This document provides an overview of nutrition in the life cycle, covering several life stages. It begins with an introduction to maternal and child nutrition, discussing the relationship between nutrition and pregnancy outcomes, low birth weight, lactation, and women's nutrition between births. It then covers nutrition and child development from infancy through childhood and adolescence. Key topics for adolescents include growth, nutrient requirements, weight issues, and dietary sources of vitamins and minerals. The document also discusses interventions to address nutritional problems for mothers and children, including supplementation and breastfeeding. It concludes with a chapter on the nutritional concerns of the elderly, such as changes in nutrient requirements and food pyramid recommendations with aging.
Here are some additional examples of meals and snacks adolescents may choose:
- Pasta with tomato sauce and vegetables
- Yogurt and fruit
- Peanut butter and banana sandwich
- Salad with chicken and dressing
- Granola bar
- Smoothie with yogurt, fruit and plant-based milk
- Hard boiled eggs
- Trail mix with nuts and dried fruit
- String cheese and crackers
Nutrition in adolescence presents challenges as it is a period of accelerated growth and development. Adolescents have increased nutritional needs to support physical changes during puberty as well as emotional and social development. Proper nutrition during this time is important as it can impact long-term health outcomes. Key nutrients adolescents need more of include energy, protein, calcium, iron and zinc. Factors like lifestyle, emotions, and peer pressure can influence eating habits and nutrient intake during this critical life stage.
Role of Nutritionists in Strengthening the Nutritional Scenario @ Base of Pyr...nutritionistrepublic
The document discusses the nutritional challenges faced by populations at the base of the economic pyramid in India, including increased rates of undernutrition, infectious diseases, and the double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition. It notes the roles that nutritionists can play in addressing both undernutrition through programs to promote breastfeeding and complementary feeding, as well as rising rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases through nutrition education and promoting healthy diets. Key interventions proposed include salt iodization and iron fortification, horticulture projects to improve access to nutritious foods, and behavior change communication focusing on infant and young child feeding.
This document discusses various nutritional issues affecting different age groups in Nigeria. It provides vital health statistics showing high levels of malnutrition among women, infants, children, adolescents, adults and the elderly. Some key issues discussed include anemia, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and increasing rates of overweight and obesity. The document also examines causes of poor nutrient intake such as dietary, socioeconomic and disease factors. It recommends various strategies to improve nutrition, including food-based interventions, nutrition education, screening programs, and promoting breastfeeding and complementary feeding.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that the last two trimesters of pregnancy and first six months of lactation represent a critical period for an infant's growth and development. Inadequate maternal nutrition during this time can negatively impact both mother and fetus, leading to issues like low birth weight, prematurity, and impaired growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential to support the high demands of pregnancy, lactation, and the rapid growth and development of the fetus and infant.
Nutrition in adolescent girls and Complimentary feedingswati shikha
This document discusses adolescent nutrition and complementary feeding. It notes that adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood characterized by growth spurts, hormonal changes, and sexual maturation. Adequate nutrition during this time is important for physical growth, safe motherhood, and preventing future health issues. It provides daily recommended intakes for various nutrients and discusses factors that can impact food consumption. Inappropriate dietary intake during adolescence can negatively impact growth, health, learning, and increase risks for future diseases. The document also defines complementary feeding as the process of introducing other foods and liquids along with breast milk from 6 to 24 months. It provides recommendations for complementary feeding practices.
This document discusses adolescent nutrition and recommended interventions. It begins by defining adolescents as those aged 10-19 according to WHO and Ethiopian guidelines. Adolescence is an important period for growth and development but one that is often neglected. Nutritional challenges during this period can affect long-term health and development. Factors like sexual maturation increase nutritional needs. Common problems include undernutrition, anemia, and vitamin/mineral deficiencies. Social norms and taboos also negatively impact adolescent girls' nutrition. Recommended interventions include nutrition education, counseling, improving access to services, and creating supportive environments. Nutrition assessments should monitor indicators like BMI and micronutrient status to identify those at risk.
Here are some additional examples of meals and snacks adolescents may choose:
- Pasta with tomato sauce and vegetables
- Yogurt and fruit
- Peanut butter and banana sandwich
- Salad with chicken and dressing
- Granola bar
- Smoothie with yogurt, fruit and plant-based milk
- Hard boiled eggs
- Trail mix with nuts and dried fruit
- String cheese and crackers
Nutrition in adolescence presents challenges as it is a period of accelerated growth and development. Adolescents have increased nutritional needs to support physical changes during puberty as well as emotional and social development. Proper nutrition during this time is important as it can impact long-term health outcomes. Key nutrients adolescents need more of include energy, protein, calcium, iron and zinc. Factors like lifestyle, emotions, and peer pressure can influence eating habits and nutrient intake during this critical life stage.
