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Child Psychology Module 6 Health and Safety
- 3. Worldwide Childhood Mortality Sub-Saharan Africa Highest rate of child mortality Wars Disease Famine 1 in 8 die before 5th birthday 3
- 4. #1 Under 5 child mortality on significant decline http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRrvsM4jxpQ 4
- 5. India 5 Children suffering diarrhea outside an hospital in Malda, in a district some 500 km north of Calcutta.
- 6. SAFETY IN LATER CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE6.2 6
- 7. Homicide & Suicide Homicide 2nd leading cause of death, 1 yr. olds. 7
- 8. Homicide & Suicide “A child abuse case turns into a murder investigation after an infant dies of her injuries. Jeffrey Locker is now charged with murder. Detectives say 1-year-old Brooklyn Saechao died Thursday. Brooklyn was living with her mother, Jamie Saechao & her boyfriend, Jeffrey Locker, 22. Officials say it was Locker who called 911 & reported Brooklyn had fallen & hit her head. She was found with severe head injuries and was unconscious when she was rushed to Legacy Emanuel.” 8
- 9. Homicide & Suicide Major Risk Factors under 5? 9
- 10. Homicide & Suicide http://www.childdeathreview.org/causesCAN.htm Major Risk Factors Under five Parents or caregivers under 30 Low income, single-parent families experiencing major stresses. Children left with male caregivers lacking emotional attachment to child Children with emotional & health problems. Lack of suitable childcare. Substance abuse among caregivers. Parents & caregivers with unrealistic expectations of child development & behavior. 10
- 11. Homicide 2nd leading cause of death teens Suicide rate has tripled since 1950s Why? Homicide & Suicide 11
- 12. Homicide & Suicide Teens 2nd leading cause of death African Americans 85% due to firearms Suicide More common than homicide Risk factor depression 12
- 13. ACCIDENTS 13
- 14. #2 Little Kids and Accidents 14
- 15. Accidents Most common childhood accidents? 15
- 16. Accidents Death SIDS: Infants Accidents: 2,000 toddlers, under age of 2 die per yr Preventable accidents Accidents related to culture? Accidents related to SES? 16
- 17. ROAD AND TRAFFIC SAFETY 17
- 18. Road and Traffic Safety Leading cause of death 2-5 yrs.: Motor vehicle Why? 18
- 19. Road and Traffic Safety Why? 70% improper car restraints Running into street Climbing to unsafe heights Exploring toxic substances Walking to school Riding bicycles 19
- 21. Skating & Cycling 2007: 65,000 emergency room visits Serious injuries, lack of proper sports equipment Are helmets cool? "Almost 50% of skateboarding injuries have at least some component of head injuries to them," Dr. Michael Webb, NeuroTexas Institute Under 5 no skateboarding 21
- 23. Drowning & Water Injuries Second leading cause of death 14 & younger Leading cause of death1- 2 yr. olds 2007: 844 toddlers died Near drowning Mild to severe brain injury Many vegetated state 23
- 24. Drowning & Water Injuries Infants Mostly bath tubs Under 5 Swimming pools Adolescents Lakes & oceans Midjudge levels of risk 24
- 28. Injury Prevention Prevention strategies best Safety equipment Minimize risky behaviors Seat belts and car seats Proper adult supervision Teach children how to cross the street What is the issue?
- 29. Sum up leading causes of death by age Infants: SIDS Younger than two: 1st leading cause Drowning 2nd leading cause of death, 1 yr. olds. Homicide Children 2-5 1. Motor vehicle 2. Drowning Most common swimming pools 14 & younger (previously 17) 2nd Leading cause of death Drowning Teens 1. Unintentional injury (motor vehicle) 2. Homicide 2. Suicide 29
- 30. ILLNESSES6.3 30
- 31. Illnesses 75% common cold May cause ear infections More frequent infants & toddlers Lower SES More likely, health problems Birth More asthma, diabetes Hospitalized more Miss more school Suffer consequences of less education 31
- 32. Illnesses Asthma Most common chronic disease in childhood 10 million children in US under 18 Rising recent decades Why? Asthma higher rate in wealthier countries Higher death rate in developing countries Born in US Mexican children Higher rate than those born in Mexico 32
- 33. Illnesses Asthma African Americans Highest prevalence in US More severe Less out patient treatment More trips to ER & hospitalizations 33
- 34. Illnesses Asthma More common in athletes Train outdoors Exercise induced Genetic & environmental variables Tobacco Air pollution Respiratory infections Stress etc. 34
- 35. Illnesses Asthma Effects cognitive development Medication side effects Sleep disrupted Concentration Strict diet, medical regime Frustration & anxiety 35
- 36. Illnesses Asthma Affect psychosocial development? Missed school days Lost social opportunities No team sports Embarrassed to use inhalers or take medication Stress Direct link between degree of stress & psychiatric conditions Depression 36
- 37. Illnesses Diabetes Risen 2 main types Type 1 (Juvenile diabetes) Type 2 (Adult) 95% of all cases Preventable Increasingly earlier ages Overweight Lack of physical activity 37
- 38. NUTRITION AND ACTIVITY6.4 Group Work 38
- 39. Nutrition (Group Work) What do you know about proper nutrition? Where did you learn it? Do you think what you know is common knowledge? How did your family eat? Did you all eat together? Did you eat in front of the TV? Was there plenty of junk food in your house? Was nutrition ever discussed? Were you told to eat everything on your plate? Want to eat less? What are some EASY things to do? 39
- 40. Nutrition Children born this century may not live as long as their parents Why? 40
