The document discusses social, emotional, and psychological development from infancy through middle childhood. It covers Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and key influences at each age group. For infants, development depends on physiology and social interactions, while toddlers begin to develop autonomy and self-concept. Preschoolers work on initiative and moral understanding. During middle childhood, children focus on developing skills and can feel a sense of industry or inferiority depending on feedback.

1. Prepared by:
ANIYAH A. SAIDAR

2. Emotion is part of a person’s character that
consists of their feelings as opposed to their
thoughts.
Physiology- depends on maturation in
nervous system and the endocrinal system
Social development -depends on child instincts
and responses of those around him.

3. Influences on Social, Emotional and
Psychological Development
 Culture and child rearing practices
 Disposition/temperament
 Gender/sex role
 Family circumstances/Socio-economic background
 Physical health
 Ordinal position (place in the family)
 Social opportunities/ self concept/self esteem

4. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage
Trust vs. Mistrust
Psychosocial
Stage
Period of
Development
Description
Basic trust
versus
mistrust
Infancy
From warm, responsive care,
infants gain a sense of trust,
or confidence
that the world is safe and
predictable.
Mistrust occurs when children
are neglected or caregivers do
not respond promptly or
consistently to children’s cues.

5. Infant Emotions
Infants learn emotional responses from those around them.
Social referencing – refers to infants using the emotional signals of others to guide their
behaviour.
Stranger anxiety – begins to appear around 6 to 9 months when a fear of unfamiliar
adults develops.
Separation anxiety – once infants have developed attachment to their primary
caregivers, they become distressed when they are separated from their attachment figure. This is
usually seen around 8-9 months.
Caregivers need to respond to children’s individual cues as stranger and separation anxiety will
vary from infant to infant and situation to situation.

6. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Psychosocial Stage Period of Development Description
Autonomy
versus shame
and doubt
Toddlerhood
Using new cognitive and motor
skills, toddlers begin to assert
themselves.
Autonomy is fostered when
caregivers allow limited choices
and time for toddlers to
practice their skills.
If the child is not allowed to
make decisions or if they
undertake actions beyond their
abilities shame or doubt could
occur.

7. Cultural Differences in the Development
of Autonomy
 Cultural beliefs and practices may affect the degree to which children will
seek autonomy.
 Parental expectations will have an affect on the development of autonomy,
as will methods of discipline and
 children’s personality.
When parents foster independence they will be supportive of the development
of autonomy in young children.
When dependence and obedience is valued, behaviour management strategies
may be put into place to encourage children to develop autonomy at a
different pace.

8. Self concept/Self-esteem
Self concept refers to the picture
we have of ourselves.
Self-esteem is the value we place
upon those qualities, skills and
attributes – how positive we feel about
those characteristics.
Toddlers who develop a sense of
autonomy or some
control over their lives are likely to
develop positive self-esteem.

9. Much of this is dependent on the feedback
they receive from others.
It is important that we have realistic
expectations of children and match this with
the support and recognition we give them.

10. Toddler’s Emotions - Temper
TantrumsExpected behaviour in toddlers
Occur for a variety of reasons, primarily frustration or fatigue
Frustration can arise because of the toddlers’ developing sense of
self and limits to their physical and language abilities.
Frustration can also occur if unrealistic expectations are placed on
toddlers
Fatigue can occur if toddlers do not receive adequate rest and
Nutrition.
Toddlers need a balance of active and quiet times through the day
Expected behaviour in toddlers
Occur for a variety of reasons, primarily frustration or fatigue
Frustration can arise because of the toddlers’ developing sense of
self and limits to their physical and language abilities.
Frustration can also occur if unrealistic expectations are placed on
toddlers
Fatigue can occur if toddlers do not receive adequate rest and
Nutrition.
Toddlers need a balance of active and quiet times through the day

11. Toddler’s Emotions - Aggression
Not uncommon in social interactions in toddlers
Linked to limited language abilities and inability
to control their emotions

12. Toddler’s Emotions - Fears
Stem from toddlers’ difficulty in
distinguishing between fantasy and reality
Common fears include: the dark, going
down the plughole in the bath, monster
and loud noises.

13. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Initiative vs Guilt
Psychosocial Stage Period of Development Description
Initiative
vs
guilt
Preschool years
Preschoolers develop
an increasing sense of
their own ability and a
desire to plan and
make things happen.
If encouraged this
leads to a sense of
initiative and
supports the
development of high
self-esteem.

14. Psychosocial
Stage
Period of
Development
Description
Initiative
vs
guilt
Pre-school
years
If preschoolers
receive negative
feedback or are
punished for
planning or trying
to make things
happen a sense of
guilt may develop
and thus low self
esteem

15. Pre-schoolers’ Social, Emotional and
Psychological Development
Self concept
• Pre-schoolers are aware of themselves
as individuals
• They start to compare their
characteristics and abilities to those of
others
• They begin to take notice of what
skills and behaviour are valued by their
family and social groups

16. Pre-schoolers’ Social
DevelopmentPre-schoolers’ friendships
• Three years olds tend to see friendships
in a concrete way (a friend is someone
to play with and talk to)
• Five year olds tend to develop a sense of
loyalty towards particular friends
• Pro-social behaviours develop through
the preschool years

17. Moral
Development• Moral development relates to how children learn to decide if a
behaviour is right or wrong.
• Pre-schoolers begin to develop a conscience and start to feel
“uncomfortable” or “guilty” if they do something they know is wrong.
• At this stage moral standards are inconsistent. Rules may be
applied in one situation but not in other similar situations.
• Pre-schoolers show egocentric behaviour and are often unable
to take another person’s point of view into consideration.
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18. Pre-schoolers’ Emotional
Development
Aggression:
• Anger and frustration in pre-schoolers may result in
aggressive behaviour which can include punching, breaking
items, name calling etc.
• Educators need to stop the behaviour, remain calm and
help support the child in developing more positive ways to
express his/her feelings.
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19. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Industry vs Inferiority
Psychosocial Stage Period of Development Description
Industry
Vs
Inferiority
Middle
Childhood
The child is now faced
with the need to win
approval through
specific skills
demanded by his /her
culture. If the child
develops the expected
skills, he/she will
develop a sense of
industry and
experience high self-
esteem. 19

20. Psychosocial Stage Period of
Development
Description
Industry
vs
Inferiority
Middle
Childhood
If the child receives
negative feedback and has
trouble developing these
skills he/she will develop a
sense of inferiority and
experience low self-
esteem.
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Industry vs Inferiority

21. Thank You…