Role of Nutritionists in Strengthening the Nutritional Scenario @ Base of Pyr...nutritionistrepublic
The document discusses the nutritional challenges faced by populations at the base of the economic pyramid in India, including increased rates of undernutrition, infectious diseases, and the double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition. It notes the roles that nutritionists can play in addressing both undernutrition through programs to promote breastfeeding and complementary feeding, as well as rising rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases through nutrition education and promoting healthy diets. Key interventions proposed include salt iodization and iron fortification, horticulture projects to improve access to nutritious foods, and behavior change communication focusing on infant and young child feeding.
This document discusses various nutritional issues affecting different age groups in Nigeria. It provides vital health statistics showing high levels of malnutrition among women, infants, children, adolescents, adults and the elderly. Some key issues discussed include anemia, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and increasing rates of overweight and obesity. The document also examines causes of poor nutrient intake such as dietary, socioeconomic and disease factors. It recommends various strategies to improve nutrition, including food-based interventions, nutrition education, screening programs, and promoting breastfeeding and complementary feeding.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that the last two trimesters of pregnancy and first six months of lactation represent a critical period for an infant's growth and development. Inadequate maternal nutrition during this time can negatively impact both mother and fetus, leading to issues like low birth weight, prematurity, and impaired growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential to support the high demands of pregnancy, lactation, and the rapid growth and development of the fetus and infant.
Nutrition in adolescent girls and Complimentary feedingswati shikha
This document discusses adolescent nutrition and complementary feeding. It notes that adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood characterized by growth spurts, hormonal changes, and sexual maturation. Adequate nutrition during this time is important for physical growth, safe motherhood, and preventing future health issues. It provides daily recommended intakes for various nutrients and discusses factors that can impact food consumption. Inappropriate dietary intake during adolescence can negatively impact growth, health, learning, and increase risks for future diseases. The document also defines complementary feeding as the process of introducing other foods and liquids along with breast milk from 6 to 24 months. It provides recommendations for complementary feeding practices.
This document discusses adolescent nutrition and recommended interventions. It begins by defining adolescents as those aged 10-19 according to WHO and Ethiopian guidelines. Adolescence is an important period for growth and development but one that is often neglected. Nutritional challenges during this period can affect long-term health and development. Factors like sexual maturation increase nutritional needs. Common problems include undernutrition, anemia, and vitamin/mineral deficiencies. Social norms and taboos also negatively impact adolescent girls' nutrition. Recommended interventions include nutrition education, counseling, improving access to services, and creating supportive environments. Nutrition assessments should monitor indicators like BMI and micronutrient status to identify those at risk.
1. About 29,000 children under five die every day mainly from preventable causes like pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria, and malnutrition.
2. One of the Millennium Development Goals was to reduce child mortality rates by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Many countries including India have seen a decline in child mortality rates in recent decades.
3. Malnutrition is a major cause of childhood deaths, contributing to over half of all deaths. It weakens the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections. Proper nutrition is critical, especially for infants and young children.
The document discusses severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, defining it as very low weight-for-height, visible severe wasting, or bilateral pitting edema in children aged 6-59 months. SAM can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, illness, or a combination of both. It presents clinically as marasmus, kwashiorkor, or marasmic-kwashiorkor and puts children at high risk of death from common illnesses like diarrhea and pneumonia.
This document discusses the importance of integrating nutrition into development efforts. It summarizes 12 briefs on how good nutrition is essential and linked to achieving goals in various areas like health, education, gender equality, poverty reduction, and the environment. Undernutrition levels in developing countries are high, with over 150 million children affected. Improving nutrition can boost outcomes across sectors like reducing child mortality, bolstering education performance, empowering women, and supporting agricultural productivity. The briefs provide evidence of these impacts and recommendations for interventions to integrate nutrition into related policies and programs.
PRECONCEPTION CARE
definition
aims
purposes
components
role of midwife
ANTENATAL CARE
definition
goals
schedule for anc
assessment
antenatal preparation
health education
anc exercise
anc diet
prevention from radiation
CULTURAL ASPECTS DURING PREGNANCY
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. For young children, encourage eating with the family and a variety of foods. For preschoolers, focus on balanced nutrition from the major food groups. For school-aged children, ensure adequate calcium, iron, and nutrients to support continued growth while allowing more independence in food choices.
This document outlines the nutrition situation and key problems in Nigeria, including poor infant feeding practices, energy and protein deficiencies, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies like vitamin A and iron deficiency anemia. It discusses government interventions like policies to promote essential nutrition and control of micronutrient deficiencies. Recommendations include exclusive breastfeeding for six months, eating a variety of foods at each meal, and decreasing consumption of foods high in sugar, salt, and animal fat. The conclusion states that while much is known about malnutrition, more must be done to enact changes to diets and lifestyles.
