The couple faced a difficult decision when the wife became pregnant with their second child. Their first child had congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which can sometimes result in atypical genital development in female newborns. There was a 1 in 8 chance the new baby would also have CAH. The couple could treat the fetus with steroids to reduce this risk, but there were concerns about the long-term effects of these drugs on the fetus. Ultimately, the couple decided against treatment, and when the baby was born it was a healthy girl without any issues.
This document discusses pediatric growth and development from fetal development through childhood. It covers the principles of growth including cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction from general to specific abilities. Factors that can influence growth such as genetics, nutrition, environment and medical conditions are explained. The document also provides guidelines for monitoring growth through measurements of weight, length, head circumference, chest circumference and dental development at different ages.
Theories & factors affecting growth and developmentAruna Naudasari
Kohlberg's and Fowler's theories of growth and development are discussed. Key points include:
- Growth refers to physical changes in size while development is the progressive increase in skills and abilities.
- Development follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns from head to tail and center to periphery.
- Factors like heredity, environment, nutrition, and hormones influence growth and development.
- Physical growth involves changes in height, weight, head circumference, and chest size at different stages.
The document discusses several theories of child development, including:
1. Psychosocial Development Theory by Erik Erikson which describes 8 stages of social development from infancy to late adulthood.
2. Psycho-Sexual Development Theory by Sigmund Freud which proposes 5 stages of libido/sexual development from oral to genital stages.
3. Intellectual Development Theory by Jean Piaget which outlines 4 stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations.
The document provides details on the key concepts, stages, and theorists behind several influential theories of child growth and development.
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Stages or periods of development and learning
This document outlines the key principles and stages of human growth and development from conception through adulthood. It notes that development is a continuous process that proceeds in an orderly sequence at different rates from head to feet and from the center outward. The stages include prenatal development from zygote to fetus, neonatal development and milestones in the first years, preschool cognitive and motor skills ages 2-6, middle childhood physical and cognitive growth ages 6-12, adolescent physical changes and growth spurt ages 10-18, and adulthood with physical peak in early years and declines in middle to late adulthood.
Prenatal development is influenced by genes and chromosomes from both parents that are passed down during conception. The zygote contains the genetic material from both the egg and sperm that will determine the traits of the developing fetus. Multiple factors can threaten healthy prenatal growth, including teratogens, the mother's health and lifestyle during pregnancy, and environmental influences. Genetics and environment both play a role in shaping development, personality, and risk of psychological disorders.
Growth and development follow predictable patterns and sequences from head to toe and center to periphery. Growth is continuous but uneven, influenced by both nature and nurture like genetics and environment. Development involves maturation and learning, resulting in changes over time from general to specific movements and abilities in a normal sequence across physical, mental, emotional and social domains.
The document provides an overview of growth and development from infancy through adolescence. It discusses physical, cognitive, social, and emotional milestones at each developmental stage. Key aspects include directional trends in physical development, sequential development of skills, and asynchronous growth where different parts develop at varying rates. Play is recognized as central to child development at each age.
This document discusses pediatric growth and development from fetal development through childhood. It covers the principles of growth including cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction from general to specific abilities. Factors that can influence growth such as genetics, nutrition, environment and medical conditions are explained. The document also provides guidelines for monitoring growth through measurements of weight, length, head circumference, chest circumference and dental development at different ages.
Theories & factors affecting growth and developmentAruna Naudasari
Kohlberg's and Fowler's theories of growth and development are discussed. Key points include:
- Growth refers to physical changes in size while development is the progressive increase in skills and abilities.
- Development follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns from head to tail and center to periphery.
- Factors like heredity, environment, nutrition, and hormones influence growth and development.
- Physical growth involves changes in height, weight, head circumference, and chest size at different stages.
The document discusses several theories of child development, including:
1. Psychosocial Development Theory by Erik Erikson which describes 8 stages of social development from infancy to late adulthood.
2. Psycho-Sexual Development Theory by Sigmund Freud which proposes 5 stages of libido/sexual development from oral to genital stages.
3. Intellectual Development Theory by Jean Piaget which outlines 4 stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations.
The document provides details on the key concepts, stages, and theorists behind several influential theories of child growth and development.
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Stages or periods of development and learning
This document outlines the key principles and stages of human growth and development from conception through adulthood. It notes that development is a continuous process that proceeds in an orderly sequence at different rates from head to feet and from the center outward. The stages include prenatal development from zygote to fetus, neonatal development and milestones in the first years, preschool cognitive and motor skills ages 2-6, middle childhood physical and cognitive growth ages 6-12, adolescent physical changes and growth spurt ages 10-18, and adulthood with physical peak in early years and declines in middle to late adulthood.
Prenatal development is influenced by genes and chromosomes from both parents that are passed down during conception. The zygote contains the genetic material from both the egg and sperm that will determine the traits of the developing fetus. Multiple factors can threaten healthy prenatal growth, including teratogens, the mother's health and lifestyle during pregnancy, and environmental influences. Genetics and environment both play a role in shaping development, personality, and risk of psychological disorders.
Growth and development follow predictable patterns and sequences from head to toe and center to periphery. Growth is continuous but uneven, influenced by both nature and nurture like genetics and environment. Development involves maturation and learning, resulting in changes over time from general to specific movements and abilities in a normal sequence across physical, mental, emotional and social domains.
The document provides an overview of growth and development from infancy through adolescence. It discusses physical, cognitive, social, and emotional milestones at each developmental stage. Key aspects include directional trends in physical development, sequential development of skills, and asynchronous growth where different parts develop at varying rates. Play is recognized as central to child development at each age.
This document discusses various aspects of human growth and development, including physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development. It covers topics like the general pattern of physical growth, factors affecting development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Piaget's stages of cognitive development. Piaget's theory proposes that children progress through sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as their cognitive abilities develop. The document examines development from infancy through adolescence and adulthood.
