How do genetic and environmental factors work together to influence emotional and moral development? What can parents do to ensure healthy emotional and moral development with their children?
This week you’re going on a field trip – an internet field trip! Please do a search online for a current event that relates to the material in the reading this week. Give a brief summary of what you found and explain how it fits in with what you learned this week. Don’t forget to cite your source!
Emotional Development and Moral Development
This week we will explore the functions of emotions, the development of emotional expression and emotional understanding, the role of temperament, and the development and significance of attachment. Additionally, we will study moral development. Topics involving moral development will include the study of morality as the adoption of societal norms, morality as social understanding, moral reasoning of young children, the development of self-control, and the development of aggression.
Topics to be covered include:
Stages of Emotional Development
Moral Development
Emotional Development
Emotion is defined as a rapid appraisal of the personal significance of a situation that prepares us for action. When you experience something that is personally relevant, there is physiological response in your body that causes a behavioral response. If you get into an argument, someone you love smiles at you, or you accomplish a challenging task, you feel a surge of emotion. Your behavioral responses to your emotions is part of what makes you unique!
EMOTIONS DEFINED
Theorists with a functionalist approach to emotion believe that emotions play an integral role in cognitive processing, social behavior, and physical health. They believe that the purpose of emotions is to motivate behavior aimed at accomplishing personal goals. If you have a goal in mind, the anticipation of the outcome, as well as the outcome itself, triggers emotions that help dictate your response. As an individual interacts with his or her environment and situations change, emotions change.
We see how cognition and emotions work together when we consider the impact of anxiety on performance. When anxiety levels rise, thinking skills are often impacted, as attention given to mental processing is now occupied with thoughts of worry. In addition, children who become distressed tend to better recall that particular experience, showing emotion is linked to memory. We also previously learned that two childhood growth disorders, nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism, result from emotional deprivation.
SOCIAL SITUATIONS
SELF-AWARENESS
HEALTH
Emotional Expression
The progression of emotional expression occurs with age. In early infancy, happiness is displayed through smiles and laughter, often as a reaction to parental affection or the achievement of sensorimotor goals. Infants also begin to experience anger (as a result of not being able ...
The document discusses how children of different ages cope with stress. For infants, coping is dominated by behavioral rather than cognitive responses due to their limited executive functioning. Caregiver sensitivity and secure attachment are essential for healthy development and better coping. As children age into toddlerhood and preschool, their ability to regulate emotions and use problem-focused coping strategies develops slowly. During middle childhood, children can verbalize feelings and seek social support outside the family, with girls doing so more than boys. In adolescence, peers and siblings become important sources of support while parents still influence coping strategies. The family environment plays a key role in children's coping abilities at all stages.
Child and adolescence(socio emotional development)Iyah Alexander
The document discusses social, emotional, and psychological development from infancy through middle childhood. It covers Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and key influences at each age group. For infants, development depends on physiology and social interactions, while toddlers begin to develop autonomy and self-concept. Preschoolers work on initiative and moral understanding. During middle childhood, children focus on developing skills and can feel a sense of industry or inferiority depending on feedback.
This document discusses emotional and psychological development from infancy through middle childhood. It covers key theorists like Erik Erikson and describes developmental milestones at each stage, including the development of emotions, social skills, autonomy and self-concept. Cultural influences and gender differences are also addressed. Challenges like aggression, fears, bullying and family crises are explored, emphasizing the importance of supportive caregivers in fostering healthy development.
The document discusses attachment disorders and secure attachment in children. Secure attachment is formed through attuned interactions between caregiver and infant, which helps the infant feel safe and regulate their emotions and behaviors. Insecure attachment and attachment disorders can be caused by neglect, abuse, frequent caregiver changes and other traumatic experiences, and can impact brain development and lead to difficulties forming relationships and controlling emotions. Treatment focuses on forming a corrective attachment through structure, attunement, empathy, maintaining a positive effect, and supporting the development of reciprocity between child and caregiver.
Emotional development involves learning what feelings and emotions are, understanding how
and why they occur, recognizing your own feelings and those of others, and developing effective
ways of managing them.