Causes - Consequences of Undernutrition ICPD - UNICEF.pdfHoangVu584336
This document summarizes UNICEF's priorities and strategies for attaining 2030 SDG nutrition targets for women and children. It discusses the causes and consequences of undernutrition across the lifecycle from baby to older people. Key causes include inadequate dietary intake, disease, food insecurity, inadequate care, insufficient health services, and unhealthy environments. Consequences include impaired development, increased disease risk, lost productivity and mortality. UNICEF's goal is to protect diets, practices and services that support optimal nutrition for all. It advocates for a systems approach integrating food, health, water/sanitation, education and social protection.
Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. Specifically, malnutrition is not receiving the correct amount of nutrition. It is increasing in children under the age of five due to providers who cannot afford or do not have access to adequate nutrition. Causes include reduced dietary intake, absorption, increased losses or requirements, and increased energy expenditure. Signs are weight loss, lack of appetite, tiredness, inability to concentrate, feeling cold, depression, and muscle/tissue loss. Forms are undernutrition and overnutrition. Diseases caused are marasmus and anemia. Effects on health are tiredness, reduced ability to perform tasks, reduced muscle strength, and mood changes. Adolesc
MALNUTRITION
Ms.Lydia Felix
Msc Nursing I year
Community Health Nursing
malnutrition dimensions have now reached a situation of alarm with more than 50% suffering from some form of malnutrition or micronutrient deficiency, resulting in suboptimal cognitive and physical development, low productivity and high health costs.
Under nutrition manifests in four broad forms
Wasting
Stunting
Underweight
Micronutrient deficiencies
Obesity
Obesity
Ministry of Rural Development
Applied nutrition programme
Ministry of Social Welfare
ICDS
BNP
SNP
Ministry of health and family welfare
National Nutrtional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
National Prophylaxis Programme for prevention of blindness due to vitamin A defeciency
National iodine deficiency disorder control programme
Ministry of education
Mid day meals programme
Scenario
MALNUTRITION
Ms.Lydia Felix
Msc Nursing I year
Community Health Nursing
malnutrition dimensions have now reached a situation of alarm with more than 50% suffering from some form of malnutrition or micronutrient deficiency, resulting in suboptimal cognitive and physical development, low productivity and high health costs.
Under nutrition manifests in four broad forms
Wasting
Stunting
Underweight
Micronutrient deficiencies
Obesity
Obesity
Ministry of Rural Development
Applied nutrition programme
Ministry of Social Welfare
ICDS
BNP
SNP
Ministry of health and family welfare
National Nutrtional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
National Prophylaxis Programme for prevention of blindness due to vitamin A defeciency
National iodine deficiency disorder control programme
Ministry of education
Mid day meals programme
Scenario
1. The document discusses the role of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy in India, where undernutrition and overnutrition both remain issues.
2. It explores whether the typical Indian diet meets recommended daily allowance of nutrients, and whether food production and distribution are adequate and balanced.
3. Key topics covered include fetal programming and the effects of maternal nutrition on long-term health outcomes, recommended calorie and protein intake during pregnancy and lactation, and the impact of different types of nutrients and diets on fetal development.
This document discusses nutrition concepts for toddlers and preschoolers. It covers normal growth and development, energy and nutrient needs, common nutrition problems like iron-deficiency anemia and dental caries, and feeding skills and food preferences at different ages. Parents and caregivers play an important role in establishing healthy eating habits during these early childhood years.
Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood that involves biological, cognitive and social changes. Key aspects of adolescence include puberty and physical development, cognitive growth and improved decision making abilities, and the development of social relationships and identity. Nutritionally, adolescence is an important time as dietary choices can impact long-term health and bone development. Maintaining a balanced diet with adequate calcium, iron and other vitamins/minerals is important for proper growth and development during this stage. Eating disorders may also emerge in adolescence such as anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder and obesity.
This document summarizes key topics relating to maternal and child nutrition covered in Chapter 13, including:
1) Definitions of food insecurity, hunger, and undernutrition and trends showing reduced but still high levels of food insecurity in the US.
2) Guidelines for nutrition during pregnancy and lactation and recommendations to support breastfeeding.
3) Risk factors and consequences of childhood obesity and overnutrition.
4) Major federal nutrition programs and their role in supporting maternal and child health.
Malnutrition has many causes and consequences across all stages of life. It stunts growth, increases disease risk, and impacts cognitive development. Nearly half of under-5 deaths are due to undernutrition. The first 1000 days are critical for preventing stunting through breastfeeding, complementary foods, and maternal nutrition. A holistic, equitable, and multi-sectoral approach is needed to address the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overnutrition.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. Young children require encouragement to eat with the family and in a relaxed environment. Preschoolers need a variety of foods to meet growth needs, including grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat. School-aged children have different meal patterns and are influenced by peers, requiring balanced nutrition. Adolescents experience dramatic growth and changes, increasing needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to support development. Older adults have reduced senses and interest in food, requiring nutrient-dense options to support independence and quality of life.
