This document discusses Chlamydia and Mycoplasma. It covers their classification, morphology, diseases caused, and laboratory diagnosis. Chlamydia has two genera - Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living bacteria and lack a cell wall. Common diseases include chlamydia trachomatis causing genital infections and eye disease, C. pneumoniae causing atypical pneumonia, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae causing walking pneumonia in children and young adults. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection by immunofluorescence or ELISA, nucleic acid amplification tests, and serology.
Clostridium are anerobic gram positive rod shaped spore forming organisms responsible to cause various life threatening diseases in humans like Gas gangrene, Tetanus, Botulism, etc
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
Clostridium are anerobic gram positive rod shaped spore forming organisms responsible to cause various life threatening diseases in humans like Gas gangrene, Tetanus, Botulism, etc
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
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REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
coccidian parasite is a very important topic for pg entrance........so every important point about it have been discussed in detail......take a look at it...
Everything you wanna know about Chagas disease and Trypanosoma cruzi in a nutshell, including the morphology and life-cycle of the parasite ,diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Chagas disease.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
coccidian parasite is a very important topic for pg entrance........so every important point about it have been discussed in detail......take a look at it...
Everything you wanna know about Chagas disease and Trypanosoma cruzi in a nutshell, including the morphology and life-cycle of the parasite ,diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Chagas disease.
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2. Objectives
• To know about Chlamydia and Mycoplasma
Classification
Morphology
Diseases
Lab diagnosis
3. Classification
• Family - Chlamydiacae.
• Two genus – Chlamydia and Chlamydophila..
• Has three important human pathogens
–C . trachomatis.
–Chlamydophila psittaci
–Chlamydophila pneumoniae
4. Chlamydiacae
• Family Chlamydiacae are obligate intracellular
bacterial parasites.
• They have tropism for squamous epithelial and
macrophages of the respiratory tract and GUT.
• Depend for energy on host cell .
5. General features
• Smallest prokayotic cell .
• Round to ovoid.
• Two lipid bilayers resembling a gram
negative envelope.
• Non motile.
• Gram negative.
• Possess both DNA and RNA and ribosome .
6. • Differ from other bacteria -
No Peptidoglycan content in
their cell wall.
Lack enzymes of ETC.
Require ATP and nutrient
sources from host cells.
7. Morpholology and growth
Chlamydia replicate by unique complex cycle
in susceptible host cell -
They exist in two morphological forms
• Elementary body- extracellular , infectious
form, spherical, rigid cellwall
• Reticulate body – intracellular,
growing , replicative form,oval
pliable cell wall,
8. Replicative cycle
• EB attach to surface – engulfed by cell –
Form phagosome – after 6-8 hrs reorganise into
RB and replication continues for 18 - 24 hrs.
Inclusion body – intracytoplasmic vacuole filled
with RB. Can be detected by histologic stains.
After 48 hrs – multiplication stops and change to
EBs.
By 72 hrs – host cell rupture releasing infected EBs.
9.
10. Resistance
• Being heat labile
Inactivated at 56 deg within minutes.
– Susceptible to chemicals like ether ,ethanol
formalin .
– Can be stocked at 4 deg C.
– Culture can be preserved frozen at -70 deg.
11. Antigenic structure
• Two major antigens -
Genus specific – lipopolysaccharide.(3-deoxy-
manno-octulosonic acid). Important in scarring
and fibrosis by inducing cytokines.
Antibodies can be detected by IF and CF
tests.
Species specific- outer membrane proteins .
– Elicits protective immunity.
– IF
Serotype specific - serovars on basis of MOMP.
12. Serological typing
• Chlamydia- 3 species
C.trachomatis, C.suis , C. muridarum
C.trachomatis divided into biovars
TRIC- trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis
LGV - lymphogranuloma venerum
BIOVARS are further divided into many
serotypes .
15. Laboratory diagnosis
• Specimens- depend on type of lesion (urethra
cervix,conjunctiva, lung) –scraping , swabs,
blood.
• Cytological examination.
• Culture and isolation- cell culture/ yolk sac /
mice
• Detection of chlamydia antigen - Direct
Fluoroscent antiody/Elisa
• Serodiagnosis - microimmunofluorescence
16.