This document discusses adolescent development from physical, cognitive, social, and emotional perspectives. It describes the transitions from childhood to adulthood, including puberty and its physical changes. Key developmental tasks are outlined for early, middle, and late adolescence, such as developing identity, independence, social skills, sexuality, and career choices. Cognitive advancements like abstract thinking and decision making are also reviewed. Challenges adolescents may face include school, family, or mental health issues. Theories on moral, social, and language development are summarized as well.
Young child playing in squatting position
Child development entails the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence, yet having a unique course for every child. It does not progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by the preceding developmental experiences. Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. Related terms include developmental psychology, referring to development throughout the lifespan, and pediatrics, the branch of medicine relating to the care of children.
Growth refers to increases in size and weight, while development describes qualitative changes that lead to improved functioning. There are seven principles of development: continuous development from birth to death, progression from general to specific changes, sequential changes like puberty following physical maturity, unique timing of changes in each individual, interrelated social, mental, and emotional development, interaction between heredity and environment, and interaction between maturation and learning. Development involves physical, intellectual, emotional, and social growth over one's lifetime.
Physical and motor development of children and adolescentMarilou Jamero
This document discusses physical and motor development in children and adolescents. It defines physical and motor skills and identifies stages of development from infancy to adulthood. During childhood, motor skills develop from large muscle movements to smaller, more refined movements. Fine motor skills involve smaller muscle groups while gross motor skills use larger muscle groups. The document provides examples of activities to develop both fine and gross motor skills. Physical development accelerates during adolescence through growth spurts and the onset of puberty bringing sexual maturity. Overall development follows predictable patterns but individuals vary in their needs and styles at each stage.
The document discusses growth and development of children. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in physical size, while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and functions. The principles of growth and development are that it is continuous, follows predictable sequences, and proceeds from head to toes and inward to outward. Factors like genetics, nutrition, environment, and hormones can influence a child's growth. Growth is assessed physically, while development includes motor, cognitive, emotional and social domains through different stages from prenatal to adolescence.
This document defines growth and development and how they are assessed in children. It discusses:
- Growth is an increase in size due to cell multiplication and protein/DNA content, while development refers to functional/physiological maturation.
- Growth can be measured through physical anthropometry of weight, length/height, head circumference, chest circumference, mid-arm circumference, and bone age assessed on X-rays.
- Factors like genetics, nutrition, socioeconomics, environment, and chronic diseases influence a child's growth and development. Growth and development begin at conception and continue until maturity.
The document provides an overview of several theories of growth and development. It discusses Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. It also outlines Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Erikson's psychosocial theory and stages, Fowler's stages of faith development, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Additionally, it summarizes Freud's psychosexual stages of development and Gilligan's theory of moral development. The document defines key concepts such as growth, development, and provides characteristics of growth and development.
This document discusses human growth and development from conception through adulthood. It defines growth as an increase in body size and weight, while development refers to the acquisition of skills and behaviors. The stages of development include prenatal (embryonic and fetal), infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Prenatal development begins with fertilization and progresses through embryogenesis and fetal stages. After birth, development occurs through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood. Nutrition, emotional support, and learning experiences influence growth and development at every stage of life.
1. Growth and development refers to the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the lifespan.
2. Physical growth involves increases in height, weight, and maturation of organs and body systems, while development includes functional and behavioral changes.
3. Development is influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors such as nutrition, health, socioeconomic status, education, and relationships.
Early childhood development spans from infancy to around ages 5-6. It involves rapid physical, cognitive, and social-emotional growth. Physically, children gain height and weight each year and improve motor skills like jumping, hopping, and balancing. Cognitively, vocabulary increases greatly as does the ability to use language and represent abstract ideas. Socially and emotionally, children develop relationships with peers and start to evaluate themselves.
This document provides an overview of pediatric growth and development from conception through childhood. It discusses fetal development month by month in the womb. Key stages of growth and development are outlined, along with principles like cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction of development. Factors that influence growth such as genetics, nutrition, environment, and disease are explained. The document also details methods of monitoring growth through measurements of weight, length, head circumference, and other indicators at different pediatric ages.
Physical development in early childhood (ages 2-6) involves rapid growth in height and weight, with growth occurring fastest in the first two years. Brain development also occurs quickly, with the sensory and motor areas growing first followed by the frontal lobes and cerebral cortex. By age 6, children can focus attention and coordinate large motor skills. Puberty begins around ages 8-14, bringing sexual maturation and growth spurts.
This document summarizes key aspects of child development from a biological perspective. It discusses the interplay between nature and nurture, including evidence from twin, adoption and feral studies. Genetic foundations are explored, including chromosomes, DNA, genes and inheritance. Common genetic conditions are described. The document also notes reproductive challenges and choices such as diagnostic tests, infertility treatments and adoption. Key frameworks for understanding genetic influences on development are presented.
Physical development refers to the progressive changes that occur both externally and internally from birth to adulthood. It involves changes in gross physical structure and internal organs. Physical development is very rapid during infancy but slows during periods of fixation from ages 3-6 and 7-9. Adolescence from ages 10-13 and the first three years of teens is also a period of rapid growth. Physical development is influenced by heredity, nutrition, immunization, ventilation, endocrine glands, prenatal health, family, sex differences, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Understanding physical development helps teachers tailor educational experiences and expectations to a child's developmental level.
1. Growth and development are influenced by both heredity and environment.
2. Development proceeds in an orderly sequence from head to trunk to limbs, and internally from central to peripheral.
3. Growth rates are not uniform and may be accelerated or delayed based on various genetic and environmental factors.
Prenatal development refers to the process by which a single fertilized egg cell develops into an embryo and eventually a fetus over a period of 10 weeks. It begins with fertilization in the fallopian tubes by a sperm penetrating the egg. The zygote then divides many times over as it travels down the tube and implants in the uterus. During the first 8 weeks, most major organs and bones form as the embryo develops and the placenta, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord form to nourish the growing fetus.
