Psychology Chapter 11, Personality

PsychologyPsychology
Cynthia K. Shinabarger ReedCynthia K. Shinabarger Reed
Tarrant County CollegeTarrant County College
With butchering by Instructor CarneyWith butchering by Instructor Carney
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PersonalityPersonality
 What is it?What is it?
 How do you know if you have one?How do you know if you have one?
 What do we mean when we say someone:What do we mean when we say someone:
 Has a great personality.Has a great personality.
 Has a horrible personality.Has a horrible personality.
 Is there a different meaning based on gender?Is there a different meaning based on gender?
 Can we change our personality?Can we change our personality?
 If so how?If so how?
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PersonalityPersonality
 Relatively stable pattern of thinking,Relatively stable pattern of thinking,
feeling, & behaving that distinguishesfeeling, & behaving that distinguishes
one person from another.one person from another.
 Same familySame family
 Similar experiencesSimilar experiences
 Very different personalitiesVery different personalities
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Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
 Case studiesCase studies
 InterviewsInterviews
 Naturalistic observationsNaturalistic observations
 Laboratory investigationsLaboratory investigations
 Psychological testsPsychological tests
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 To be useful, a psychological test must haveTo be useful, a psychological test must have
3 characteristics:3 characteristics:
 ReliabilityReliability
 Dependable, accurate, reliable information.Dependable, accurate, reliable information.
 ValidityValidity
 Capable of being justified, defended, or supportedCapable of being justified, defended, or supported
 StandardizationStandardization
 No variationsNo variations
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 Self-report inventoriesSelf-report inventories
 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) & California Psychological Inventory(MMPI) & California Psychological Inventory
(CPI).(CPI).
 Best-known & widely used personality measuresBest-known & widely used personality measures
 MMPI: Statements about self in form of yes-no/true-MMPI: Statements about self in form of yes-no/true-
false answers.false answers.
 1. I like mechanics magazines1. I like mechanics magazines
2. I have a good appetite2. I have a good appetite
3. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings3. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings
4. I think I would like the work of a librarian4. I think I would like the work of a librarian
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 MMPIMMPI
 Diagnose psychological disorders.Diagnose psychological disorders.
 CPICPI
 Assess personality in the normalAssess personality in the normal
population.population.
 In class Projective testIn class Projective test
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 Projective testsProjective tests
 AssumptionAssumption
 People project their personality characteristics ontoPeople project their personality characteristics onto
ambiguous stimuli.ambiguous stimuli.
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Rorschach TestRorschach Test
 Inkblot testInkblot test
 Swiss psychiatristSwiss psychiatrist
Hermann RorschachHermann Rorschach
 Determine personalityDetermine personality
traitstraits
 Interpret subject'sInterpret subject's
responses to inkblotresponses to inkblot
images.images.
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It’s just a simple Rorschach test Mr.It’s just a simple Rorschach test Mr.
Bromwell so just calm down & tell meBromwell so just calm down & tell me
what each one suggests to you.what each one suggests to you.
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Barnum EffectBarnum Effect
 P. T. BarnumP. T. Barnum
 Reputation as aReputation as a
mastermaster
psychologicalpsychological
manipulatormanipulator
 MuseumMuseum
promoterpromoter
 Circus ownerCircus owner
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Barnum EffectBarnum Effect
 Tendency to accept generalized personalityTendency to accept generalized personality
descriptions as accurate descriptions ofdescriptions as accurate descriptions of
oneself.oneself.
 SmartSmart
 CreativeCreative
 FunnyFunny
 PseudosciencesPseudosciences
 Influence people because:Influence people because:
 We want to accept positive descriptions of ourselves.We want to accept positive descriptions of ourselves.
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 Walter MischelWalter Mischel
 Advised psychologistsAdvised psychologists
Shift attention from search for traits toShift attention from search for traits to
Study of how situations influenceStudy of how situations influence
behaviors.behaviors.
 Some characteristics consistent over time:Some characteristics consistent over time:
 IntelligenceIntelligence
 Emotional reactionsEmotional reactions
 Physical appearancePhysical appearance
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 EpsteinEpstein
 Behavior depends on the situationBehavior depends on the situation
 Consistent behavioral tendencies acrossConsistent behavioral tendencies across
situations.situations.
 The situationThe situation
 Influences the likelihood that a person willInfluences the likelihood that a person will
exhibit a specific behavior.exhibit a specific behavior.
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Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
 TraitsTraits
 Terms that describe tendencies to respond inTerms that describe tendencies to respond in
particular ways that account for differencesparticular ways that account for differences
among people.among people.
 Psychologist Gordon AllportPsychologist Gordon Allport
 Composed a list of traitsComposed a list of traits
 Building blocks of personality.Building blocks of personality.
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 Raymond CattellRaymond Cattell
 Proposed 16 sourceProposed 16 source
traits to describetraits to describe
personalitypersonality
 Make predictionsMake predictions
of future behaviors.of future behaviors.
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 EysenckEysenck
 Personality as consists of 3 basic traits:Personality as consists of 3 basic traits:
 ExtraversionExtraversion
 NeuroticismNeuroticism
 PsychoticismPsychoticism
 Extraversion has been associated with a number ofExtraversion has been associated with a number of
differences in everyday behavior.differences in everyday behavior.
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Big FiveBig Five
 I see myself (or other person) as someone who...I see myself (or other person) as someone who...
1. ...Is talkative1. ...Is talkative
 Myself:Myself: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
 Other:Other: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree

2. ...Tends to find fault with others2. ...Tends to find fault with others

3. ...Does a thorough job3. ...Does a thorough job
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 Growing consensus that personality traits can beGrowing consensus that personality traits can be
reduced to 5 basic onesreduced to 5 basic ones
 ““Big Five”Big Five”
 Openness to experienceOpenness to experience
1)1) ConscientiousnessConscientiousness
2)2) ExtraversionExtraversion
3)3) AgreeablenessAgreeableness
4)4) NeuroticismNeuroticism
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 Big 5Big 5
 All 5 traits are moderately & equally heritable.All 5 traits are moderately & equally heritable.
 Personality traits have considerable long-termPersonality traits have considerable long-term
stability.stability.
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Biological Factors in PersonalityBiological Factors in Personality
 The idea that physical & biological factors holdThe idea that physical & biological factors hold
a key to personality has a long history.a key to personality has a long history.
 TrephiningTrephining
 Opening of a hole in the skullOpening of a hole in the skull
 Leaving the membranes surrounding the brainLeaving the membranes surrounding the brain
intactintact
 Concept of modern trepanation movementConcept of modern trepanation movement
 BrainbloodvolumeBrainbloodvolume (the amount of blood supplied to(the amount of blood supplied to
the brain).the brain).
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 TrepanationTrepanation
 Supposedly allows greater flow of blood in theSupposedly allows greater flow of blood in the
capillaries of the brain.capillaries of the brain.
 Most researchers & physicians do not agree.Most researchers & physicians do not agree.
 IllegalIllegal
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 1800’s Phrenology1800’s Phrenology
 Analyzed bumps & indentations on skullAnalyzed bumps & indentations on skull
 Attempted to link personality with features ofAttempted to link personality with features of
the brain.the brain.
 Bump indicated larger brain area dedicated toBump indicated larger brain area dedicated to
trait.trait.
 ExampleExample
 Large bump in Combativeness area you will be moreLarge bump in Combativeness area you will be more
violent.violent.
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 Identical twins reared apartIdentical twins reared apart
 Researchers identify the effects of heredityResearchers identify the effects of heredity
independent of influence of environmentalindependent of influence of environmental
factors.factors.
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 Twin studies indicateTwin studies indicate
 Heredity plays a role inHeredity plays a role in
a wide range ofa wide range of
personalitypersonality
characteristicscharacteristics
 Heritability estimatesHeritability estimates
between 20 & 50%.between 20 & 50%.
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Main Personality TheoristsMain Personality Theorists
 Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
 PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
 Carl JungCarl Jung
 Analytical PsychologyAnalytical Psychology
 Carl RogersCarl Rogers
 Humanistic PsychologyHumanistic Psychology
 B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner
 Social-Cognitive PerspectiveSocial-Cognitive Perspective
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The Psychodynamic PerspectiveThe Psychodynamic Perspective
 Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
 Our behavior, feeling,Our behavior, feeling,
& thinking is& thinking is
determined by eventsdetermined by events
that occurred earlierthat occurred earlier
in our lives.in our lives.
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PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
 Freud described three levels of consciousness.Freud described three levels of consciousness.
1.1. ConsciousConscious
Thoughts, wishes, & emotions you are aware of now.Thoughts, wishes, & emotions you are aware of now.
1.1. PreconsciousPreconscious
The level just below consciousnessThe level just below consciousness
DreamsDreams
1.1. UnconsciousUnconscious
Thoughts, wishes, & feelings that exist beyond our awarenessThoughts, wishes, & feelings that exist beyond our awareness
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IDID
 Collection ofCollection of
unconscious urges &unconscious urges &
desires thatdesires that
continually seekcontinually seek
expression.expression.
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IDID
 PrimitivePrimitive
 Pleasure-seekingPleasure-seeking
 Violent motivesViolent motives
 FearsFears
 Immoral urgesImmoral urges
 Unacceptable sexual urgesUnacceptable sexual urges
 Selfish needsSelfish needs
 Irrational wishesIrrational wishes
 Shameful experiencesShameful experiences
