Chloroform - Formula, Preparation, Properties, Uses, History & Facts
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2. Grignard reagents (from CO2):
Carboxylic acid can be prepared by the reaction of Grignard reagent (alkyl magnesium halide) with carbon dioxide (CO2) in presence of dry ether. Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide to forms a magnesium carboxylates which on hydrolysis by dilute HCl produces carboxylic acids.
3. Hydrolysis of nitrile:
The hydrolysis of nitrile or cyanide in presence of dilute acid to forms a carboxylic acid. In this reaction –CN group is converted to a –COOH group.
4. Hydrolysis Reactions:
All the carboxylic acid derivatives can be hydrolyzed into the carboxylic acid in the acidic or basic media; the hydrolysis reaction is fast and occurs in presence of water with no acid or base catalyst.
1. From Ester (Hydrolysis of ester): Ester can be hydrolyzed in either acidic or basic medium to yield carboxylic acid. The ester is heated with an excess of water contains strong acid or base catalyst.
Properties of Carboxylic Acids:
1. Low molecular weights carboxylic acids are colourless liquid at room temperature i.e. lower member ate liquid up to C9 and have characteristic odors whereas higher members are solid.
2. Carboxylic acids are polar organic compound. Low molecular weight carboxylic acids (first four members) are soluble in water whereas solubility in water decrease as molecular weight and chain lengthing increases.
3. Aromatic acids are insoluble in water.
4. Carboxylic acids have higher melting and boiling point due to their capacity to readily form stable hydrogen-bonded dimers.
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This document discusses disinfection and chlorination of water. It describes different disinfection methods like chlorination, ozonization, and UV rays. Chlorination involves adding small doses of chlorine or chlorine compounds to water to kill bacteria. The document discusses chlorine dosage, factors affecting chlorination, and special chlorination methods like pre-chlorination, double chlorination, and break point chlorination which involves adding chlorine until all organic matter is oxidized leaving residual chlorine.
lec3Chemical_disinfectiongoto_of_water.pptx
Chemical disinfection of water involves using chlorine or other disinfectants like ozone gas or UV light to eliminate bacterial impurities. Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant, either as gas, bleaching powder, or chloramines formed by mixing chlorine with ammonia. The document discusses the properties and methods of chlorine disinfection, including pre-chlorination before treatment, post-chlorination after filtration, and super-chlorination to destroy resistant organisms during epidemics. Effective disinfection requires maintaining chlorine residuals of 0.2-0.8 ppm for at least 30 minutes of contact time.
Chloromethanes_from_methanol presentation.pptx
Chloromethanes namely methyl chloride (CH3Cl), methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), Chloroform (CHCl3) and Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are produced by direct chlorination of Cl2 in a gas phase reaction without any catalyst.
Heterocyclic Chemistry.pptx
This document provides information on various heterocyclic compounds. It discusses the definition and importance of heterocyclic chemistry. It then summarizes the structure, properties, synthesis, reactions and applications of several important 5-membered and 6-membered heterocyclic compounds that contain one or two heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur. These include furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, pyrazine, and pyrazole.
Haloform reaction
The document discusses the haloform reaction, where haloforms such as chloroform, bromoform, iodoform, and fluoroform are produced from methyl ketones or aldehydes in the presence of a base. It then describes each type of haloform reaction, providing the key details of their discovery, structures, and common uses. Iodoform and chloroform reactions were among the first discovered and have various medical and industrial applications. Bromoform and fluoroform are now mainly used as laboratory reagents.
ORGANIC SOLUTES IN WATER.pptx
Organic solutes enter water sources through human activity like improper disposal of volatile organic compounds. Alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, and esters are usually soluble in water, while solubility decreases with longer carbon chain length. Common organic solutes include pesticides, gasoline components, and dry cleaning solvents. Though used in industry and agriculture, many organic solutes are toxic and can bioaccumulate, posing threats to life if released untreated into the environment. Strict handling and disposal is needed to reduce harm.