Adolescent Pregnancy one of the concerns in Pediatric Nursing that is underrated. Included is also the accompanying nutritional issues in this condition.
This document discusses the importance of adequate nutrition during early childhood for development and future health. It notes that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years is one of the most cost-effective nutrition habits. The document also discusses Unilever's commitments to nutrition research and fortified products to support child development and health.
This document discusses the importance of nutrition for health and vulnerable groups. It outlines dietary goals such as maintaining health, ensuring adequate nutrition for pregnant/lactating mothers, and preventing chronic diseases. Additional nutrition is needed during pregnancy and lactation. Infants should be breastfed and receive supplements by 6 months. Adolescents need adequate nutrition for growth. Calcium, iron, and folate are important nutrients, and certain foods are rich sources. National programs aim to promote balanced diets and prevent deficiencies.
According to the WHO, malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality
Under-weight births and IUGR (intra-uterine growth restrictions) cause 3 million child deaths a year.
According to the Lancet, consequences of malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.
Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements.
Malnutrition can exacerbate the problem of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhoea.
But malnutrition can actually cause diseases itself , and can be fatal in its own right
The term 'faltering growth' is widely used in relation to infants and young children whose weight gain occurs more slowly than expected for their age and sex.
In the past, this was often described as a ‘failure to thrive’ but this is no longer the preferred term :-
partly because ‘failure’ could be perceived as negative,
but also because lesser degrees of faltering growth may not necessarily indicate a significant problem but merely represent variation from the usual pattern when measured against the standardized growth charts (WHO Growth Charts
Malnutrition has many causes and correlates:
- Inadequate diet, disease, and poor maternal/child care lead to malnutrition.
- Unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, poverty, lack of education, and poor public health further contribute to malnutrition.
- Malnutrition is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting growth indicators and impacts individuals throughout the lifecycle.
1. About 29,000 children under five die every day mainly from preventable causes like pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria, and malnutrition.
2. One of the Millennium Development Goals was to reduce child mortality rates by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Many countries including India have seen a decline in child mortality rates in recent decades.
3. Malnutrition is a major cause of childhood deaths, contributing to over half of all deaths. It weakens the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections. Proper nutrition is critical, especially for infants and young children.
The document discusses severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, defining it as very low weight-for-height, visible severe wasting, or bilateral pitting edema in children aged 6-59 months. SAM can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, illness, or a combination of both. It presents clinically as marasmus, kwashiorkor, or marasmic-kwashiorkor and puts children at high risk of death from common illnesses like diarrhea and pneumonia.
This document discusses the importance of integrating nutrition into development efforts. It summarizes 12 briefs on how good nutrition is essential and linked to achieving goals in various areas like health, education, gender equality, poverty reduction, and the environment. Undernutrition levels in developing countries are high, with over 150 million children affected. Improving nutrition can boost outcomes across sectors like reducing child mortality, bolstering education performance, empowering women, and supporting agricultural productivity. The briefs provide evidence of these impacts and recommendations for interventions to integrate nutrition into related policies and programs.
PRECONCEPTION CARE
definition
aims
purposes
components
role of midwife
ANTENATAL CARE
definition
goals
schedule for anc
assessment
antenatal preparation
health education
anc exercise
anc diet
prevention from radiation
CULTURAL ASPECTS DURING PREGNANCY
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. For young children, encourage eating with the family and a variety of foods. For preschoolers, focus on balanced nutrition from the major food groups. For school-aged children, ensure adequate calcium, iron, and nutrients to support continued growth while allowing more independence in food choices.
This document outlines the nutrition situation and key problems in Nigeria, including poor infant feeding practices, energy and protein deficiencies, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies like vitamin A and iron deficiency anemia. It discusses government interventions like policies to promote essential nutrition and control of micronutrient deficiencies. Recommendations include exclusive breastfeeding for six months, eating a variety of foods at each meal, and decreasing consumption of foods high in sugar, salt, and animal fat. The conclusion states that while much is known about malnutrition, more must be done to enact changes to diets and lifestyles.
Causes - Consequences of Undernutrition ICPD - UNICEF.pdfHoangVu584336
This document summarizes UNICEF's priorities and strategies for attaining 2030 SDG nutrition targets for women and children. It discusses the causes and consequences of undernutrition across the lifecycle from baby to older people. Key causes include inadequate dietary intake, disease, food insecurity, inadequate care, insufficient health services, and unhealthy environments. Consequences include impaired development, increased disease risk, lost productivity and mortality. UNICEF's goal is to protect diets, practices and services that support optimal nutrition for all. It advocates for a systems approach integrating food, health, water/sanitation, education and social protection.
Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. Specifically, malnutrition is not receiving the correct amount of nutrition. It is increasing in children under the age of five due to providers who cannot afford or do not have access to adequate nutrition. Causes include reduced dietary intake, absorption, increased losses or requirements, and increased energy expenditure. Signs are weight loss, lack of appetite, tiredness, inability to concentrate, feeling cold, depression, and muscle/tissue loss. Forms are undernutrition and overnutrition. Diseases caused are marasmus and anemia. Effects on health are tiredness, reduced ability to perform tasks, reduced muscle strength, and mood changes. Adolesc
MALNUTRITION
Ms.Lydia Felix
Msc Nursing I year
Community Health Nursing
malnutrition dimensions have now reached a situation of alarm with more than 50% suffering from some form of malnutrition or micronutrient deficiency, resulting in suboptimal cognitive and physical development, low productivity and high health costs.
Under nutrition manifests in four broad forms
Wasting
Stunting
Underweight
Micronutrient deficiencies
Obesity
Obesity
Ministry of Rural Development
Applied nutrition programme
Ministry of Social Welfare
ICDS
BNP
SNP
Ministry of health and family welfare
National Nutrtional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
National Prophylaxis Programme for prevention of blindness due to vitamin A defeciency
National iodine deficiency disorder control programme
Ministry of education
Mid day meals programme
Scenario
MALNUTRITION
Ms.Lydia Felix
Msc Nursing I year
Community Health Nursing
malnutrition dimensions have now reached a situation of alarm with more than 50% suffering from some form of malnutrition or micronutrient deficiency, resulting in suboptimal cognitive and physical development, low productivity and high health costs.
Under nutrition manifests in four broad forms
Wasting
Stunting
Underweight
Micronutrient deficiencies
Obesity
Obesity
Ministry of Rural Development
Applied nutrition programme
Ministry of Social Welfare
ICDS
BNP
SNP
Ministry of health and family welfare
National Nutrtional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
National Prophylaxis Programme for prevention of blindness due to vitamin A defeciency
National iodine deficiency disorder control programme
Ministry of education
Mid day meals programme
Scenario
1. The document discusses the role of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy in India, where undernutrition and overnutrition both remain issues.
2. It explores whether the typical Indian diet meets recommended daily allowance of nutrients, and whether food production and distribution are adequate and balanced.
3. Key topics covered include fetal programming and the effects of maternal nutrition on long-term health outcomes, recommended calorie and protein intake during pregnancy and lactation, and the impact of different types of nutrients and diets on fetal development.
This document discusses nutrition concepts for toddlers and preschoolers. It covers normal growth and development, energy and nutrient needs, common nutrition problems like iron-deficiency anemia and dental caries, and feeding skills and food preferences at different ages. Parents and caregivers play an important role in establishing healthy eating habits during these early childhood years.
Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood that involves biological, cognitive and social changes. Key aspects of adolescence include puberty and physical development, cognitive growth and improved decision making abilities, and the development of social relationships and identity. Nutritionally, adolescence is an important time as dietary choices can impact long-term health and bone development. Maintaining a balanced diet with adequate calcium, iron and other vitamins/minerals is important for proper growth and development during this stage. Eating disorders may also emerge in adolescence such as anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder and obesity.
This document summarizes key topics relating to maternal and child nutrition covered in Chapter 13, including:
1) Definitions of food insecurity, hunger, and undernutrition and trends showing reduced but still high levels of food insecurity in the US.
2) Guidelines for nutrition during pregnancy and lactation and recommendations to support breastfeeding.
3) Risk factors and consequences of childhood obesity and overnutrition.
4) Major federal nutrition programs and their role in supporting maternal and child health.
Malnutrition has many causes and consequences across all stages of life. It stunts growth, increases disease risk, and impacts cognitive development. Nearly half of under-5 deaths are due to undernutrition. The first 1000 days are critical for preventing stunting through breastfeeding, complementary foods, and maternal nutrition. A holistic, equitable, and multi-sectoral approach is needed to address the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overnutrition.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. Young children require encouragement to eat with the family and in a relaxed environment. Preschoolers need a variety of foods to meet growth needs, including grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat. School-aged children have different meal patterns and are influenced by peers, requiring balanced nutrition. Adolescents experience dramatic growth and changes, increasing needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to support development. Older adults have reduced senses and interest in food, requiring nutrient-dense options to support independence and quality of life.
Adolescent Pregnancy one of the concerns in Pediatric Nursing that is underrated. Included is also the accompanying nutritional issues in this condition.
This document discusses the importance of adequate nutrition during early childhood for development and future health. It notes that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years is one of the most cost-effective nutrition habits. The document also discusses Unilever's commitments to nutrition research and fortified products to support child development and health.