 Aims to reduce tension when we don’t get what we wantAims to reduce tension when we don’t get what we want
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IDID
 Operates according to pleasure principleOperates according to pleasure principle
 Seeks immediate gratification of wishes through theSeeks immediate gratification of wishes through the
ego.ego.
 2 ways to obtain gratification2 ways to obtain gratification
 Wish fulfillmentWish fulfillment
 FantasyFantasy
 Reflex actionsReflex actions
 Ex: CoughingEx: Coughing
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EgoEgo
 Mediates between environmental demandsMediates between environmental demands
(reality), conscience, superego & instinctual(reality), conscience, superego & instinctual
needs (Id).needs (Id).
 Called the executiveCalled the executive
 Operates according to the Reality Principle.Operates according to the Reality Principle.
 Realistic plan for obtaining what the id wantsRealistic plan for obtaining what the id wants
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SSuperegouperego
 The social & parental standards theThe social & parental standards the
individual has internalized, the conscienceindividual has internalized, the conscience
& the ego ideal.& the ego ideal.
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SSuperegouperego
 MoralMoral
 Voice that tells us whenVoice that tells us when
we have violated society’swe have violated society’s
rules.rules.
 Operates according toOperates according to
the ego idealthe ego ideal
 Standards of what oneStandards of what one
would like to be.would like to be.
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 Battle mostly unconsciousBattle mostly unconscious
 When anxiety or guilt buildsWhen anxiety or guilt builds
 Ego defends itself through unconscious efforts referred toEgo defends itself through unconscious efforts referred to
as defense mechanismsas defense mechanisms that tend to deny or distort reality.that tend to deny or distort reality.
 Effect of defense mechanisms is to reduceEffect of defense mechanisms is to reduce
anxiety or guilt.anxiety or guilt.
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 Psychosexual stagesPsychosexual stages
 5 stages infancy to adulthood.5 stages infancy to adulthood.
 Characterized by efforts to obtain pleasureCharacterized by efforts to obtain pleasure
centered on one of several parts of the bodycentered on one of several parts of the body
calledcalled erogenous zones..
 Pleasure sensitive areasPleasure sensitive areas
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 OralOral (0-18 months)(0-18 months)
 AnalAnal (18 months - 3 1/2 years)(18 months - 3 1/2 years)
 PhallicPhallic (3 1/2 years - 6 years)(3 1/2 years - 6 years)
 LatencyLatency (6 years - puberty)(6 years - puberty)
 GenitalGenital (puberty - adulthood)(puberty - adulthood)
 OOrinrin AAtete PPlumslums LLikeike GGrandmarandma
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FixationFixation
 A partial or complete halt at some point inA partial or complete halt at some point in
the individual’s psychosexual development.the individual’s psychosexual development.
 A person whose development is arrested willA person whose development is arrested will
display behaviors as an adult that are associateddisplay behaviors as an adult that are associated
with the time of life during which thewith the time of life during which the fixationfixation
occurred.occurred.
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How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To FreudAccording To Freud
 OralOral (0-18 months)(0-18 months)
 MouthMouth
 Too much gratificationToo much gratification
 Overly OptimisticOverly Optimistic
 DependentDependent
 Too little gratificationToo little gratification
 PessimsticPessimstic
 HostileHostile
 FixatedFixated
 Lack of confidenceLack of confidence
 GulableGulable
 SarcasticSarcastic
 ArgumentativeArgumentative
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According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
 AnalAnal (18 months - 3 1/2 years)(18 months - 3 1/2 years)
 Pleasure from the expulsion and retention of feces.Pleasure from the expulsion and retention of feces.
 Too strictToo strict
 ObstinateObstinate
 StingyStingy
 Too lenientToo lenient
 MessyMessy
 SloppySloppy
 UnorganizedUnorganized
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 PhallicPhallic (3 1/2 years - 6 years)(3 1/2 years - 6 years)
 Pleasure from fondling their genitals.Pleasure from fondling their genitals.
 Oedipal complexOedipal complex (Boys)(Boys)
 Greek mythGreek myth
 Possessive love for mother & jealously towards fatherPossessive love for mother & jealously towards father
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 Castration anxietyCastration anxiety
 Boy fantasizes that the father’s retaliationBoy fantasizes that the father’s retaliation
would involve injury to his genitalswould involve injury to his genitals