Physical and cognitive development in early childhoodAbigael Mabalot
Physical growth slows in early childhood from ages 3 to 6 as children lose their roundness and develop more adult-like proportions. Nutrition remains important as obesity risks increase, and diet should emphasize lean proteins, fruits and vegetables while limiting sugars and saturated fats. Motor skills advance as children gain strength, coordination and control over their bodies. Illnesses are common but help build immunity, while accidents pose risks that parents can help mitigate.
Growth and development of children: INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION, FACTOR AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PERIOD, PRINCIPALS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, INDICATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING, DOMAINS AND AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT, MILESTONES: GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY, SCREEING TOOLS.
Child development occurs in distinct periods from prenatal to adolescence. It involves physical, cognitive, and social/emotional growth. During the prenatal period, the zygote develops into an embryo and fetus. Fetal development includes the growth of organs and reflexes. Infancy spans birth to 2 years and involves motor and language milestones. Toddlerhood from 1.5-3 years sees the development of autonomy and gender identity. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes stages from sensorimotor to formal operations. Attachment theory proposes that early relationships impact later relationships.
Developmental psychology from conception to birth and after an overviewjabberkhan
An introduction to developmental psychology. it contains all basic concepts of baby birth, health , mother care, environmental influence, Research, Theories and stages of development.
This document discusses various aspects of human growth and development, including physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development. It covers topics like the general pattern of physical growth, factors affecting development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Piaget's stages of cognitive development. Piaget's theory proposes that children progress through sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as their cognitive abilities develop. The document examines development from infancy through adolescence and adulthood.
This document discusses adolescent development from physical, cognitive, social, and emotional perspectives. It describes the transitions from childhood to adulthood, including puberty and its physical changes. Key developmental tasks are outlined for early, middle, and late adolescence, such as developing identity, independence, social skills, sexuality, and career choices. Cognitive advancements like abstract thinking and decision making are also reviewed. Challenges adolescents may face include school, family, or mental health issues. Theories on moral, social, and language development are summarized as well.
Young child playing in squatting position
Child development entails the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence, yet having a unique course for every child. It does not progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by the preceding developmental experiences. Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. Related terms include developmental psychology, referring to development throughout the lifespan, and pediatrics, the branch of medicine relating to the care of children.
Growth refers to increases in size and weight, while development describes qualitative changes that lead to improved functioning. There are seven principles of development: continuous development from birth to death, progression from general to specific changes, sequential changes like puberty following physical maturity, unique timing of changes in each individual, interrelated social, mental, and emotional development, interaction between heredity and environment, and interaction between maturation and learning. Development involves physical, intellectual, emotional, and social growth over one's lifetime.
Physical and motor development of children and adolescentMarilou Jamero
This document discusses physical and motor development in children and adolescents. It defines physical and motor skills and identifies stages of development from infancy to adulthood. During childhood, motor skills develop from large muscle movements to smaller, more refined movements. Fine motor skills involve smaller muscle groups while gross motor skills use larger muscle groups. The document provides examples of activities to develop both fine and gross motor skills. Physical development accelerates during adolescence through growth spurts and the onset of puberty bringing sexual maturity. Overall development follows predictable patterns but individuals vary in their needs and styles at each stage.
The document discusses growth and development of children. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in physical size, while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and functions. The principles of growth and development are that it is continuous, follows predictable sequences, and proceeds from head to toes and inward to outward. Factors like genetics, nutrition, environment, and hormones can influence a child's growth. Growth is assessed physically, while development includes motor, cognitive, emotional and social domains through different stages from prenatal to adolescence.
This document defines growth and development and how they are assessed in children. It discusses:
- Growth is an increase in size due to cell multiplication and protein/DNA content, while development refers to functional/physiological maturation.
- Growth can be measured through physical anthropometry of weight, length/height, head circumference, chest circumference, mid-arm circumference, and bone age assessed on X-rays.
- Factors like genetics, nutrition, socioeconomics, environment, and chronic diseases influence a child's growth and development. Growth and development begin at conception and continue until maturity.
The document provides an overview of several theories of growth and development. It discusses Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. It also outlines Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Erikson's psychosocial theory and stages, Fowler's stages of faith development, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Additionally, it summarizes Freud's psychosexual stages of development and Gilligan's theory of moral development. The document defines key concepts such as growth, development, and provides characteristics of growth and development.
This document discusses human growth and development from conception through adulthood. It defines growth as an increase in body size and weight, while development refers to the acquisition of skills and behaviors. The stages of development include prenatal (embryonic and fetal), infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Prenatal development begins with fertilization and progresses through embryogenesis and fetal stages. After birth, development occurs through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood. Nutrition, emotional support, and learning experiences influence growth and development at every stage of life.
1. Growth and development refers to the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the lifespan.
2. Physical growth involves increases in height, weight, and maturation of organs and body systems, while development includes functional and behavioral changes.
3. Development is influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors such as nutrition, health, socioeconomic status, education, and relationships.
Early childhood development spans from infancy to around ages 5-6. It involves rapid physical, cognitive, and social-emotional growth. Physically, children gain height and weight each year and improve motor skills like jumping, hopping, and balancing. Cognitively, vocabulary increases greatly as does the ability to use language and represent abstract ideas. Socially and emotionally, children develop relationships with peers and start to evaluate themselves.
This document provides an overview of pediatric growth and development from conception through childhood. It discusses fetal development month by month in the womb. Key stages of growth and development are outlined, along with principles like cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction of development. Factors that influence growth such as genetics, nutrition, environment, and disease are explained. The document also details methods of monitoring growth through measurements of weight, length, head circumference, and other indicators at different pediatric ages.
Physical development in early childhood (ages 2-6) involves rapid growth in height and weight, with growth occurring fastest in the first two years. Brain development also occurs quickly, with the sensory and motor areas growing first followed by the frontal lobes and cerebral cortex. By age 6, children can focus attention and coordinate large motor skills. Puberty begins around ages 8-14, bringing sexual maturation and growth spurts.