17. Chlamydia trachomatis
• Trachoma – keratoconjunctivitis. (A,B,Ba,and
C. ) Conjunctival scraping- inclusion bodies
known as Helberstaedter- prowazek body
• Lymphogranuloma venerum
• Inclusion conjunctivitis in adults
• Non gonococcal urethritis
• Perinatal infections
• Neonatal conjunctivitis
• Infant pneumonia
18. LGV
• Sexually transmitted disease characterised by
suppurative inguinal adenitis .
• C. trachomatis serovars L1,L2
and L3.
INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS
Sexually active adults it may transfer to eye through
genital secretions and lead to paratrachoma and
is caused by D to K also known as swimming
pool conjunctivitis.
19. Non gonococcal urethritis
• Caused by serotypes D-K.
• Inflammation of genital organs.
• Perinatal infection
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Infant pneumonia
20. Laboratory diagnosis
• Smears- inclusion body by Giemsa.
• Isolation- cell culture HeLa Cells ,McCoy and
BHK.
• Antigen detection-DirectFluoroscent
antibody/ Elisa .
• Nucleic acid probe/PCR/LCR.
• Serological test –CFT and micro IF.
28. Cultivation
• Facultatively anareobic.
• For primary isolation 95 %nitrogen and 5% CO2
• 22-41 deg c.
• Media – enriched with 20 percent horse serum and
yeast extract.
• PPLO broth -yeast extract , serum, glucose ,phenol
red.
• Solidified by agar , SP-4 media , Mycotrin RS.
• Fried egg colony .
• Seen by Dienes method
31. Resistance
• Heating at 56 deg for 30 min.
• Resistant to pencillin and cephalosporin.
• Resistant to UV light .
• Sensitive to tetracycline, cholorohxidine and
cetrimide.
• Lyophilization / freezing broth cultures at -70
deg.
32. Antigenic structure
• Cell membrane constituents
- glycolipids act as antigen in vitro in CFT.
- protein -P1.
Antibodies are found in convalescent serum and
respiratory secretion.
33. M. pneumoniae
• Mild URTI.
• LRTI.
• Tracheobronchitis and pneumonia (primary
atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia )
• School age children and young adults.
• Complications may occur
34. M. genitalium
• Non gonococcal urethritis and PID .
• U. urealyticum causes genital infection.
• Transmitted by sexual contact.
• M. hominis – lower genital tract.
• Cause non gonococcal urethritis .
35. Laboratory diagnosis
• Specimen – depends on lesion .
• Culture –PPLO medium .
• Isolation and identification
• Colonies- mulberry shaped /fried egg
• Species identification
Haemadsorption test(G.pig RBC adheres to colonies of M.pneum and not
hominis )
• Tetrazolium reduction test- M.pneumoniae appear red.
• Serological technique-ELISA and IFA
• PCR and DNA probes – high sensitivity
36. Antigen detection – IF , EIA ,IMMUNOBLOTTING
DNA probes – 16SrRNA sequence in resp. exudate.
Serological tests
Specific test using mycoplasmal antigens
- CFT
- ELISA
Non specific test
Streptococcus MG test- unheated serum and heat killed str. MG suspension
Cold Agglutination TEST-antibodies that bind to human erythrocytes at low temp 4 deg
38. Further reading
• Essentials of medical microbiology. Apurba S Sastry.
• Textbook of Microbiology . Ananthannarayan and Paniker.
39. Mcqs
1. All of the following are true except
a. Elementary body is metablically active
b. Reticulate body is the replicating form
c. Reticulate body is intracellular form
d. Elementary body is infectious form
2 . The most commonly used method for isolation of Chlamydia:
a. Culture on artificial media
b. Culture on Vero cell line
c. Inoculation into guinea pig
d. Culture on McCoy cell line
40. 3. The most sensitive and specific test for Chlamydia diagnosis:
a. Direct immunofluorescence test (DIF)
b. Culture on McCoy cell line
c. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
d. Micro-immunofluorescence (MIF) test
4. Which is not a property of Mycoplasma?
a. Susceptibility to beta lactams
b. Have both DNA and RNA
c. Mycoplasmo pneumonioe
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae
5. Fried egg colonies are produced by:
a. Bacillus cereus
b. Haemophilus influenzae
c. Neisseria subflavo
d. Mycoplosma pneumoniae