 Reduce fearReduce fear
 Boy represses sexual desire for his motherBoy represses sexual desire for his mother
 Identify with fatherIdentify with father
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 Electra complexElectra complex (Girls)(Girls)
 Greek mythGreek myth
 Possessive love for father & jealously towardsPossessive love for father & jealously towards
mothermother
 Penis envyPenis envy
 Value & desireValue & desire
 ResolutionResolution
 Identifies with mother.Identifies with mother.
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 Phallic stage fixationPhallic stage fixation
 MenMen
 VanityVanity
 EgotismEgotism
 Men boast of sexual prowessMen boast of sexual prowess
 Treat women with contemptTreat women with contempt
 WomenWomen
 Flirtations & promiscuousFlirtations & promiscuous
 BothBoth
 Low self-esteem & feelings of worthlessnessLow self-esteem & feelings of worthlessness
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 LatencyLatency (6 years - puberty)(6 years - puberty)
 Suppressed sexual interestsSuppressed sexual interests
 Boys play with boysBoys play with boys
 Girls play with girlsGirls play with girls
 GenitalGenital (puberty - adulthood)(puberty - adulthood)
 Sexual interests are reawakenedSexual interests are reawakened
 Postponed gratificationPostponed gratification
 Sense of responsibilitySense of responsibility
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Freudian SlipFreudian Slip
 An accidental mistake, usually the use of theAn accidental mistake, usually the use of the
wrong word in a sentence, thought to betraywrong word in a sentence, thought to betray
somebody's subconscious preoccupations.somebody's subconscious preoccupations.
 Calling your wife, “Mom”.Calling your wife, “Mom”.
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 Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
 Reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting or denyingReduce or redirect anxiety by distorting or denying
realityreality
 Form of denialForm of denial
 Unconscious refusal to accept realityUnconscious refusal to accept reality
 RepressionRepression
 RegressionRegression
 DisplacementDisplacement
 RationalizationRationalization
 SublimationSublimation
 Reaction FormationReaction Formation
 ProjectionProjection
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 RepressionRepression
 Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings &Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings &
memories right out of your consciousness.memories right out of your consciousness.
 RegressionRegression
 Retreating to an earlier stage of development.Retreating to an earlier stage of development.
 TraumaTrauma
 Reaction FormationReaction Formation
 Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite.Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite.
 Activists may be fighting against their strong impulsesActivists may be fighting against their strong impulses
they want to deny.they want to deny.
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 ProjectionProjection
 When people disguise their own threatening impulses byWhen people disguise their own threatening impulses by
pinning them on other people.pinning them on other people.
 Instead of saying I can’t stand her…she can’t stand me.Instead of saying I can’t stand her…she can’t stand me.
 DisplacementDisplacement
 When you take your anger or some other unacceptableWhen you take your anger or some other unacceptable
feeling or impulse and divert it forms its source to somethingfeeling or impulse and divert it forms its source to something
or someone else.or someone else.
 Angry at boss, kick dogAngry at boss, kick dog
 SublimationSublimation
 Rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptableRechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable
stuff.stuff.
 Angry workoutAngry workout
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Carl Jung1875-1961Carl Jung1875-1961
 Swiss psychologistSwiss psychologist
 Mentor FreudMentor Freud
 Founded AnalyticalFounded Analytical
PsychologyPsychology
 Rejected Freud'sRejected Freud's
theorytheory
 Rejected scientificRejected scientific
approachapproach
 Human soulHuman soul
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Analytical PsychologyAnalytical Psychology
Cont.Cont.
 Jung emphasized the will to liveJung emphasized the will to live
 Analysis of current problemsAnalysis of current problems
 FreudFreud
 Analysis childhood problemsAnalysis childhood problems
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Cont.Cont.
 Divided personalities into 2 typesDivided personalities into 2 types
 IntrovertIntrovert
 Inner thoughtsInner thoughts
 Internal experienceInternal experience
 ExtrovertExtrovert
 External experienceExternal experience
 In tune with people and things in the world aroundIn tune with people and things in the world around
themthem
53