1) Developmental milestones proposed by Arnold Gesell occur in predictable sequences, allowing developmental issues to be identified and addressed. However, a child's development can vary across physical, cognitive, and social/emotional domains and is influenced by many environmental factors.
2) A child's environment must meet their basic needs for development to progress. Trauma can delay or arrest development as needs take time to feel securely met.
3) Positive attachment enables exploration and cognitive growth, while insufficient attachment focuses development on survival and can disrupt the brain. Trauma affects cognitive and learning milestones, which vary individually rather than by age.
This chapter discusses theories of social and personality development in infancy. It covers psychoanalytic perspectives from Freud and Erikson, attachment theories from Bowlby and Ainsworth, and the development of temperament and self-concept. Key points include Freud's oral stage and Erikson's trust vs mistrust stage. Bowlby identified 4 phases of attachment and Ainsworth described secure and insecure attachments. Temperament is influenced by both heredity and environment. The effects of nonparental care depend on the quality of care and can impact cognitive and social development, especially if started before age 1.
Safeguarding Children: Getting it right from the start. Jane Barlow. ScarletFire.co.uk
From the Conwy and Denbighshire Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) Conference, March 2012.
www.conwy.gov.uk/lscb
Shared with kind permission from Jane Barlow.
The document discusses how children of different ages cope with stress. For infants, coping is dominated by behavioral rather than cognitive responses due to their limited executive functioning. Caregiver sensitivity and secure attachment are essential for healthy development and better coping. As children age into toddlerhood and preschool, their ability to regulate emotions and use problem-focused coping strategies develops slowly. During middle childhood, children can verbalize feelings and seek social support outside the family, with girls doing so more than boys. In adolescence, peers and siblings become important sources of support while parents still influence coping strategies. The family environment plays a key role in children's coping abilities at all stages.
Child and adolescence(socio emotional development)Iyah Alexander
The document discusses social, emotional, and psychological development from infancy through middle childhood. It covers Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and key influences at each age group. For infants, development depends on physiology and social interactions, while toddlers begin to develop autonomy and self-concept. Preschoolers work on initiative and moral understanding. During middle childhood, children focus on developing skills and can feel a sense of industry or inferiority depending on feedback.
This document discusses emotional and psychological development from infancy through middle childhood. It covers key theorists like Erik Erikson and describes developmental milestones at each stage, including the development of emotions, social skills, autonomy and self-concept. Cultural influences and gender differences are also addressed. Challenges like aggression, fears, bullying and family crises are explored, emphasizing the importance of supportive caregivers in fostering healthy development.
The document discusses attachment disorders and secure attachment in children. Secure attachment is formed through attuned interactions between caregiver and infant, which helps the infant feel safe and regulate their emotions and behaviors. Insecure attachment and attachment disorders can be caused by neglect, abuse, frequent caregiver changes and other traumatic experiences, and can impact brain development and lead to difficulties forming relationships and controlling emotions. Treatment focuses on forming a corrective attachment through structure, attunement, empathy, maintaining a positive effect, and supporting the development of reciprocity between child and caregiver.
Emotional development involves learning what feelings and emotions are, understanding how
and why they occur, recognizing your own feelings and those of others, and developing effective
ways of managing them.
1) Developmental milestones proposed by Arnold Gesell occur in predictable sequences, allowing developmental issues to be identified and addressed. However, a child's development can vary across physical, cognitive, and social/emotional domains and is influenced by many environmental factors.
2) A child's environment must meet their basic needs for development to progress. Trauma can delay or arrest development as needs take time to feel securely met.
3) Positive attachment enables exploration and cognitive growth, while insufficient attachment focuses development on survival and can disrupt the brain. Trauma affects cognitive and learning milestones, which vary individually rather than by age.
This chapter discusses theories of social and personality development in infancy. It covers psychoanalytic perspectives from Freud and Erikson, attachment theories from Bowlby and Ainsworth, and the development of temperament and self-concept. Key points include Freud's oral stage and Erikson's trust vs mistrust stage. Bowlby identified 4 phases of attachment and Ainsworth described secure and insecure attachments. Temperament is influenced by both heredity and environment. The effects of nonparental care depend on the quality of care and can impact cognitive and social development, especially if started before age 1.
