Headache
Large tender lymph nodes
Skin Rashes
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Dry cough
Pneumonia
Night sweats
Sores of the mouth and genitals
www.worldofchemicals.com
14. Precautions/preventions
To reduce risk of spreading HIV
infection following steps should be
followed
Regular checkup and tests for HIV
Practice abstinence
Remain faithful to your spouse or
partner
Consistently use male latex or female
polyurethane condoms
Do not share needles www.worldofchemicals.com
15. Tests & Diagnosis
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) and the Western blots are
major tests conducted for HIV.
HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory
testing and then staged based on the
presence of certain signs or
symptoms.
Treatment consists of high active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which
slows progression of the disease.
www.worldofchemicals.com
16. Drug classes which are used for
HIV treatment are
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
Fusion Inhibitors
Entry Inhibitors - CCR5 co-receptor
antagonist
HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors
www.worldofchemicals.com
17. Thank You
To read this article follow the link:
https://goo.gl/6sb143
www.worldofchemicals.com