- 41. Children born this century may not live as long as their parents Why? Poor childhood nutrition is associated with later Obesity Diabetes Heart Disease Today 3” taller than in 1776 41
- 42. Nutrition Children follow nutritional habits of parents. Snacks in moderation Adolescents Poor eating habits Additional healthy calories to support accelerated growth High need for calcium beginning age 9 42
- 43. Nutrition Confess: Do you eat breakfast? What? Did you eat breakfast as a kid? What? 43
- 44. Nutrition Why is breakfast the most important meal of the day? 44
- 45. Nutrition Why is breakfast the most important meal of the day? Positive effect Memory Increased: Concentration Reasoning ability Problem-solving Creativity 45
- 47. Nutrition Poor nutrition Less energy Less physical activity Less exploration Less attention to environmental stimuli Diminished cognitive involvement Diminished development 47
- 48. Nutrition Habit forming important Children who eat breakfast: More healthful food choices More likely to keep proper weight Create lifetime of better food choices 48
- 49. Nutrition Adolescent and breakfast More independent choices Mean number of days eating breakfast drops 25% Translates: Greater weight in early adulthood Males after 6 yrs. of no breakfast 37% risk of overweight 49
- 50. Nutritional Needs Parents worry Child eating enough? Don’t worry Provide healthy choices Toddlers & preschoolers Good at regulating nutritional intake How do parents… Encourage overeating? Reward overeating? Problems? What should you feed your children? 50
- 51. Nutritional Needs Daily basis kids need: Low in fat & high in fiber Protein Lean meats such as chicken (low in fat) Meat, rice, soy, beans, dairy and peanut butter. 51
- 52. Nutrition Daily basis kids need cont.: High in Iron to prevent anemia Dark leafy Vegetables Iron fortified cereal Meat Seafood Calcium-rich Diary, soy, vegetables, nuts, fish Bones Teeth 52
- 54. Malnutrition in Infancy Early weaning can cause deficiencies Can develop: Marasmus Wasting away of body tissues infant’s 1st yr. How Do Infants Grow and Develop Physically?
- 55. Malnutrition in Infancy Kwashiorkor Deficiency in protein Abdomen, feet swollen with water If not fatal, effects detrimental Lowest SES Aided by supplementary feeding
- 56. Instant Noodles Malnourished Health of 80-year old Weighs 98 pounds & 5'3". Isn’t worried, "I just love noodles!" she said. 56
- 57. OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN CHILDREN6.6 57
- 58. Overweight & Obesity in Childhood Obesity: 20% higher than normal for height. 17% US children & adolescents obese Since 1960’s tripled Younger & younger children diagnosed Breastfeeding may reduce risks Overweight children susceptible in adulthood 58
- 59. Overweight & Obesity in Childhood Health issues later: Cardiovascular diseases Pulmonary Endocrine Pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract & adrenal glands. 59
- 60. Overweight & Obesity in Childhood Health issues later cont.: Orthopedic problems Risk of psychological problems Lower self-esteem, tired, less attractive Peer relations; rejection & withdrawal 60
- 61. Overweight & Obesity in Childhood Motor development connected Brain development Long-term effects of being overweight. Overweight infants Excess fat cells Life long overweight Late motor development Cause of being overweight Nature or nurture? Help? 61
- 62. Overweight Children Treatment: Combination of Diet, weight loss programs Exercise Calorie-burning activities Family walk Other? Behavior modification, lifestyle changes Daily diary Parents are very important for change Activity levels are not hereditary What Are Central Issues in Children’s Health? 62
- 64. Anorexia Nervosa Potentially life-threatening eating disorder Intense fear of becoming fat Distorted body image Self-starvation Primarily in adolescent & young adult females 10% die in 10 yrs. 20% die in 20 yrs. Recovery about 1.7 yrs. 64
- 65. Anorexia Nervosa Highest mortality rate of any mental disorder Starvation Cardiac arrest Suicide Depression 65
- 66. Anorexia Nervosa Pro-anoerxia web sites “Tips & Tricks Make yourself a snack, but instead of eating it throw it away. Leave the dirty dishes where your parents can find them. They will think you ate. Prepare a list of excuses as to why you can't eat - You're sick, you're a vegetarian, allergic, etc. You'd be amazed at how many good excuses there are. Get out of your house! If you're not sitting around then people can't start shit with you about not eating. Join a pro-ana group or start your own website. Anything that will keep you motivated.” 66
- 67. Anorexia (died 2010 age 38) 67
- 68. 68
- 69. Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorder Characterized by binges of eating followed by self-induced vomiting. Binges Vomiting May after every meal Each morsel of food or water 69
- 70. Bulimia Nervosa Exercise 3 hours a day Self-medicate Speed Enemas Laxatives (whole box) Diuretics 70
- 71. Dangers Associated with Bulimia Foreign Objects: Objects used to induce purging. (rupture) Teeth rotted away from stomach acid. Acid / food damage to esophagus. Finger skin & nail damage from acid. Red spots around the eyes. Subconjunctival hemorrhage Prevent absorption of needed vitamins & minerals Skin ages. 71
- 73. Binge Eating Disorder Usually overweight Rapidly eat unusually large amounts of food several times week. Binge when alone Most common eating disorder among adolescents 1.6% Cause unknown? Depression Brain chemicals Hormones 73
- 74. Eating Disorders Anyone willing to discuss a friend, family member with eating disorder. 74
Editor's Notes
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