This document discusses the importance of nutrition for health and vulnerable groups. It outlines dietary goals such as maintaining health, ensuring adequate nutrition for pregnant/lactating mothers, and preventing chronic diseases. Additional nutrition is needed during pregnancy and lactation. Infants should be breastfed and receive supplements by 6 months. Adolescents need adequate nutrition for growth. Calcium, iron, and folate are important nutrients, and certain foods are rich sources. National programs aim to promote balanced diets and prevent deficiencies.
According to the WHO, malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality
Under-weight births and IUGR (intra-uterine growth restrictions) cause 3 million child deaths a year.
According to the Lancet, consequences of malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.
Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements.
Malnutrition can exacerbate the problem of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhoea.
But malnutrition can actually cause diseases itself , and can be fatal in its own right
The term 'faltering growth' is widely used in relation to infants and young children whose weight gain occurs more slowly than expected for their age and sex.
In the past, this was often described as a ‘failure to thrive’ but this is no longer the preferred term :-
partly because ‘failure’ could be perceived as negative,
but also because lesser degrees of faltering growth may not necessarily indicate a significant problem but merely represent variation from the usual pattern when measured against the standardized growth charts (WHO Growth Charts
Malnutrition has many causes and correlates:
- Inadequate diet, disease, and poor maternal/child care lead to malnutrition.
- Unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, poverty, lack of education, and poor public health further contribute to malnutrition.
- Malnutrition is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting growth indicators and impacts individuals throughout the lifecycle.
Similar to 1.00 Nutrition in the life cycle.pptx (20)
1. NUTRITION IN THE LIFE CYCLE
Credit Hours: 2
By : Kefyalew Taye (MPH Nutrition, Asst-prof,
PhD, Candidate)
2. COURSE CONTENTS
Chapter I: Introduction to maternal and child nutrition
– the intricate relationship
Nutrition and pregnancy outcomes
Low birth weight , prevalence determinants, and consequences
Nutrition during lactation
Nutrition care for women between births
Chapter II: Nutrition and child development
Introduction
Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) strategies
Nutrition during Childhood (2-9 years),
3. CHAPTER III: ADOLESCENT NUTRITION (10-19 YEARS)
Introduction
Nutrient requirements
Chapter IV: Direct interventions to address nutritional problems
of mothers and children
Nutrient supplementation
Breast feeding
Chapter V: Nutritional concerns of elderly
Aging and nutrition
Nutrient requirements
Nutrition related risk factors
Nutrition related health problems
Intervention strategies
5. WHY LIFE CYCLE APPROACH
Special nutrient requirement
Vulnerable to malnutrition
Far reaching effects
Lifecycle approach intervention have
there is a cumulative effect in the next generation
long term impacts on succeeding generations
8. ADOLESCENT NUTRITION
Adolescence :
period of transition between childhood and adulthood, ages 10-
19 (WHO) often referred to as puberty
Period of exploration and learning
Good time to establish proper health and nutrition practices and
behaviors
Expanding relationship and friendships
Influence lifestyles and behaviors
8
9. ….ADOLESCENT GROWTH…
Second highest rate of growth attained, second to the first
year of life
More than 20% of total growth in stature and up to 50% of
adult bone mass are achieved
Nutrient requirements are significantly increased above
those in the childhood years
Among girls, the "growth spurt" or peak growth velocity
occurs normally about 12-18 months before menarche at
some time between 10 to 14 years.
10. Growth in stature continues, however, for up to 7 years
after menarche
Maximal adult height in women may thus be attained as
early as 16 years or, particularly for populations with high
rates of under nutrition, as late as 23 years
The development of the birth canal is not fully completed
until about 2-3 years after growth on height has ceased
;whereas peak bone mass is not achieved until the age of
25 years.
The adult height finally attained may still differ as a result of
pre-existing childhood stunting
12. FINDING FROM DIFFERENT STUDY
RESULTS
1. Children of poor families were adopted to a wealthy
families and from the studies it was shown that :
Girls, who were stunted when adopted in infancy, were
also significantly shorter in adulthood than their peers
who were not stunted at the time of adoption
The improved early childhood growth in these adopted
girls hastened menarche considerably and shortened
the period of rapid premenarcheal growth.
13. ..CONT..STUDY FINDING
There remains little evidence that growth retardation
suffered in early childhood can be significantly caught up
in adolescence.
Stunted children are more likely than no stunted children
to become stunted adults, while they remain in the same
environment which gave rise to the stunting
14. 2. RESULTS FROM STUDIES IN INDIA, COHORTS OF DUTCH
HUNGER TIME , AND GUATEMALA:
Growth failure in early childhood manifested by stunting,
may be irreversible to a large extent
Early childhood stunting and its functional correlates can be
addressed together only if the environment in which the
young child grows is improved at that time; i.e., within the
first two years of life
Early childhood stunting among young girls was correlated
significantly with the birth weights and mortality risk of their
infants
15. ENERGY AND NUTRIENT NEEDS FOR MALE AND FEMALE
ADOLESCENTS
• After reaching the age of puberty male and
female slightly differ in their nutritional
needs
• The requirements of both could be increase if by
workloads as they start to work for their families
• Adolescent girls need special attention
– To ensure adequate nutrition for their own development
– Ensure adequate nutrient reserve for future pregnancy
and lactation.