Safeguarding Children: Getting it right from the start. Jane Barlow. ScarletFire.co.uk
From the Conwy and Denbighshire Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) Conference, March 2012.
www.conwy.gov.uk/lscb
Shared with kind permission from Jane Barlow.
The document discusses social development in infants from birth to around 2 years old. It covers several key topics:
1. Infants experience a range of emotions like interest, distress, and disgust from birth, and develop the ability to interpret facial expressions of others by 4 months.
2. Attachment forms between infants and caregivers through interactions, affecting the infant's social competence. Different attachment styles were identified.
3. Individual differences between infants exist, influenced by factors like gender, family environment, and temperament. Temperament refers to consistent behavioral patterns in arousal and emotionality.
Attachment And Children In Care 45 Slide HandoutBill Reid
Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is essential for healthy social and emotional development. Insecure or disrupted attachment can result from factors like parental mental illness, abuse/neglect, and multiple caregiving changes. Children with insecure attachment are at higher risk for problems like difficulty regulating emotions and forming relationships. Providing stable, nurturing caregiving environments and supporting the development of secure attachments can help mitigate these risks.
CHFD215 LESSON 7Social Understanding, Peers, Media, and Sc.docxjeffsrosalyn
CHFD215 | LESSON 7
Social Understanding, Peers, Media, and Schooling
This week addresses the development of social cognition, or how children come to understand their multifaceted social world. We will also learn about the importance of peer relations, television, computers, and schooling in child development.
Topics to be covered include:
Stages in Social Understanding.
Impact of Peer Relations, Media, and Schooling in Child Development
Development of Self-Awareness and Self-Concept
How do children come to understand their multidimensional social world? How do they think about and interpret their experiences with others? These questions address the concept of social cognition, thinking about characteristics of the self and other people. The first step in this development is self-awareness.
You may wonder when babies begin to recognize the concept of self. The development of self-awareness occurs in stages, with the first stage commencing at birth.
As language takes more of a role in the toddler’s interactions, self-awareness increases, as the toddler is now able to express the self in a more defined manner. Between 18 and 30 months, children begin to classify themselves and others on the basis of perceptually distinct attributes and behaviors, such as age, gender, size, and temperament. This is known as the categorical self. The remembered self encompasses a bigger picture as children rely on autobiographical memories to view themselves as continuously existing individuals. This type of awareness grows out of conversations and interactions with adults who can elaborate on past experiences. Finally, the concept of the enduring self is developed as preschoolers begin to discuss future events and begin to view themselves as persisting over time.
SELF-AWARENESS
NEWBORNS
INFANTS
TODDLERS
You may recall that newborns have the capacity for intermodal perception, or making sense of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information. As babies touch their toes, watch their arms move, and hear themselves cry, they begin to differentiate their own bodies from their surroundings. After feeling a particular object with their hands, they are able to visually distinguish it from other objects.
Theory of Mind Development
You may recall that, as children think about themselves and others, they form a naïve theory of mind, which is a coherent understanding of their own and others’ vivid mental lives. In other words, they are aware that people have personal thoughts. This contributes to their ability to consider the perspective of others, as they understand that someone else may not be thinking the same thoughts as them.
By the time children have reached the age of three, children begin to realize the connections among perceiving, feeling, and desiring.
Factors influencing theory of mind include language and verbal reasoning, executive function, parent-child conversations about mental states, make-believe play, and social interaction wit ...
How does the development of self-awareness and self-esteem factor .docxwellesleyterresa
This document discusses social problem solving skills in children and adolescents. It covers the development of self-awareness, self-concept, and social cognition from infancy through adolescence. Key topics include the stages of social understanding, theory of mind development, influences on self-esteem, identity formation, and person perception skills. The document also examines social problem solving processes and provides a case study on the relationship between adolescent self-esteem and psychological well-being in adulthood.
This document discusses emotional development from infancy through adolescence. It notes that emotional development progresses along with physical and cognitive development from birth. While emotions are difficult to study, researchers have developed theories of emotional development. The document then outlines key milestones in emotional development at different ages, including the emergence of smiling, crying, laughter, and other emotions in infancy, and the development of self-awareness, empathy, and emotional regulation in toddlerhood and childhood. It discusses challenges with emotional expression and understanding among adolescents.