Solvents & their impact on environment
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute resulting in a solution.
most of the solvents are combustible, often highly volatile and extremely flammable and they should always be handled with care.
An organic solvent containing oxygen as part of the molecular structure.
EXAMPLE:-
alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones, esters, and glycol ether.
USES
These solvents are widely used in paints, inks, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, adhesives, cosmetics, detergents, and food processing.During the synthesis of such solvents like alcohol, the residue of molasses is disposed off out of the industry containing microbes, may contaminate the soil & water.
Alcohol poisoning
Respiratory depressions
Low rate of metabolism by abnormal liver.
Disinfection chlorination chlorination derived by products
The document discusses sewage disinfection and the wastewater treatment process. It explains that the goal of wastewater treatment is to provide water free from pathogens, but primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment cannot remove 100% of waste and pathogens. Disinfection is needed to destroy remaining pathogens. The two main disinfection methods are physical (e.g. heating) and chemical (e.g. chlorination, ozonation). Chlorine is widely used for disinfection due to its availability, low cost, and ability to provide residuals that protect distribution systems. However, chlorine reactions can form harmful byproducts like trihalomethanes. Factors like water quality, temperature, pH, and contact time
Polyhalogen seminar 101.pptx
This document summarizes information about triiodomethane and carbon tetrachloride. It discusses that triiodomethane was formerly used as an antiseptic but has been replaced due to its unpleasant odor. Carbon tetrachloride is produced for use in refrigerants, propellants, and solvents, though it poses health risks like liver damage and cancer. The document warns that carbon tetrachloride exposure can cause dizziness, nausea, and irregular heartbeats, and that it depletes the ozone layer when released into the air.
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Disinfection chlorination chlorination derived by products
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Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsImmersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
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Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
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Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
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Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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Chloroform - Formula, Preparation, Properties, Uses, History & Facts
- 2. Introduction to Chloroform Chloroform is an organic compound. It is also known as trichloromethane. Chemical Formula CHCl3 Structure of Chloroform
- 3. History of Chloroform Chloroform was first prepared in 1831 by an American chemist Dr. Samuel Guthrie, who combined whisky with chlorinated lime in an attempt to produce a cheap pesticide.
- 4. Preparation of Chloroform Chloroform is prepared in the laboratory by heating ethanol with bleaching powder. The reaction is called haloform reaction. When a paste of bleaching powder is heated with ethanol, chloroform is obtained. The reaction takes place in the following steps : • Step 1 : CaOCl2 + H2O Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 (Bleaching Powder) • Step 2 : Chlorine thus obtained acts as both oxidising and chlorinating agent. It first oxidises ethanal into acetaldehyde and then chlorinates acetaldehyde to give trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral).
- 5. Step 3 : Trichloroacetaldehyde thus formed is hydrolysed by calcium hydroxide to give chloroform.
- 6. Properties of Chloroform • It is a colourless and heavy liquid with a peculiar sickly smell and sweetish burning taste. • It is heavier than water • It is generally insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. • Boiling Point : 334 K & Freezing Point : 210 K • It’s vapours burns with a green edged flame. • It’s vapours when inhaled, causes temporary unconsciousness. Therefore, formerly, it is used as an anaesthetic. • It is toxic in nature. It is no longer in use.
- 7. Uses of Chloroform • It is used as an anaesthetic. As it’s slightly overdoses are dangerously toxic, its use as an anaesthetic is not much preferred. Now-a-days, it has been replaced by other more safe anaesthetics. • It is used as a solvent for dyes and pesticides. • It is used for the preservation of dead bodies and anatomical specimens. • It is used in medicines. • It is used as a laboratory reagent.
- 8. Facts Related to Chloroform When Chloroform comes in contact with direct sunlight, it converts into Phosgene, which is highly poisonous. Phosgene is used in World War I (WW1) as a chemical weapon.
- 9. THANK YOU