Psychology, Chapter 13 therapy

Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 1
Cynthia K. Shinabarger Reed
Therapy

 The current view
of causes of
psychological
disorders
influence
treatments.
 People who
believed in
"possession" by
evil spirits
 Exorcism
 Trephining

 Treatments
 Exorcism
 Driving out of evil
spirits that are believed
to have taken over the
individual’s body. The
spirits cause the
individual to perform
evil acts.

 Opening of
the skull
 Performed for
the escape or
entrance of
spirits.

 Greek philosopher and physician Hippocrates
 Physical and psychological disorders have natural
causes
 Also in ancient Rome
 Treatments
 Baths
 Exercise
 Massage
 16th & 17th centuries
 Accused of being witches.

 Paris 18th century, mentally ill often chained
to walls
 “Keepers”
 Rarely showed compassion
 Punished at will
 Dr. Philippe Pinel,
 Needed humane care & treatment
 Moral management or moral therapy
 Providing humane & relaxed environment = + changes in
behavior.

 Benjamin Rush
 Introduced moral therapy at Philadelphia’s
Pennsylvania Hospital
 1st general hospital in the U.S. with a separate unit
for mentally ill
 Yet he restrained manic patients in his tranquilizer
chair
 He thought more humane than other restraints used
at the time.

 Mid-19th century, Dorothea Dix, Union's
Superintendent of Female Nurses during the
Civil War
 20 years fought for homeless & mentally ill
 Insisted states had an obligation to provide
care
 Convinced legislatures in 20 states to
establish or enlarge mental hospitals.

 They built larger institutions to
handle more patients.
 Expansion caused conditions to
deteriorate
 Use of restraints increased

 Franz Anton Mesmer
 Believed he could harness this magnetism as a
form of therapy to treat patients.
 With modifications, his techniques evolved
into hypnotism.

 Sigmund Freud
 Psychological disorders result from unconscious
feelings and conflicts
 Freud turned to other techniques when
hypnosis proved less effective than he had
hoped.

 Early 20th century
 General paresis
 Symptoms
 Paralysis
 Memory difficulties
 Discovered resulting from syphilis
 Stimulated search for biological causes of
other psychological disorders
 Development of biomedical treatments
 Psychosurgery
 Electroconvulsive (shock) therapy or ECT

 Beginning 1950s, populations of mental
hospitals began to decline
 Drugs made it possible to control many serious
symptoms.
 Growing belief that community care was more
effective
 Deinstitutionalization
 Policy of discharging large numbers of patients
 Closing hospitals

 Psychologists recognize 3 forms of
prevention:
1. Primary prevention
– Prevent disorders from occurring.
2. Secondary prevention
– Detect existing disorders
– Provide treatment at early stages.
3. Tertiary prevention
– reduce the damage caused by disorders for patients &
society.

 Not everyone who seeks therapy suffers from
a psychological disorder.
 Cope
 Loss of a job
 School-related difficulties
 Family problems

 About 30% with
psychological
disorder seek
treatment.
 More likely to
seek treatment
than substance
abusers
 Schizophrenias
 Bipolar disorder
 Panic disorder

 2 treatment categories for psychological
disorders:
 Biomedical therapies
 Psychological therapies
 Biomedical therapies
 Psychotropic drugs
 ECT
 Psychosurgery

 Psychological therapies
 “talk therapies” to treatments based on principles
of learning.
 Psychotherapy
 General term that describes psychological
treatments designed to help people resolve
behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems
and improve the quality of their lives.

 Most common licensed psychotherapists are
clinical and counseling psychologists,
psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, and social
workers.
 States regulate many mental health
professions
 Just beginning to regulate counselors

 Psychotherapy involves a special relationship
between a distressed person and a therapist
in which the therapist helps the client make
changes in his or her thinking, feeling, and
behavior.

 Psychoanalytic therapy
 Goal is to uncover unconscious conflicts and
feelings and bring them to the conscious level.
 Freud (get to unconscious)
 Free association
 Dream interpretation
 Resistance
 Transference

 Free association
 Relate thoughts, feelings, or images without modifying them
in any way.
 Freud called dreams “the royal road to the
unconscious” and distinguished between two forms
of dream content: manifest and latent.
 Manifest content
 Dream you recall when you awaken
 Latent content
 Underlying meaning
 Psychoanalyst’s interprets dreams by discovering the latent
content.

 Resistance
 Occurs during free association when the patient’s
flow of words and thoughts stops.
 Cessation of associations
 Indicates the defense mechanism of repression is
operating to protect the ego from the anxiety
generated by the thoughts and feelings revealed
through the associations.

 Transference
 Patient’s + or - reaction to the therapist
 Believed to reflect relationship to a significant
person outside of therapy.
 Countertransference
 Therapists reaction to the client
 Believed to reflect relationship to a significant
person in their life.

 Humanistic therapies
 Emphasize the present & the ability of clients to
solve their own problems once they are able to
accept themselves.
 Client-centered therapy
 Designed to create an environment in which the
client is able to find solutions to his or her
problems.

 Cognitive therapies
 Designed to change cognitions in order to
eliminate maladaptive behaviors.
 Thinking errors
 Rational-emotive behavior therapy (RET)
 Therapist challenges and questions the client’s
irrational ideas.
 Thinking errors

 Rational-emotive behavior therapy ABC
framework.
 A = activating event
 Related to an important
 Desire
 Goal
 Preference (getting the job, in our example
 B = belief (thinking error)
 Related to failure to attain the goal, that follows the
activating event (“I’m no good because I didn’t get the
job”).
 C = consequences
 anger, anxiety, and depression.

 Role of the therapist is to challenge the
thinking errors.

 Eysenck
 Psychotherapy clients just as likely to improve w/o
treatment.
 Studies show psychotherapy is generally
effective, although we are uncertain as to
why.

 Therapists increasingly aware of influence of
 Ethnic
 Cultural factors
 Members of ethnic groups drop out early from
psychotherapy
 Lack of therapists speak native language
 Failure to provide appropriate forms of therapy.

Psychology, Chapter 13 therapy

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

Similar to Psychology, Chapter 13 therapy

More from professorjcc

Recently uploaded

Psychology, Chapter 13 therapy