The document discusses theories of infant psychosocial development from the first two years. It covers emotional development in infancy including the emergence of specific emotions like pleasure, pain, anger and fear. It also discusses theories from Freud, Erikson, behaviorism and more. Attachment styles like secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-ambivalent are covered as well as the role of parents and culture in development.
Disinhibited social engagement disorder DFS Trainingvijay88888
This document contains questions and answers about topics related to child development, attachment, and trauma. It discusses imprinting in humans and the importance of early love and caregiving. Reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder are described. Treatment for these disorders focuses on providing security, stability and sensitivity to help form new attachments. Brief, positive interactions can help change stress responses and brain development in neglected children. Consultation with specialists may be needed to address related issues like feeding disorders.
The document discusses psychosocial development in infants from birth to two years old. It covers emotional development milestones, theories of development, the importance of social bonds and attachment between caregiver and infant, and the impact of culture and environment on development. Key topics include emotional milestones like smiling, fear, and separation anxiety. Theories addressed include psychoanalytic, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives. The role of secure attachment in development is also discussed.
The document discusses psychosocial development in infants from birth to two years old. It covers emotional development milestones, theories of development, the importance of social bonds and attachment between caregiver and infant, and the impact of culture and environment on development. Key topics include emotional milestones like smiling, crying, and fear responses; attachment styles like secure, avoidant, and ambivalent; the role of parents and caregivers; and factors like temperament, synchrony, and social referencing.
1) The document discusses Chomsky's theory of critical periods in language development and provides examples from real life cases, including Genie, showing disruptions during critical periods can negatively affect language development.
2) It asks what Genie's outcome tells us about language and emotional development, and what cues educators can take from these tragic cases.
3) The document is about emotional and language development in children, discussing theories, stages of emotional development, attachment theory, and the development of language and communication skills.
Social and personality development in childhoodJyoti Pandey
Youth social and personality development for kids rises through the cooperation of social impacts, organic development, and the tyke's portrayals of the social world and the self.
This chapter discusses social development in infancy. It addresses several key questions: Do infants experience emotions? What is their mental life like? What is attachment and how does it impact future social competence? The roles of other people in infant social development and individual differences between infants are also examined. The chapter covers topics like emotion recognition, attachment styles, temperament, and the importance of caregiver relationships in shaping social-emotional development in the first years of life.
This document discusses cognitive, emotional, and social development from childhood through adulthood based on theories from Freud, Erickson, and Piaget. It describes key stages of development including trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in toddlers, initiative vs guilt in preschoolers, industry vs inferiority in school-aged children, identity vs role confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in young adults, and integrity vs despair in late adulthood. It also outlines Piaget's stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to concrete to formal operational thought. Dental considerations are discussed for each developmental period.
1) Parents play a crucial role in a child's development across several domains, including cognitive, socio-cultural, physical, mental, and spiritual development. Through positive parenting techniques like interaction, stimulation, and modeling healthy behaviors, parents can help children develop skills and traits.
2) Parents influence children from an early age by how they resolve conflicts, choose friends, exercise, eat healthy foods, understand discipline, and develop a sense of spirituality. Positive parenting aims to instill values like teamwork and goal-setting in children.
3) While therapy can help with child development, parents don't need to feel helpless - they can actively participate in treatment at home through play-and-learn activities that guide children
Children develop key social-emotional skills from a very young age.
- Infants begin forming attachments through interactions which are important for brain development.
- Toddlers start expressing a range of emotions like fear, anger, pride and begin learning to regulate emotions with language. They also show early signs of empathy.
The document summarizes key aspects of emotional development across the lifespan. It discusses emotions and regulation in infancy, emotional expression and social relationships in early childhood, increased understanding and coping skills in middle childhood, emotional turmoil in adolescence, and improved regulation in adulthood. Attachment styles also influence social relationships throughout development.
The document discusses emotional development in humans from infancy through adulthood. It outlines the main positive and negative emotions experienced at different life stages, from smiling and laughing in infancy to more complex emotions during adolescence. Key factors that influence emotional development are also summarized, such as hereditary traits, environment, intelligence, family relationships, and control over one's emotions. Different methods for exercising control over emotions are also presented.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on holistic social and emotional development in early childhood education. It discusses key topics like developmental domains, theories of social-emotional development including attachment theory and social learning theory, the importance of play, and factors that influence child development. The lecture emphasizes taking a whole child approach and recognizing how development across different domains overlaps and influences each other. It stresses the importance of secure attachments and supportive environments for positive social-emotional development in young children.