This document summarizes key aspects of child development from a biological perspective. It discusses the interplay between nature and nurture, including evidence from twin, adoption and feral studies. Genetic foundations are explored, including chromosomes, DNA, genes and inheritance. Common genetic conditions are described. The document also notes reproductive challenges and choices such as diagnostic tests, infertility treatments and adoption. Key frameworks for understanding genetic influences on development are presented.
Physical development refers to the progressive changes that occur both externally and internally from birth to adulthood. It involves changes in gross physical structure and internal organs. Physical development is very rapid during infancy but slows during periods of fixation from ages 3-6 and 7-9. Adolescence from ages 10-13 and the first three years of teens is also a period of rapid growth. Physical development is influenced by heredity, nutrition, immunization, ventilation, endocrine glands, prenatal health, family, sex differences, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Understanding physical development helps teachers tailor educational experiences and expectations to a child's developmental level.
1. Growth and development are influenced by both heredity and environment.
2. Development proceeds in an orderly sequence from head to trunk to limbs, and internally from central to peripheral.
3. Growth rates are not uniform and may be accelerated or delayed based on various genetic and environmental factors.
Prenatal development refers to the process by which a single fertilized egg cell develops into an embryo and eventually a fetus over a period of 10 weeks. It begins with fertilization in the fallopian tubes by a sperm penetrating the egg. The zygote then divides many times over as it travels down the tube and implants in the uterus. During the first 8 weeks, most major organs and bones form as the embryo develops and the placenta, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord form to nourish the growing fetus.
Physical and cognitive development in early childhoodAbigael Mabalot
Physical growth slows in early childhood from ages 3 to 6 as children lose their roundness and develop more adult-like proportions. Nutrition remains important as obesity risks increase, and diet should emphasize lean proteins, fruits and vegetables while limiting sugars and saturated fats. Motor skills advance as children gain strength, coordination and control over their bodies. Illnesses are common but help build immunity, while accidents pose risks that parents can help mitigate.
Growth and development of children: INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION, FACTOR AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PERIOD, PRINCIPALS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, INDICATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING, DOMAINS AND AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT, MILESTONES: GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY, SCREEING TOOLS.
Child development occurs in distinct periods from prenatal to adolescence. It involves physical, cognitive, and social/emotional growth. During the prenatal period, the zygote develops into an embryo and fetus. Fetal development includes the growth of organs and reflexes. Infancy spans birth to 2 years and involves motor and language milestones. Toddlerhood from 1.5-3 years sees the development of autonomy and gender identity. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes stages from sensorimotor to formal operations. Attachment theory proposes that early relationships impact later relationships.
Developmental psychology from conception to birth and after an overviewjabberkhan
An introduction to developmental psychology. it contains all basic concepts of baby birth, health , mother care, environmental influence, Research, Theories and stages of development.
Babyhood spans from 2 weeks to 2 years old. This stage is characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. Babies develop increased mobility, begin exploring their environment, learn social and motor skills, and form attachments to caregivers. However, babyhood can also present physical and psychological hazards such as illness, accidents, emotional deprivation, inconsistent caregiving, and abuse that may negatively impact development. Caregivers aim to support babies' healthy growth and meet their developmental needs during this critical period.
During infancy, play involves exposing infants to sounds of varying volumes, objects to look at and touch, and helping them move their bodies. From birth to 3 months, infants' responses are largely undifferentiated and play is dependent. Pleasure is shown through quieting, smiling, and squealing. Recommended activities include presenting sounds to listen to, providing things to look at and touch within reach, and helping the baby move their body. This exposure helps stimulate infants' senses and motor development during this dependent early stage.
This document discusses human development across the lifespan. It covers the main stages of development from prenatal to adolescence. The key points are:
1. Development involves biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes that begin at conception and continue throughout life.
2. The main stages discussed are prenatal, infancy, early childhood, late childhood, and adolescence. Each stage involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.
3. Development is influenced by both nature (heredity) and nurture (environment). The roles of parents and caregivers in supporting development are also emphasized.
Scsn early years annual conference - heather stack - presentation oct 2013joyoneill
The document discusses the impacts of parental absence, relocation, and disability on babies and young children. It notes that parental stress, depression, absence, and other challenges can negatively impact children's development by affecting brain activity and attachment relationships. However, it also discusses factors that can promote resilience, such as social support, secure family contexts, and parents' ability to buffer stress. The document emphasizes that early experiences and relationships play a crucial role in children's social-emotional development and future mental health outcomes.
- The document provides information on human development across the lifespan, from conception through death. It discusses topics like prenatal development, newborn abilities, infant cognitive development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and more.
- Researchers explore infant cognition through tests of habituation, where decreased response to repeated stimuli shows boredom and basic mental abilities. Brain and motor development are rapid in early childhood as neural connections multiply.
- Piaget believed children think quite differently than adults, with cognition developing through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as logical thought becomes more advanced.
The document discusses the widespread problem of teen pregnancy in the United States. It notes that around 485,000 babies are born to mothers between 15-19 years old each year. Teen mothers often face homelessness and poverty. The document examines some of the causes of teen pregnancy, including lack of education about contraception and misunderstandings about fertility. It also explores the negative impacts of teen pregnancy on both mothers and children, such as higher health risks, lower education achievement, and increased risk of abuse. The document argues that preventing teen pregnancy through education is important to support healthy development and break the cycle of poverty.
This week in our forum we are looking at things that impact the .docxrowthechang
This week in our forum we are looking at things that impact the development of the child. We have two parts to our discussion.
Part one-
One of the things that impact a child’s overall development is nutrition.
Explain why nutrition is important for child development, and how it has evolved within the family unit. Apply this concept to the lifestyle of busy parents and the impact it has had on the child, and within the family. How has the food industry responded? How has our government responded? How have schools responded both with what they serve students and also what they teach students?
Part two-
How does infectious disease and immunizations impact a child’s health? What concerns should parents have? How do parents evaluate false claims, and what is the impact of false claims?
