Child Psychology Dr. Mossler

1. The Self and Moral
Development
Module 12
1

2. Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
12.1

3. • Born in Frankfort Germany
• 1902- 1994, died at 91 in U.S.
• Influences: Sigmund Freud & Anna Freud
• Freud psychosexual
• Erikson psychosocial
• Growth model
• Coined term Lifespan Development
• Personality Development
Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development

4. Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
• Erikson
• Change occurs throughout life
• Psychosocial theory (Eric Erikson)
• 8 stages
• Each stage
• Unique crisis to resolve
• Developmental task

5. Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
in Infancy and Early Childhood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0sxaU34MPE

6. Psychoanalytic Perspective
Erikson
• Learn from Erikson’s stages:
• Nurture infants to:
• Develop trust
• Encourage & monitor autonomy
• Encourage initiative
• Freedom to explore their world
• Promote industry in elementary years
• Nurture motivation for mastery & curiosity
• Stimulate adolescent identity exploration
• Self-exploration
Caring for Children

7. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

8. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Hope)

9. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
• 1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Hope)
• Infancy - 1
• Does child believe caregivers are reliable?
• Successful
• Develops trust & security & a basic optimism.
• Badly handled
• Becomes insecure & mistrustful of
the world

10. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
• 2. Autonomy Versus Shame & Doubt
(Will)
• Infancy: 1 – 3
• Early part of crisis
• Stormy self – will
• Tantrums
• Stubbornness
• Negativism
• "well - parented" child
• Confident
• Happy with new found control
• Proud

11. • 3. Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)
• 3 – 5 yrs.
• Child learns to:
• Imagine
• Broaden skills through active play, fantasy
• Cooperate
• Lead & follow
• Immobilized by guilt:
• Fearful
• Hangs on fringes of groups
• Too dependent on adults
• Restricted in development of play skills & imagination.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

12. •4. Industry Versus Inferiority
(Competence)
• 6- puberty
• Learns to master more formal skills
of life:
• (1) Relating with peers according to
rules
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

13. 4. Industry Versus Inferiority
(Competence) Cont.
• (2) Progressing from free play -
structured play
• Rules & teamwork
• (3) Mastering social studies,
reading, arithmetic.

14. Industry Versus Inferiority
(Competence) Cont.
• Completion of this stage results in:
• Trusting
• Autonomous
• Full of initiative
• Easily learn to be industrious
• Or
• Mistrusting child
• Doubt future
• Shame & guilt, experiences defeat &
inferiority.

15. • 5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion
(Fidelity)
• 10 – 20 yrs.
• "Who am I?“
• Learns answer satisfactorily & happily
• Role identity confusion
• Most experiment with minor delinquency
• Rebellion
• Self - doubts
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

16. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
• 5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion
(Fidelity) cont.
• Successful early adolescence
• Mature time perspective developed
• Self-certainty
• Experiments with different usually
constructive roles
• Anticipates achievement & achieves

17. • 5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion
(Fidelity) cont.
• Later adolescence
• Clear sexual identity
• Seeks leadership (someone to inspire him)
• Develops a set of ideals socially congruent &
desirable
• Can experiment
• Try various roles, & find one most suitable
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

18. •6. Intimacy Vs Isolation (Love)
•20’s, 30’s
• Successful young adult
• 1st time, can experience true intimacy
• Makes possible good marriage or a
genuine & enduring friendship.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

19. •7. Generativity Vs Stagnation
(Care)
•40’s, 50’s
• "Generativity"
• Term coined by Erikson
• Meant “generate” something
• Creativity between generations.
• Can be expressed in many ways
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

20. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
•7. Generativity Vs Stagnation
(Care) Cont.
• Try to "make a difference" with
your life, to "give back”
• From raising a child to stopping a tradition
of abuse
• From writing a family history to starting a
new organization.

21. • 8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom)
• 60’s onward
• If other 7 psychosocial crisis have been
successfully resolved:
• Develops peak of adjustment; integrity.
• Trusts
• Independent
• Works hard
• Well defined role in life
• Happy with self-concept
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

22. • 8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) cont.
• 60’s onward
Intimate without strain, guilt, regret, or lack of
realism
• Proud of what you create
• Children
• Work
• Hobbies
• 1 or more earlier psychosocial crises unresolved
• May view self & his life with disgust & despair.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

23. Development of the Self
12.3

24. Development of the Self
• Self-understanding
• Remember the rouge test?
• What did it show?
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25. Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
12.4

26. Self-Concept & Self-Esteem
• Self-Esteem
• Evaluation of self-concept
• Traits & emotions included by age 4 – 5
• Usually unrealistic, positive
• I am the best swimmer.
• I am happy all the time.
• Self-concept in adolescents?
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27. Building Self-Esteem in Children
27

28. Racial & Ethnicity Identity
• Ethnicity
• Culture
• Customs
• Positive ethnic identity
• Stronger self-concept
• Greater school achievement
• Higher self-esteem
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29. Racial & Ethnicity Identity
Barbie Doll Test
29

30. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of
Moral Development
12.6

31. 6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg Stages
• Based on Piaget
• 6 stages of moral
development
• Believed universal
31

32. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7pQJ0ptjk0
Kohlberg Stages #2
6-11 Years-of-Age 32

33. 6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Theory #3
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=zY4etXWYS
84
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34. 6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg Stages
• 3 Levels, PCP
• Level 1: Preconventional reasoning
• Level 2: Conventional reasoning
• Level 3: Postconventional reasoning
• 6 Stages
• 2 stages in each level
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35. 6-11 Years-of-Age
Preconventional Reasoning
• Early childhood
development
• Good/bad based
on
• Rewards
• Punishments
• (behaviorism)
• Egocentric
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36. 6-11 Years-of-Age
Conventional Reasoning
• Middle school
• Apply certain
standards
• Standards set by
others
• Parents
• Government
• Learn to conform
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37. 6-11 Years-of-Age
Postconventional Reasoning
• Usually college years
• Recognize alternative
moral courses
• Explore options
• Create personal moral
code
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38. 6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg Stages Research
• Moral stages appeared later than Kohlberg
envisioned.
• Reasoning at Stage 6 rare.
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