This has to have references that have the web addresses. I need th.docxmeagantobias
This has to have references that have the web addresses.
I need this by wedensday. I have a death in the family and need to have all this done before I travel.
Assume that you have been assigned to explain the following to UPC’s capital planning committee:
Challenges associated with the capital planning process
Risks involved in capital planning
Techniques for minimizing the risks
.
THis doesnt necessarily refer to social culture as you know, rather.docxmeagantobias
THis doesn't necessarily refer to social culture as you know, rather organizational culture such as values etc.
"
Utilizing independent research and your own experience, how can a healthy culture aid an organization in accomplishing its goals? Provide at least one scholarly source in addition to the course material to substantiate your ideas. In your responses to at least two of your classmates’ postings by Day 7, provide at least two additional components of a healthy culture in an organizational workplace."
.
More Related Content
Similar to How do genetic and environmental factors work together to influe
The document discusses social development in infants from birth to around 2 years old. It covers several key topics:
1. Infants experience a range of emotions like interest, distress, and disgust from birth, and develop the ability to interpret facial expressions of others by 4 months.
2. Attachment forms between infants and caregivers through interactions, affecting the infant's social competence. Different attachment styles were identified.
3. Individual differences between infants exist, influenced by factors like gender, family environment, and temperament. Temperament refers to consistent behavioral patterns in arousal and emotionality.
Attachment And Children In Care 45 Slide HandoutBill Reid
Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is essential for healthy social and emotional development. Insecure or disrupted attachment can result from factors like parental mental illness, abuse/neglect, and multiple caregiving changes. Children with insecure attachment are at higher risk for problems like difficulty regulating emotions and forming relationships. Providing stable, nurturing caregiving environments and supporting the development of secure attachments can help mitigate these risks.
CHFD215 LESSON 7Social Understanding, Peers, Media, and Sc.docxjeffsrosalyn
CHFD215 | LESSON 7
Social Understanding, Peers, Media, and Schooling
This week addresses the development of social cognition, or how children come to understand their multifaceted social world. We will also learn about the importance of peer relations, television, computers, and schooling in child development.
Topics to be covered include:
Stages in Social Understanding.
Impact of Peer Relations, Media, and Schooling in Child Development
Development of Self-Awareness and Self-Concept
How do children come to understand their multidimensional social world? How do they think about and interpret their experiences with others? These questions address the concept of social cognition, thinking about characteristics of the self and other people. The first step in this development is self-awareness.
You may wonder when babies begin to recognize the concept of self. The development of self-awareness occurs in stages, with the first stage commencing at birth.
As language takes more of a role in the toddler’s interactions, self-awareness increases, as the toddler is now able to express the self in a more defined manner. Between 18 and 30 months, children begin to classify themselves and others on the basis of perceptually distinct attributes and behaviors, such as age, gender, size, and temperament. This is known as the categorical self. The remembered self encompasses a bigger picture as children rely on autobiographical memories to view themselves as continuously existing individuals. This type of awareness grows out of conversations and interactions with adults who can elaborate on past experiences. Finally, the concept of the enduring self is developed as preschoolers begin to discuss future events and begin to view themselves as persisting over time.
SELF-AWARENESS
NEWBORNS
INFANTS
TODDLERS
You may recall that newborns have the capacity for intermodal perception, or making sense of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information. As babies touch their toes, watch their arms move, and hear themselves cry, they begin to differentiate their own bodies from their surroundings. After feeling a particular object with their hands, they are able to visually distinguish it from other objects.
Theory of Mind Development
You may recall that, as children think about themselves and others, they form a naïve theory of mind, which is a coherent understanding of their own and others’ vivid mental lives. In other words, they are aware that people have personal thoughts. This contributes to their ability to consider the perspective of others, as they understand that someone else may not be thinking the same thoughts as them.
By the time children have reached the age of three, children begin to realize the connections among perceiving, feeling, and desiring.