16. Energy and protein requirements peak at 11-14 for
girls (2,200 Cal/d) and 15-18 for boys (2,500+
Cal/d).
Protein requirements of 0.8 –1.0 g/kg/d are met by
typical American teens (even vegetarians).
Fat: adult levels of 30% of calories should be
encouraged.
Calcium: 1,200-1,500 mg/d recommended (600-800
consumed)
Iron: prevalence of Fe-deficiency anemia 2-10%
Zinc: growth increases zinc requirements
17. MORE REASON TO PAY ATTENTION TO
ADOLESCENT NUTRITION
This second period for rapid growth could be window
of opportunity to compensate earlier growth failure.
More effort could be made to avoid further growth
failure during this stage which could pass to
adulthood which makes malnutrition to pass to next
generation.
18. WHAT CAN ADOLESCENTS GIRLS DO TO ENSURE THEIR
NUTRIENT NEEDS?
Eating a diet rich in dairy foods and leafy green
vegetables help to ensure calcium
Increase their consumption of iron-rich
foods, such as red meats, fish, poultry and
legumes, to meet iron needs
Early pregnancy is better avoided
Special care must be provided during adolescent
pregnancy
19. SPECIAL ADOLESCENT POPULATIONS
Pregnant: add 300 Cal/d, increases protein and calcium
requirements, needs of the mother compete with the needs of the
fetus
Athletes: may use protein powders unnecessarily. For females:
eating disorders, amenorrhea, & inadequate Ca intake all contribute
to osteoporosis risk.
Obese: associated with development of cardiovascular risk,
exercise and avoidance of empty calories are important, caloric
restriction increases chances of deficiencies, ketogenic diets may
reduce hunger.
Vegetarian: many teens decide to adopt alternative diets, focus on
what is eaten rather than what is avoided
Poverty: low socioeconomic status is correlated with risk for poor
diets
21. DIETARY SOURCES OF MINERALS NEEDED
BY ADOLESCENTS
Iron:
Organ meats, fish, green vegetables, nuts, iron-fortified cereals,
raisins.
Calcium:
Dairy products, green leafy vegetables, sardines, salmon
Zinc:
red meat, organ meats, oysters, crabmeat, beans, whole grains
Magnesium:
Whole seeds, nuts, legumes, grains
Fiber:
Peas, beans, whole grains, sweet potato, green leafy
vegetables
22. ADOLESCENT NUTRITION
Weight problems usually begin to occur in this period.
Drug and alcohol decisions are being made
Eating disorders increase in female teens
Can be as high as 4000 calories in males related to lean
body mass and activity level.
Much lower in females compared to males due to size
differences, higher body fat and decreased physical
activity.
23. ADOLESCENT NUTRITION
Important to emphasize physical activity especially to females
because they grow earlier, and fat cells grow in size (*and
number) at this age.
Both males and females teens in America are more
overweight and obese than in past generations. (Increase of
diabetes type II also.)
Body image issues and cultural pressures to be thin and sexy
are major contributing factors to food and behavior choices!