Criteria/ 300 Level Forum Rubric
Possible Points
Student Points
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
20
Post meets the 300 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
10
Timeliness: initial post meets the Wed deadline
Physical Growth and Motor Development
Physical growth and motor skill development are closely intertwined. The first two years of life are a period of rapid growth and development physically, from the newborn period through the active toddler and preschool years. Children’s growth and development is impacted by heredity, nutrition, illness, and environment.
TOPICS IN THIS LESSON INCLUDE:
· The effects of heredity and hormones on physical growth and health in early childhood
· The impact of nutrition on early childhood physical growth and health
· How infectious disease and immunizations impact early physical growth and health in early childhood
· Major milestones of gross‐ and fine‐motor development in early childhood
Effects of Heredity and Hormones
· ROLE OF HEREDITY
·
HORMONES
·
GROWTH HORMONE
·
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
The influence of heredity on physical growth is seen directly through the relationship between a child’s size and growth rate and those of his or her parents. A central mechanism is that of genes in producing growth hormones. Sleep is an important contributor as growth hormones are most actively released then.
Genes influence growth in a number of ways, including controlling the body’s production of hormones. Around 60 to 80 percent of height is determined by heredity; the other 20 to 40 percent is impacted by nutrition and other environmental factors. The pituitary gland at base of brain releases two essential growth hormones. These are
Growth Hormone
or GH ...
This week in our forum we are looking at things that impact the de.docxherthalearmont
This week in our forum we are looking at things that impact the development of the child. We have two parts to our discussion.
Part one-
One of the things that impact a child’s overall development is nutrition.
Explain why nutrition is important for child development, and how it has evolved within the family unit. Apply this concept to the lifestyle of busy parents and the impact it has had on the child, and within the family. How has the food industry responded? How has our government responded? How have schools responded both with what they serve students and also what they teach students?
Part two-
How does infectious disease and immunizations impact a child’s health? What concerns should parents have? How do parents evaluate false claims, and what is the impact of false claims?
Criteria/ 300 Level Forum Rubric
Possible Points
Student Points
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
20
Post meets the 300 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
10
Timeliness: initial post meets the Wed deadline
Physical Growth and Motor Development
Physical growth and motor skill development are closely intertwined. The first two years of life are a period of rapid growth and development physically, from the newborn period through the active toddler and preschool years. Children’s growth and development is impacted by heredity, nutrition, illness, and environment.
TOPICS IN THIS LESSON INCLUDE:
· The effects of heredity and hormones on physical growth and health in early childhood
· The impact of nutrition on early childhood physical growth and health
· How infectious disease and immunizations impact early physical growth and health in early childhood
· Major milestones of gross‐ and fine‐motor development in early childhood
Effects of Heredity and Hormones
· ROLE OF HEREDITY
· HORMONES
· GROWTH HORMONE
· THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
The influence of heredity on physical growth is seen directly through the relationship between a child’s size and growth rate and those of his or her parents. A central mechanism is that of genes in producing growth hormones. Sleep is an important contributor as growth hormones are most actively released then.
Genes influence growth in a number of ways, including controlling the body’s production of hormones. Around 60 to 80 percent of height is determined by heredity; the other 20 to 40 percent is impacted by nutrition and other environmental factors. The pituitary gland at base of brain releases two essential growth hormones. These are Growth Hormone or GH and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone or TSH. Both of these are ...
During the preschool years, children experience significant physical and cognitive development. Their bodies grow stronger as muscle size increases and bones become sturdier. The brain grows rapidly, particularly areas related to motor skills, senses, and cognitive abilities. Major developmental milestones include gaining independence using the bathroom and developing hand preferences. Children's health risks include injuries, illnesses, nutrition issues like obesity, and extreme threats like abuse and neglect. Parents can support development by providing a healthy lifestyle, education on safety, and nurturing caregiving relationships.
This document outlines a parenting workshop aimed at equipping parents with the skills needed to care for their children who are returning from residential care. A needs assessment found that many children remain in care due to a lack of family support and parenting skills. The workshop activities explored the influences on parents' styles, their strengths and weaknesses, and how to build healthy parent-child relationships. Feedback showed most parents linked their practices to their own upbringings, and identifying issues helped them improve. The goal was to reconnect families and restore healthy relationships by addressing the root causes of behavioral problems.
Applied psychology in the care of health care usersChantal Settley
This document discusses psychological development across the human lifespan. It covers Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development, which proposes 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood defined by developmental tasks and psychological crises. Each stage is associated with challenges that must be resolved to progress emotionally. The document also examines physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development in early childhood, including attachment, motor skills, speech, self-control, relationships, and the importance of play.
This document discusses growth and development in children. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in physical size while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and abilities. The document outlines the major stages of growth from infancy to adolescence and lists factors that can influence development such as genetics, prenatal environment, nutrition, and socioeconomic status. It also provides examples of developmental milestones in areas like gross motor skills, fine motor skills, language, and social skills that children typically reach at certain ages from birth to 2 years old.
Brain-Research, Attachment Issues and Sensory Integration(Revised).pptxMarhaKmbnAdilon
Brain research examines multiple disciplines to understand brain function and neural circuits. The brain controls important body functions and behaviors. Recent research shows children and adults process memories differently, with children creating separate memories rather than integrated ones. Glial cells, in addition to neurons, play a role in learning and memory in mice. High-quality early education is linked to later success in STEM fields. Increased neocortex surface area contributed to human intelligence, and disorders can develop when this does not occur properly. Live performances better engage babies than recordings. Math class improves brain plasticity in teenagers. Prenatal mindfulness and spanking may affect infant brain development and response. Working memory utilizes multiple synapses.