Factors influencing theory of mind include language and verbal reasoning, executive function, parent-child conversations about mental states, make-believe play, and social interaction wit ...
How does the development of self-awareness and self-esteem factor .docxwellesleyterresa
This document discusses social problem solving skills in children and adolescents. It covers the development of self-awareness, self-concept, and social cognition from infancy through adolescence. Key topics include the stages of social understanding, theory of mind development, influences on self-esteem, identity formation, and person perception skills. The document also examines social problem solving processes and provides a case study on the relationship between adolescent self-esteem and psychological well-being in adulthood.
This document discusses emotional development from infancy through adolescence. It notes that emotional development progresses along with physical and cognitive development from birth. While emotions are difficult to study, researchers have developed theories of emotional development. The document then outlines key milestones in emotional development at different ages, including the emergence of smiling, crying, laughter, and other emotions in infancy, and the development of self-awareness, empathy, and emotional regulation in toddlerhood and childhood. It discusses challenges with emotional expression and understanding among adolescents.
The document discusses theories of infant psychosocial development from the first two years. It covers emotional development in infancy including the emergence of specific emotions like pleasure, pain, anger and fear. It also discusses theories from Freud, Erikson, behaviorism and more. Attachment styles like secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-ambivalent are covered as well as the role of parents and culture in development.
Disinhibited social engagement disorder DFS Trainingvijay88888
This document contains questions and answers about topics related to child development, attachment, and trauma. It discusses imprinting in humans and the importance of early love and caregiving. Reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder are described. Treatment for these disorders focuses on providing security, stability and sensitivity to help form new attachments. Brief, positive interactions can help change stress responses and brain development in neglected children. Consultation with specialists may be needed to address related issues like feeding disorders.
The document discusses psychosocial development in infants from birth to two years old. It covers emotional development milestones, theories of development, the importance of social bonds and attachment between caregiver and infant, and the impact of culture and environment on development. Key topics include emotional milestones like smiling, fear, and separation anxiety. Theories addressed include psychoanalytic, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives. The role of secure attachment in development is also discussed.
The document discusses psychosocial development in infants from birth to two years old. It covers emotional development milestones, theories of development, the importance of social bonds and attachment between caregiver and infant, and the impact of culture and environment on development. Key topics include emotional milestones like smiling, crying, and fear responses; attachment styles like secure, avoidant, and ambivalent; the role of parents and caregivers; and factors like temperament, synchrony, and social referencing.
1) The document discusses Chomsky's theory of critical periods in language development and provides examples from real life cases, including Genie, showing disruptions during critical periods can negatively affect language development.
2) It asks what Genie's outcome tells us about language and emotional development, and what cues educators can take from these tragic cases.
3) The document is about emotional and language development in children, discussing theories, stages of emotional development, attachment theory, and the development of language and communication skills.
Social and personality development in childhoodJyoti Pandey
Youth social and personality development for kids rises through the cooperation of social impacts, organic development, and the tyke's portrayals of the social world and the self.
This chapter discusses social development in infancy. It addresses several key questions: Do infants experience emotions? What is their mental life like? What is attachment and how does it impact future social competence? The roles of other people in infant social development and individual differences between infants are also examined. The chapter covers topics like emotion recognition, attachment styles, temperament, and the importance of caregiver relationships in shaping social-emotional development in the first years of life.
This document discusses cognitive, emotional, and social development from childhood through adulthood based on theories from Freud, Erickson, and Piaget. It describes key stages of development including trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in toddlers, initiative vs guilt in preschoolers, industry vs inferiority in school-aged children, identity vs role confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in young adults, and integrity vs despair in late adulthood. It also outlines Piaget's stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to concrete to formal operational thought. Dental considerations are discussed for each developmental period.
1) Parents play a crucial role in a child's development across several domains, including cognitive, socio-cultural, physical, mental, and spiritual development. Through positive parenting techniques like interaction, stimulation, and modeling healthy behaviors, parents can help children develop skills and traits.
2) Parents influence children from an early age by how they resolve conflicts, choose friends, exercise, eat healthy foods, understand discipline, and develop a sense of spirituality. Positive parenting aims to instill values like teamwork and goal-setting in children.
