Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
TAGUMPAY NG MGA ALYADONG BANSA SA EUROPE AT HILAGANG APRIKA, ANG PAGBAGSAK NG...BadVibes1
TAGUMPAY NG MGA ALYADONG BANSA SA EUROPE AT HILAGANG APRIKA, ANG PAGBAGSAK NG GERMANY, AT ANG TAGUMPAY SA PASIPIKO
- ano nga ba ang mga kaganapan ang nangyari sa panahong ito ?
by Irish Samson and Aleohnna Salalila (8-Aster)
From San Mateo National HS, San MAteo Rizal
TAGUMPAY NG MGA ALYADONG BANSA SA EUROPE AT HILAGANG APRIKA, ANG PAGBAGSAK NG...BadVibes1
TAGUMPAY NG MGA ALYADONG BANSA SA EUROPE AT HILAGANG APRIKA, ANG PAGBAGSAK NG GERMANY, AT ANG TAGUMPAY SA PASIPIKO
- ano nga ba ang mga kaganapan ang nangyari sa panahong ito ?
by Irish Samson and Aleohnna Salalila (8-Aster)
From San Mateo National HS, San MAteo Rizal
SOIL BORON, effect on plant growth and its managment in agriculture9416SaiSumanthHugar
This presentation consists of basics of boron element and its properties and their application in day to day life. it also presents the application of boron in agriculture and its managment.
Boron (B), atomic number 5, is the first chemical element of Group 13 or Group IIIA in the periodic table has the smallest size and highest electronegativity, the compounds are essential to plant growth and wide industrial application of ancient civilization.
Food and drinking water commonly contain some boron. Boron is used for instance in laundry products. Could boron exposure affect my health? Under what conditions could it be beneficial or harmful to the environment?
BORON AND BORON IN TURKEY:
BORON A ND BORON IN TURKEY ERTUGRUL GURBUZ University of Wroclaw 2011 - WROCLAW / POLAND
Boron is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. :
Boron is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B .
PowerPoint Presentation:
Electron shell diagram for Boron , the 5th element in the periodic table of elements.
Boron is a metalloid element which occurs abundantly in the evaporite ores borax and ulexite. :
Boron is a metalloid element which occurs abundantly in the evaporite ores borax and ulexite.
A low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust, boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally-occurring compounds, the borate minerals. :
A low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust , boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally-occurring compounds, the borate minerals .
These are mined industrially as evaporate ores, such as borax and kernite.:
These are mined industrially as evaporate ores , such as borax and kernite .
Elemental boron is not found naturally. :
Elemental boron is not found naturally.
Industrially, very pure isolated boron is produced with difficulty, as boron tends to form refractory materials containing small amounts of carbon or other elements.:
Industrially , very pure isolated boron is produced with difficulty, as boron tends to form refractory materials containing small amounts of carbon or other elements .
Boron is used mainly not as the element boron, but as compounds of boric oxide (B2O3) and boric acid (H3BO3). Most people have never seen elemental boron. :
Boron is used mainly not as the element boron , but as compounds of boric oxide (B 2 O 3 ) and boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ). Most people have never seen elemental boron .
Boron minerals can be used in some sectors in the industry as crude minerals. :
Boron minerals can be used in some sectors in the industry as crude minerals.
In general, their applications after refining and end-products are wider than crude ones.:
In general, their applications after refining and end-products are wider than crude ones .
Boron minerals, borates and compounds have a very wide range of applications.:
Boron minerals , borates and compounds have a very wide range of applications.
Boron in use:
Boron in use
Agriculture :
Agriculture Essential micronutrient for all plant
Detergents and Soaps :
Detergents and Soaps Act as pH buffer Soften the Washing water Enhance the solubility of other ingredients Act as a gentle but powerful bleaching agent Anti-bacterial properties eliminate micro organisms.
Ceramic Glazes and Enamel Frits :
Ceramic Glazes and Enamel Frits Provide good fluxing properties Provide a good base for dissolving colouring agents.
Insulation Fibreglass :
Insulation Fibreglass Reduce the temperature at which f
Corrosion Technology Forum – A two-day conclave discusses about corrosion prevention opportunities in the four major industries across geographies. Discusses various issues related to corrosion control, mitigation and methodologies to assess the damage due to corrosion.
Get 15% off on subscription now!! Chemical today magazine is a book for chemistry or chemical industry professionals which covers all influential topics, exotic concept &, fantastic appearance has attracted tons of readers over the globe.
Since the beginning of history recorded, human beings have sought to mask or augment their own body odor by applying perfume, which imitates nature’s pleasant smells. Many natural and man-made materials have been utilized or extracted to make perfumes. No perfume smells
Distillation is a method that can be utilized to take out an unadulterated liquid from a combination of liquids. It works when the liquids have distinguished boiling points. Distillation is typically used to detach ethanol, which is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks - from water.
Few things about Acetic acid you must knowrita martin
Acetic acid which is also known as Ethanoic acid is a colorless organic acid with chemicals formula C2H4O2 is liquid with strong and distinctive pungent and sour smell. Acetic acid got its name from a word “Acetum”, which is a Latin word for vinegar.
Tin is the 49th most rich element in the earth’s crust, having 2 parts per million compared with 75 parts per million for zinc, 50 parts per million for copper, and 14 parts per million for lead.