Introduction to Pediatric, Growth and DevelopmentVipin Vageriya
The document discusses pediatric nursing and child growth and development. It begins by defining pediatric nursing as the branch of medicine dealing with the care of children from conception to adolescence. It then discusses the stages of child growth and development from infancy to adolescence. Finally, it summarizes the key aspects of growth, including that it follows a head-to-toe and inward-outward pattern, and is influenced by both nature and nurture.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental psychology, including:
1) Developmental psychology studies patterns of growth and change across the lifespan, addressing the interplay between nature (heredity) and nurture (environment).
2) Prenatal development involves three main periods - the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period - during which major organs develop. Genetic factors and the prenatal environment both influence fetal development.
3) Childhood is marked by rapid cognitive, social, and physical development. Piaget's stages of cognitive development describe children's evolving understanding of the world from infancy through age 12.
4) Adolescence brings puberty and profound physical
Development of Learners at Various Stage by Annah Belgira.pptxAnnahPacardoBelgira
This document discusses development from prenatal stages through early childhood. It describes the three prenatal stages of germinal, embryonic, and fetal, covering weeks 1-40 of development. Key aspects of development are then outlined for infancy/toddlerhood and early childhood, including physical, cognitive, language, motor, social, and emotional development. The stages and milestones discussed provide an overview of growth and changes from conception through age 5.
The document discusses pediatric nursing and child growth and development. It begins by defining pediatric nursing as the branch of medicine dealing with the care of children from conception to adolescence. It then outlines the stages of child growth and development from infancy to adolescence. Finally, it discusses the key aspects and factors that influence child growth and development, including heredity, nutrition, health, and environment.
Similar to Human Growth and Development - Completed (20)
This PPT is made for my Balik-Aral class. This contains topics about the male and female reproductive system, menstruation and growth and development. i used fonts that downloaded myself thus, some fonts may not be compatible with your computer. I hope this helps all other teachers and so as students out there
The document outlines the agenda for a discussion covering China and the Chinese Communist Party. The discussion on China will include basic information on its official name, population, capital, geographical size, etymology of its name, borders, and biodiversity. The discussion on the Chinese Communist Party will cover its founding, status as China's ruling and sole governing party, membership size, organization structure with the National Congress as its highest body, and symbols of the party flag and emblem.
The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals. Nitrogen makes up most of the air but cannot be used by plants and animals in its atmospheric form. Bacteria play a key role in fixing nitrogen by converting it into forms that can be used by plants through processes like nitrification and assimilation. Humans have disrupted the natural nitrogen cycle through activities like fertilizer use that introduce excess nitrogen. Maintaining the balance of the nitrogen cycle is important for ecosystems and the environment.
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. Although his father wanted him to study medicine, Galileo pursued mathematics and began teaching privately after abandoning his medical studies. In 1609, Galileo significantly improved the telescope and began making astronomical observations, discovering the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and that the earth revolves around the sun. This contradicted the Catholic Church's view, and in 1633 Galileo was tried and sentenced to house arrest for defending the Copernican system, where he remained until his death in 1642.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Human Growth and Development - Completed
1.
2. When the Morrisons were expecting their second child, the
couple faced an anguishing dilemma.
Their first child, a girl born in 2002, had a condition known as
congential adrenal hyperplasia, or CAH, which can sometimes result
in male-like genitals in female newborns. So when Mrs. Morrison
became pregnant again, the couple was well-aware the baby had a 1-
in-8 chance of being born with the same disorder.
There were choices. They could treat the fetus with a
powerful steroid that would most likely avert the possibility of the
genitals becoming malformed. But the couple
worried about doing this. There was little research on the long-term
effects of treating a
fetus with steroids, and statistically, there was a much greater
chance that the baby
wouldn’t have the genital problem at all . . . .
The couple decided to forgo the steroid treatment. “It was
touch-and-go, but in the end I couldn’t expose the baby to the
drugs,” says Mrs. Morrison. When the baby arrived, it was a girl and,
4. The Earliest Development &
Significant Weeks of the Child
• When an egg becomes fertilized by the sperm, the resulting
one-celled entity, called a zygote, immediately begins to
develop.
5. The Earliest Development & Significant Weeks of
the Child
Germination Period first 2 weeks of the zygote
Embryonic Period 2 weeks after the mother’s
conception
6. The Earliest Development & Significant
Weeks of the Child
• Fetal Period Week 8 until birth
• Week 16 until Week 18
11. The process of fetal growth that we have
just described reflects normal
development, which occurs in 95–98% of
all pregnancies. Some individuals are less
fortunate; in the remaining 2–5% of
cases, children are born with serious birth
defects. A major cause of such defects is
faulty genes or chromosomes.
Genetic Influences on the Fetus
12. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A child born with the inherited disease
phenylketonuria cannot produce an enzyme that is
required for normal development.
Sickle-cell anemia
Abnormal shaped RBCs
14. Tay-Sachs Disease
Children born with these disease usually die at age 3
or 4 because of their inability to break down fats in
their body.
Down Syndrome
Occurs when the zygote receives an extra
chromosome at the moment of conception.
16. Genetic factors are not the only causes of
difficulties in fetal development.
Environmental influences—the nurture part
of the nature–nurture equation—also affect
the fetus. Some of the more profound
consequences are brought about by
teratogens, environmental agents such as
a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that
produce a birth defect.
17. FACTORS:
Mother’s Nutrition
What a mother eats during her pregnancy can have important
implications for the health of her baby. Seriously undernourished
mothers cannot provide adequate nutrition to a growing fetus,
and they are likely to give birth to underweight babies.
Mother’s Illness
Several diseases that have a relatively minor effect on the
health of a mother can have devastating consequences for
a developing fetus if they are contracted during the early
part of a pregnancy.
18. • Mother’s Emotional State
• Mothers who are anxious and tense during the last
months of their pregnancies are more apt to have
irritable infants who sleep and eat poorly.
• Mother’s Use of Drugs
• Mothers who take illegal, physically addictive drugs
such as cocaine run the risk of giving birth to babies
who are similarly addicted.
FACTORS:
19. Factors:
Alcohol
Alcohol is extremely dangerous to fetal
development. For example, 1 out of every
750 infants is born with fetal alcohol
syndrome ( FAS ).