27. INTERVENTIONS FOR MATERNAL AND BIRTH
OUTCOMES
• Protein-energy supplementation to pregnant women
– Reduces risk of LBW, mostly among the undernourshed
women
• Iron/folic acid supplementations to pregnant women
– Help for prevention of IDA, increases hemoglobin
– Help prevent neural tube defects among fetuses
• Multiple micronutrient (MMN) versus iron/folic acid
– MMN is more beneficial for increasing birthweight
• Nutrition education and Iron/folic acid supplements
to adolescents before pregnancy
– Increase hemoglobin and reduces anemia
28. INTERVENTIONS FOR NEW-BORN BABIES,
INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Breast feeding support and promotion
Reduce morbidity and mortality
Increase in early initiation of breastfeeding
Adequate and timely introduction of complementary
feeding
No best package to apply
Have beneficial effects in trials than in large
scale
29. INTERVENTIONS FOR NEW-BORN BABIES,
INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Hygiene practices and interventions
Decrease diarrhea and dysentery
Hand-washing counseling reduce 30% diarrhea
Lack of evidence on impact of hygiene practices
on stunting or underweight
Deworming
Small evidence base, but probably improve
growth of children
30. INTERVENTIONS FOR NEW-BORN BABIES,
INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Micronutrient supplementation interventions
Vitamin A supplementation (6-59 months) reduce
mortality by 24%
Zinc supplementation reduces duration of acute
diarrhoea
Poor evidence regarding effect of zinc on
stunting
Fortifications of staple food by some
micronutrients are effective in reducing
deficiencies
Treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM)
Found to be effective in reducing mortalities
31. INDIRECT INTERVENTIONS
• Efforts that might influence underlying causes
• These are development efforts made to be more
“nutrition-sensitive”
– social protection to reduce household poverty
agricultural development to improve rural incomes and
household food security
– women’s empowerment
– wider health systems strengthening and
– water and sanitation measures
32. SOCIAL PROTECTION
• Policy instruments to address poverty and vulnerability
• Includes the following programs
– social assistance,
– social insurance and efforts at social inclusion
– subsidies and others
• Social protection programs of food security have different
sources for “entitlements” to
– Food
– Labor (public work)
– Trade (subsidies on food price, grain reserve managements)
– Transfers (supplementary feeding, school feeding programs, cash
transfers )
33. CASH TRANSFERS
• Main aim is to alleviate poverty
• Also contributes to wider range of development outcomes
• The benefits include
– Improved food consumption
– Improved child weight and height
– Reduction of risk of stunting by 7%
• However ,
– No evidence sustainability of the initial benefits
– Evidences are not conclusive about impact on malnutrition (wasting)
• cash transfer programs have positive impact on child
nutritional status
– More effective on stunting than on wasting
– More effective if targeted at younger children
34. AGRICULTURE
• Evidences on direct effect on nutrition is poor
• Interventions include
– Homestead gardening
– Promotion of crops for nutritional values
– Bio-fortification
• Review of evidences on impact of such intervention show
mixed results
– Child anthropometry
– Diet
– Iron and
– Vitamin A absorption
• Agricultural growth contributes
– Increased food production improves health and nutrition
– increased the income of the poor
– Reduces the risk of stunting , but not in India
35. WHAT IS NEXT
Make continuous effort to update yourself with new
evidences as scientific information in human
nutrition is very dynamic over time
37. WHAT IS AGING AND AGING PROCESS
• How Old is Older? People of older than sixty years are
older people
• Aging is not a disease: _If we live long enough change
in body composition, physical function, and
performance will occur in all of us
• Many of the change as well as health problem which
become more common in old age have long been
attributed to the normal aging process
38. AGING…
Life expectancy: the average number of year lived
by people in a given society
Longevity: long duration of life
Life span: the maximum number of years of life
attainable by a member of a species (for humans is
130 yrs)
39. CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND BIOLOGICAL AGE
• Chronological age: the age of a persons in years
since birth
• Biological age: a decline in functions that occur in every
human being with time
• Some people look and function as so they were older and others
as they were younger at the same chronological age
• The difference can go up to 10 years and some of the reason
could be due to improved life long nutrition
40. THE EFFECT OF AGING ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Decrease in lean body weight
Loss of taste and smell
Oral Cavity Changes
Decrease in gastrointestinal function
Loss in visual and auditory function
Loss of bone mineral mass
Mental impairment
Decrease in heart and lung fitness
Decreased ability to metabolize drugs
High prevalence of chronic disease
Neuromuscular changes
Decrease in liver and kidney function
11/24/2023
41. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR OLDER AGE
1. Water Needs
– Total body water decreases with age
– Can dehydrate rapidly
– Many older people do not feel thirsty or notice mouth dryness
– It may be difficult to get a drink or get to the bathroom
– Those who have lost bladder control may be afraid to drink
too much water
42. Dehydration Can lead to:
urinary tract infection
pneumonia
pressure ulcers
Confusion
disorientation
43. REQUIREMENT…
2.Calories Needed
Less calorie needed
Physical activity decreases
Basal metabolic rate decreases
Due to decrease in lean body mass
44. 3. Protein requirement
High-quality protein needed because of reduced calorie diet
Important for supporting immune System
Helps prevent muscle wasting Problem of expense
45. 4.Vitamin D
• Need more to prevent bone loss
• Less vitamin D made by body
– Limited exposure to sunlight
– Reduced capacity of skin to make it and
– liver to activate it
• Older adults drink less milk
– Increased incidence of lactose
intolerance
46. 5.Calcium
Needed to prevent bone loss
Problem of low dairy intake
Solutions:
Calcium-fortified juices,
adding milk powder to foods
supplements
47. 6.Iron
• Need in women decreases after menopause
• Low food intake can lead to deficit
• Loss of iron through chronic blood loss due to disease or
medicines
• Reduced iron absorption to due low stomach acid and
antacid use
48. 48
A food pyramid for the elderly
Calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12,
Wholemeal
Fruit 2 portions
Cereals and tubers
6 portions
Wholemeal
is better
Vegetables
3 portions
Milk, yogurt, cheese
3 portions
Sweets and fats in moderation
Fish meat legumes
2 portions
Water and liquids 8 glasses