Calcium carbonate or CaCO3 is one of chemical compound found in the rocks as a mineral calcite and aragonite mostly particularly as a limestone, chalk or a marble.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. These pairs of electrons are known as bonding pairs or shared pair
4 vital things about zinc that you should knowrita martin
Zinc designated with the chemical symbol of Zn and an atomic number of 30. The number of electrons per shell is 2, 8, 18 and 2. The two valence electrons of zinc are in charge of shaping bonds with different atoms, which is determined by its electron affinity, electro-negativity and ionization energies.
Toluene Biodegration Using Jet Loop Reactorrita martin
Toluene aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is a solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, glues, correction fluid, carbon nanotubes and nail polish remover used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV
Why the statue of liberty is colored blue greenrita martin
Statue of Liberty is its own special colour because of its unique environmental conditions. It's not a simple single reaction between copper and oxygen to generate a green oxide, like you may think. The copper oxide continues to react to make copper carbonates, copper sulphide, and copper sulphate.
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas.
Diethyl ether can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the process called acid ether synthesis.
Ethanol is mixed with a strong acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).This strong acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing H3O+(hydronium ions).
Production of ethyl acetate by esterificationrita martin
Ethyl acetate is synthesised via the Fischer esterification reaction from ethanol and acetic acid, typically in the presence of an acid catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. Frequently Asked Questions
about Boron (B)
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2. When was Boron (B)
discovered?
• Boron was found in 1808. French chemists experts Joseph-Louis,
Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jaques Thenard and English physicist Sir
Humphry Davy independently isolated the element, and all three are
credited with its discovery.
• Boron was found by combining potassium and boric corrosive. Its
name originated from the Persian word "Burah" and the Arabic word
"Buraq" both of which signify 'borax".
• When warmed, boron radiates green shading, making it an
attractive component for fireworks.
• The compound borax is an ingredient in clothing cleansers and
disinfectants.
• Boron has an atomic number of five, atomic weight of 10.811 and
atomic image of Boron. In its standard state, it is a strong that is
classified as a semi-metal.
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3. How Boron (B) is obtained?
• Boron is not present in nature in elemental form.
• It is obtained in borax, boric acid, kernite, ulexite, colemanite and
borates.
• Volcanic spring waters sometimes contain boric acids.
• Borates are mined in US, Tibet, Chile and Turkey, with world
production being about 2 million tonnes per year.
• They are found in some volcanic spring waters as orthoboric
corrosive.
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4. Is Boron (B) a metal?
• Boron is not a metal, but rather it is a metalloid.
• Metalloids share qualities like both metals and non-metals.
• Similar to metal, boron is a solid with a metal gloss and high strength.
• Like a non-metal, boron has a low concreteness and forms covalent
bonds with other non-metallic substances.
• Natural boron has a high melting point, getting an advantage of heat-
resistant alloys which are used in the manufacture magnets.
• Boron is additionally utilized as a part of crackers, abrasives and
nuclear control bars.
• Boron is a poor electrical conductor, however its conductivity enhances
at extreme temperatures.
• Its lightweight combination with its high tensile strength makes boron
perfect for composite materials used in aerospace engineering.
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5. How is Boron (B) utilized
today?
• Most of the boron that is mined is eventually refined into boric acid
or borax.
• Boric acid is utilized as a part of various purpose including
insecticides, fire retardants and germ-killers.
• Borax is a powdered material utilized as a part of
cleansers, cosmetics, and enamel glazes.
• Boron is also used to manufacture glass and ceramics.
• It is used to manufacture top of the line cookware materials
produced as a part of brands. For example: Duran & Pyrex.
• It likewise makes glassware for science labs.
• Boron is used for different purpose that incorporates
semiconductors (PC chips), magnets, super hard materials &
protecting for atomic reactors.
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6. How does Boron (B) respond
in the earth?
• Boron is present in the earth in boron-containing mixes called
borates.
• Borates dissolve in water can be in absorbed and desorbed form,
the various surfaces found in waterways and streams.
• The measure of borate adsorption relies on upon the water's pH and
the convergence of borate in the water.
• Borates dissolved in water are stable, and don't respond with
oxygen or other chemicals which are present in the water, or
undergo changes starting with one kind of borate to another.
• All creatures and plants are not do not convert borates from one
form to another by biological processes.
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7. What is the combustion of
elemental Boron (B)?
• The impact of gas velocity, Oxygen fixation, and physical size of
Boron on the combustion of natural Boron is at 2300 K (potassium)
and is more in pure Oxygen.
• The outcomes were interpreted on the basis of an Oxygen-diffusion
controlled system.
• On this premise excellent assertion was attained between
hypothetically ascertained and experimentally defined burning rates.
• This investigation brought about acquiring conditions for the
effective self-propagating burning of Boron in air.
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8. What are some basic facts
about element Boron (B)?
• Boron is a flexible element. It's a vital nutrient for plants, it is crucial
in the nuclear industry and the fundamental element of a peculiar
liquid called Oobleck.
• Found next to carbon on the Periodic Table of Elements, boron is a
metalloid, a substance with both metallic and non-metallic
possessions.
• It's an entangled component, as Stony Brook University Prof Artem
Oganov told the New York Times in 2009.
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9. Properties
• Atomic (number of protons in the core): 5
• Atomic symbol (on the Periodic Table of Elements): B
• Atomic weight (normal mass of the molecule): 10.81
• Density: 2.37 grams for each cubic centimetre
• Phase at room temperature: Soil
• Melting point: 3,767 degree Fahrenheit (2,075 degree Celsius)
• Boiling point: 7,232 degree Fahrenheit (4,000 degree Celsius)
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10. Thank You
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