Cont.Cont.
 Developed a theory of the unconscious mindDeveloped a theory of the unconscious mind
like Freud'slike Freud's
 EgoEgo
 Personal unconsciousPersonal unconscious
 Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious
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Cont.Cont.
 EgoEgo
 Conscious mindConscious mind
 Personal unconsciousPersonal unconscious
 Anything that is presently unconsciousAnything that is presently unconscious
 Can be conscious laterCan be conscious later
 Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious
 Reservoir of knowledge born withReservoir of knowledge born with
 Never be directly conscious about itNever be directly conscious about it
 Determines how we react to situations, perceive things etc.Determines how we react to situations, perceive things etc.
 Can only understand it indirectly, through our responses &Can only understand it indirectly, through our responses &
experiences.experiences.
 ArchetypesArchetypes
 Inherited memory represented in the mind by a universalInherited memory represented in the mind by a universal
symbol & observed in dreams & mythssymbol & observed in dreams & myths
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The HeroThe Hero
 The hero, who pursues a great quest to realize hisThe hero, who pursues a great quest to realize his
destiny.destiny.
 Represents the egoRepresents the ego
 We tend to identify with the hero of the storyWe tend to identify with the hero of the story
 Often engaged in fighting the shadowOften engaged in fighting the shadow
 In form of dragons & other monsters.In form of dragons & other monsters.
 Not intellectualNot intellectual
 The hero is often out to rescue the maiden.The hero is often out to rescue the maiden.
 She represents purity & innocenceShe represents purity & innocence
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The Mother ArchetypeThe Mother Archetype
 She wants to nurture & grow everything in sight.She wants to nurture & grow everything in sight.
 Giver of life & sometimes the taker of life.Giver of life & sometimes the taker of life.
 We are likely to project the archetype out into theWe are likely to project the archetype out into the
world & onto a particular person, usually our ownworld & onto a particular person, usually our own
mothers.mothers.
 EveEve
 MaryMary
 ChurchChurch
 ForestForest
 OceanOcean
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The FatherThe Father
 Father, Protector, ProviderFather, Protector, Provider
 Primarily an authority figure often inducingPrimarily an authority figure often inducing
fear.fear.
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The PersonaThe Persona
 MaskMask
 Represents your public image.Represents your public image.
 "good impression" we all wish to present as"good impression" we all wish to present as
we fill the roles society requires of us.we fill the roles society requires of us.
 "false impression" we use to manipulate"false impression" we use to manipulate
people's opinions & behaviors.people's opinions & behaviors.
 Normal exceptNormal except
 When we believe we really are what we pretendWhen we believe we really are what we pretend
to be!to be!
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The ShadowThe Shadow
 "dark side" of the ego"dark side" of the ego
 Amoral remnant of our instinctual animal past.Amoral remnant of our instinctual animal past.
 Derived from pre-human, animal past, when our concernsDerived from pre-human, animal past, when our concerns
were limited to survival & reproductionwere limited to survival & reproduction
 Symbols of the shadow includeSymbols of the shadow include
 Snake (as in the garden of Eden)Snake (as in the garden of Eden)
 DragonDragon
 MonstersMonsters
 DemonsDemons
 Often guards entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is theOften guards entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is the
collective unconscious.collective unconscious.
 Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only beNext time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be
yourself you are wrestling with!yourself you are wrestling with!
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TheThe TricksterTrickster
 Rascal agent pushing us towards change.Rascal agent pushing us towards change.
 Represented by a clown or a magician.Represented by a clown or a magician.
 The trickster's role is to hamper the hero'sThe trickster's role is to hamper the hero's
progress and to generally make trouble.progress and to generally make trouble.
61