Nicotine Use
Pregnant mothers who smoke put their children at
considerable risk. Smoking while pregnant can lead
to miscarriage and infant death.
20. The Extraordinary Newborn
His head was molded into a long melon shape and came
to a point at the back . . . . He was covered with a thick
greasy white material known as “vernix,” which made
him slippery to hold and also allowed him to slip easily
through the birth canal. In addition to a shock of black
hair on his head, his body was covered with dark, fine
hair known as “lanugo.” His ears, his back, his shoulders,
and even his cheeks were furry . . . . His skin was wrinkled
and quite loose, ready to scale in creased places such as
his feet and hands . . . . His ears were pressed to his head
in unusual positions—one ear was matted firmly forward
on his cheek. His nose was flattened and pushed to one
side by the squeeze as he came through the pelvis.
21.
22. • Several factors cause a neonate’s strange appearance. The trip
through the mother’s birth canal may have squeezed the
incompletely formed bones of the skull together and squashed the
nose into the head. The skin secretes vernix, a white greasy
covering, for protection before birth, and the baby may have
lanugo, a soft fuzz, over the entire body for a similar purpose. The
infant’s eyelids may be puffy with an accumulation of fluids
because of the upside-down position during birth. All these
features change during the first two weeks of life as the neonate
takes on a more familiar appearance. Even more impressive are the
capabilities a neonate begins to display from the moment of
birth—capabilities that grow at an astounding rate over the ensuing
months.
The Extraordinary Newborn
23. A neonate is born with a
number of reflexes. Critical
for survival, many of those
reflexes unfold naturally as
part of an infant’s ongoing
maturation.
27. Development of the Senses:
Taking in the World
When proud parents peer into the eyes of their neonate,
is the child able to return their gaze? Although it was
thought for some time that newborns can see only a
hazy blur, most current findings indicate that neonates’
capabilities are far more impressive. Although their eyes
have a limited capacity to focus on objects that are not
within a seven- to eight-inch distance from the face,
neonates can follow objects moving within their field of
vision. They also show the rudiments of depth
perception as they react by raising their hands when an
object appears to be moving rapidly toward the face.
Habituation
the decrease in the response to a stimulus that
occurs after repeated presentations of the
same stimulus.
28. Significant Periods for the Child
Second Day
Third Day
First Month
Fourth-Fifth Month
Sixth Month
Seventh Month
Twelfth Month
29. • Physical Development
• Children’s physical growth is the most obvious sign
of development. During the first year of life, children
typically triple their birth weight and their height
increases by about half. This rapid growth slows
down as the child gets older.
• Social Development
• As anyone who has seen infants smiling at the sight of their
mothers can guess, at the same time that infants grow
physically and hone their perceptual abilities, they also develop
socially. The nature of a child’s early social development
provides the foundation for social relationships that will last a
lifetime.
30. ▫ As the age progresses, the size of the head
decreases until the individual reaches adulthood.
34. Although early developmental research focused largely on the
mother-child relationship, more recent research has highlighted the
father’s role in parenting—and with good reason: The number of
fathers who are primary caregivers for their children has grown
significantly, and fathers play an increasingly important role in their
children’s lives. For example, in almost 13% of families with children,
the father is the parent who stays at home to care for preschoolers.
When fathers interact with their children, their play often differs from
mothers’ play. Fathers engage in more physical, rough-and-tumble
sorts of activities, whereas mothers play more verbal and traditional
games, such as peekaboo. Despite such behavioral differences, the
nature of attachment between fathers and children compared with
that between mothers and children can be similar. In fact, children can
form multiple attachments simultaneously
FATHER’S ROLE
35. Social Relationship With Peers
• By the time they are 2 years old, children become less
dependent on their parents, more self-reliant, and
increasingly prefer to play with friends. Initially, play is
relatively independent.
• As children reach school age, their social interactions begin
to follow set patterns and become more frequent. They may
engage in elaborate games involving teams and rigid rules.
This play serves purposes other than mere enjoyment. It
allows children to become increasingly competent in their
social interactions with others. Through play they learn to
take the perspective of other people and to infer others’
thoughts and feelings, even when those thoughts and
feelings are not directly expressed
36. Consequences of Child Care
Outside the Home
• Do child-care arrangements
outside the home benefit
children’s development?
38. Theories of Development
•Erickson’s Theory of
Psychosocial Development
▫ Psychosocial Development
▫ Trust-Versus-Mistrust Stage
▫ Autonomy-Versus-Shame-and-Doubt
Stage
▫ Initiative-Versus-Guilt Stage
▫ Industry-Versus-Inferiority Stage
39. Jean Piaget
“ children proceed through
a series of four (4) stages
Quantity Quality
43. Adolescence: Becoming An Adult
• Joseph Charles, Age 13: Being 13 is very hard at school. I have to be bad in
order to be considered cool. I sometimes do things that aren’t good. I have
talked back to my teachers and been disrespectful to them. I do want to
be good, but it’s just too hard. (Gibbs, 2005, p. 51)
• Trevor Kelson, Age 15: “Keep the Hell Out of my Room!” says a sign on
Trevor’s bedroom wall, just above an unmade bed, a desk littered with
dirty T-shirts and candy wrappers, and a floor covered with clothes. Is
there a carpet? “Somewhere,” he says with a grin. “I think it’s gold.”
(Fields-Meyer, 1995, p. 53)
• Lauren Barry, Age 18: “I went to a National Honor Society induction. The
parents were just staring at me. I think they couldn’t believe someone
with pink hair could be smart. I want to be a high-school teacher, but I’m
afraid that, based on my appearance, they won’t hire me.” (Gordon et al.,
1999, p. 47)
44. Adolescence
• developmental stage between childhood
and adulthood, is a crucial period.
• time of profound changes.
• attain sexual and physical maturity.
• Important social, emotional, and cognitive
changes occur as adolescents strive for
independence and move toward adulthood.