The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
 Behavior is distinctiveBehavior is distinctive
 Experience differentExperience different
historieshistories
 ReinforcementReinforcement
 PunishmentPunishment
 Stimulus > responseStimulus > response
determines our personalitydetermines our personality
 BehaviorBehavior
 Rewarded forRewarded for
 Punished forPunished for
 Increases or decreasesIncreases or decreases
behaviorbehavior
62

 SkinnerSkinner
 Focused attention on environmental factorsFocused attention on environmental factors
 InitiateInitiate
 Maintain behaviorsMaintain behaviors
 Ultimately distinguish one person from another.Ultimately distinguish one person from another.
63

 Social learning theorySocial learning theory
 Learning occurs throughLearning occurs through
 WatchingWatching
 ImitatingImitating
 Behaviors of others.Behaviors of others.
 ExpectancyExpectancy
 1 of the most important elements of social1 of the most important elements of social
learning theory.learning theory.
 People differ in their tendencies to viewPeople differ in their tendencies to view
themselves as capable of influencingthemselves as capable of influencing
reinforcers or being subject to fate.reinforcers or being subject to fate.
64

 Internal-External (I-E) ScaleInternal-External (I-E) Scale
 Measure individuals’Measure individuals’ locus of controllocus of control
 InternalInternal
 ExternalExternal
 Related to a variety of outcomesRelated to a variety of outcomes
 AcademicAcademic
 Health behaviorsHealth behaviors
 Job successJob success
 Which will get you promoted faster?Which will get you promoted faster?
65

 MenMen
 Blame external factors for failureBlame external factors for failure
 Internal factors for successInternal factors for success
 WomenWomen
 Attribute success to external factorsAttribute success to external factors
 Blame internal factors for failureBlame internal factors for failure
 ExampleExample
 Men get a raise because they deserve it.Men get a raise because they deserve it.
 Women get a raise because they are lucky.Women get a raise because they are lucky.
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BanduraBandura
 Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura
 Known for research on observational learning &Known for research on observational learning &
aggressionaggression
 Individuals affected by environmentIndividuals affected by environment
 Can influence environmentCan influence environment
 Cognitive factors can influence person'sCognitive factors can influence person's
behavior & environment.behavior & environment.
67

BanduraBandura
 ReciprocalReciprocal
DeterminismDeterminism
 PersonPerson
 EnvironmentEnvironment
 BehaviorBehavior
 Influence oneInfluence one
anotheranother
68

BanduraBandura
 Self-efficacySelf-efficacy
 Person’s beliefs about his skills & ability to performPerson’s beliefs about his skills & ability to perform
certain behaviors.certain behaviors.
 If I lose a job I can easily find another one.If I lose a job I can easily find another one.
 I will never find another job I like if I lose this one.I will never find another job I like if I lose this one.
 Unlike a trait, self-efficacy is specific to theUnlike a trait, self-efficacy is specific to the
situation and can change over time.situation and can change over time.
 ExampleExample
 Over timeOver time
 In the future may be able to feel confident in ability to find a newIn the future may be able to feel confident in ability to find a new
job.job.
 SituationSituation
 May be confident in ability to perform a job but not in finding aMay be confident in ability to perform a job but not in finding a
new one.new one.
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The Humanistic PerspectiveThe Humanistic Perspective
RogersRogers
 Carl Rogers (notCarl Rogers (not
Mr. RodgersMr. Rodgers
 FocusFocus
 PresentPresent
 Healthy personalityHealthy personality
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Self-actualizationSelf-actualization
 Ultimate psychological needUltimate psychological need
 Fulfill your potentialFulfill your potential
 To reach self-actualization you mustTo reach self-actualization you must
 Be genuineBe genuine
 Be empathicBe empathic
 Have unconditional positive regard for others.Have unconditional positive regard for others.
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 Carl Rogers & Maslow’s beliefCarl Rogers & Maslow’s belief
 People are innately goodPeople are innately good
 Directed toward:Directed toward:
 GrowthGrowth
 DevelopmentDevelopment
 Personal fulfillmentPersonal fulfillment
 As we develop, our concept of self emerges.As we develop, our concept of self emerges.
 Self is our sense of “I” or “me”Self is our sense of “I” or “me”
 Generally conscious & accessibleGenerally conscious & accessible
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 The self-concept is our perception of our abilities,The self-concept is our perception of our abilities,
behaviors, and characteristics.behaviors, and characteristics.
 Rogers believed that we act in accordance with ourRogers believed that we act in accordance with our
self-concept.self-concept.
 Maslow and Rogers agreed that people have aMaslow and Rogers agreed that people have a
strong need to be loved, to experience affection.strong need to be loved, to experience affection.
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RogersRogers
 Unconditional positive regardUnconditional positive regard
 Accepted for selfAccepted for self
 Conditional regardConditional regard
 What others would like the person to be.What others would like the person to be.
 People pleasersPeople pleasers
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RogersRogers
 Real selfReal self
 Self as it really isSelf as it really is
 Product of our experiences.Product of our experiences.
 Ideal selfIdeal self
 Self we would like to be.Self we would like to be.
 Maladjustment resultsMaladjustment results
 When there is a discrepancy between real self &When there is a discrepancy between real self &
ideal self.ideal self.
75

Psychology Chapter 11, Personality

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