45. Physical Development: The Changing
Adolescent
• Spurt in height
• Growth of breasts (girls)
• Deepening of voices (boys)
• Development of body hair (pubic && armpit)
46. PUBERTY
• period at which maturation of the sexual
organs occurs, begins at about age 11 or 12
for girls, when menstruation starts.
• the onset of puberty is marked by their first
ejaculation
47. Moral and Cognitive Development:
Distinguishing Right from Wrong
• In a European country, a woman is near death from a
special kind of cancer. The one drug that the doctors
think might save her is a medicine that a medical
researcher has recently discovered. The drug is expensive
to make, and the researcher is charging ten times the
cost, or $5,000, for a small dose. The sick woman’s
husband, Henry, approaches everyone he knows in hope
of borrowing money, but he can get together only about
$2,500. He tells the researcher that his wife is dying and
asks him to lower the price of the drug or let him pay
later. The researcher says, “No, I discovered the drug,
and I’m going to make money from it.” Henry is
desperate and considers stealing the drug for his wife.
What would you tell Henry to do?
48.
49. ADULTHOOD
Begins at age 20 until 40-45 (middle) and then
up until 60.
EMERGING ADULTHOOD
Transitional phase which marks the start of adulthood
Beginning in the late teenage years extending to mid-20s
50. Physical Development: The
Peak of Health
For most people, early adulthood marks the
peak of physical health. From about 18 to 25
years of age, people’s strength is greatest,
their reflexes are quickest, and their chances
of dying from disease are quite slim. Moreover,
reproductive capabilities are at their highest
level.
51. During middle adulthood, people gradually become aware of
changes in their bodies. They often experience weight gain
(although they can avoid such increases through diet and
exercise). Furthermore, the sense organs gradually become
less sensitive, and reactions to stimuli are slower. But
generally, the physical declines that occur during middle
adulthood are minor and often unnoticeable (Di Giovanna,
1994). The major biological change that does occur during
middle adulthood pertains to reproductive capabilities. On
average, during their late 40s or early 50s, women begin
menopause, during which they stop menstruating and are no
longer fertile. Because menopause is accompanied by a
significant reduction in the production of estrogen, a female
hormone, women sometimes experience symptoms such as
hot flashes, sudden sensations of heat.
52. For men, the aging process during middle
adulthood is somewhat subtler. There are no
physiological signals of increasing age equivalent
to the end of menstruation in women; that is, no
male menopause exists. In fact, men remain fertile
and capable of fathering children until well into
late adulthood. However, some gradual physical
decline occurs. Sperm production decreases, and
the frequency of orgasm tends to decline. Once
again, though, any psychological difficulties
associated with these changes are usually brought
about by an aging individual’s inability to meet the
exaggerated standards of youthfulness and not by
the person’s physical deterioration.
53. Social Development: Working at Life
The entry into early adulthood is usually marked by leaving one’s
childhood home and entering the world of work. People envision life goals
and make career choices. Their lives often center on their careers, which
form an important part of their identity
In their early 40s, however, people may begin to question their lives as
they enter a period called the midlife transition . The idea that life will end
at some point can become more influential in their thinking, which leads
them to question their past accomplishments
Finally, during the last stages of adulthood, people become more
accepting of others and of their own lives and are less concerned about
issues or problems that once bothered them. They come to accept the
fact that death is inevitable, and they try to understand their
accomplishments in terms of the broader meaning of life.
54. Marriage, Children, and
Divorce:
Family Ties
In the typical fairy tale, a dashing young
man and a beautiful young woman
marry, have children, and live happily
ever after. However, that scenario does
not match the realities of love and
marriage in the 21st century. Today, it is
just as likely that the man and woman
would first live together, then get
married and have children, but
ultimately get divorced.
55. When people do marry, the probability of
divorce is high, especially for younger couples.
Even though divorce rates have been declining
since they peaked in 1981, about half of all first
marriages end in divorce. Before they are 18
years old, two-fifths of children will experience
the breakup of their parents’ marriages.
What are the economic and emotional
consequences for children living in homes with
only one parent?
56. • hair thinning and turning gray
• skin wrinkling and folding
• sometimes a slight loss of height as the
thickness of the disks between vertebrae in
the spine decreases
• but subtler changes also occur in the body’s
biological functioning. For example, sensory
capabilities decrease as a result of aging:
Vision, hearing, smell, and taste become less
sensitive. Reaction time slows, and physical
stamina changes
57. What are the reasons?
• Genetic Preprogramming Theories of
Aging
suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to
their reproduction. These theories suggest that after
a certain time cells stop dividing or become harmful
to the body—as if a kind of automatic self-destruct
button had been pushed
58. • Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging
suggest that the mechanical functions of the
body simply work less efficiently as people
age. Waste byproducts of energy production
eventually accumulate, and mistakes are
made when cells divide. Eventually the body
in effect wears out like an old automobile
59.
60. Senility
broad, imprecise term typically applied
to older adults who experience
progressive deterioration of mental
abilities, including memory loss,
disorientation to time and place, and
general confusion.
61. progressive brain disorder that leads to a
gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive
abilities
occurs when production of the beta amyloid
precursor protein goes awry, producing large
clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and
deterioration of nerve cells. The brain shrinks,
neurons die, and several areas of the
hippocampus and frontal and temporal lobes
deteriorate.
62. THE SOCIAL WORLD OF LATE ADULTHOOD:
OLD BUT NOT ALONE
Disengagement Theory of Aging
aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world
on physical, psychological, and social levels
However, such disengagement serves an important
purpose of providing an opportunity for increased
reflectiveness and decreased emotional investment in
others at a time of life when social relationships will
inevitably be ended by death
63. Activity Theory of Aging
> people who age most successfully are those
who maintain the interests, activities, and level of social
interaction they experienced during middle adulthood.
Activity theory argues that late adulthood should reflect
a continuation, as much as possible, of the activities in
which people participated during the earlier part of their
lives