3) While therapy can help with child development, parents don't need to feel helpless - they can actively participate in treatment at home through play-and-learn activities that guide children
Children develop key social-emotional skills from a very young age.
- Infants begin forming attachments through interactions which are important for brain development.
- Toddlers start expressing a range of emotions like fear, anger, pride and begin learning to regulate emotions with language. They also show early signs of empathy.
The document summarizes key aspects of emotional development across the lifespan. It discusses emotions and regulation in infancy, emotional expression and social relationships in early childhood, increased understanding and coping skills in middle childhood, emotional turmoil in adolescence, and improved regulation in adulthood. Attachment styles also influence social relationships throughout development.
The document discusses emotional development in humans from infancy through adulthood. It outlines the main positive and negative emotions experienced at different life stages, from smiling and laughing in infancy to more complex emotions during adolescence. Key factors that influence emotional development are also summarized, such as hereditary traits, environment, intelligence, family relationships, and control over one's emotions. Different methods for exercising control over emotions are also presented.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on holistic social and emotional development in early childhood education. It discusses key topics like developmental domains, theories of social-emotional development including attachment theory and social learning theory, the importance of play, and factors that influence child development. The lecture emphasizes taking a whole child approach and recognizing how development across different domains overlaps and influences each other. It stresses the importance of secure attachments and supportive environments for positive social-emotional development in young children.
Similar to How do genetic and environmental factors work together to influe (20)
This has to have references that have the web addresses. I need th.docxmeagantobias
This has to have references that have the web addresses.
I need this by wedensday. I have a death in the family and need to have all this done before I travel.
Assume that you have been assigned to explain the following to UPC’s capital planning committee:
Challenges associated with the capital planning process
Risks involved in capital planning
Techniques for minimizing the risks
.
THis doesnt necessarily refer to social culture as you know, rather.docxmeagantobias
THis doesn't necessarily refer to social culture as you know, rather organizational culture such as values etc.
"
Utilizing independent research and your own experience, how can a healthy culture aid an organization in accomplishing its goals? Provide at least one scholarly source in addition to the course material to substantiate your ideas. In your responses to at least two of your classmates’ postings by Day 7, provide at least two additional components of a healthy culture in an organizational workplace."
.
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This study guide provides questions to help review chapters 1 and 2 from the lecture material on ancient Egypt. It asks about the dynasties of the Early Dynastic Period, how Egyptians viewed art and worshipped deities, and how concepts of duality and order were explored symbolically. Other questions cover the importance of temple decorations, the meaning of ka, statues exhibiting frontality, roles of servant figures, techniques of wall illustrations, uses of hieroglyphics, available materials, the subject of the Narmer palette, and the function and design of a serekh.
This essay should be roughly 3-5 concise paragraphs. It should provi.docxmeagantobias
This applicant is interested in studying political science at Bosphorus University in Istanbul to broaden their knowledge of Turkish government and international relations. Bosphorus University is considered one of the best universities in Turkey and is comparable to Harvard. The applicant believes attending this prominent university will allow them to build valuable professional networks and connections, and that having it on their resume will be beneficial for their future goals.
This discussion provides an opportunity to evaluate a variety of dig.docxmeagantobias
This discussion provides an opportunity to evaluate a variety of digital and assistive technologies for supporting diverse learners. Based on the required readings from Housand & Housand (2012), McCombs (2000), and Page (2002), you know that research shows that effective technology integration can support student motivation, engagement, and interest in learning. Furthermore, research has shown that through thoughtful integration of audio, video, and other media, instruction can be differentiated, ultimately increasing a student’s motivation to learn. To explore this research, in this discussion you will analyze how technology integration can be used as a method of intervention to meet the needs of diverse learners. To prepare for this discussion, review the Week Two Instructor Guidance and the Required Resources for the week. Next, access either The
Teaching Channel
or
Edutopia
and conduct a search using the key words “using technology for learning motivation” or similar. Select one video that can inform your response to the discussion points below. If for some reason you are unable to support your response to this discussion using the video option, please contact your instructor for an alternative way to complete this discussion.
Initial Post:
Respond with an initial post that includes the following components:
Provide a link to the video you viewed and a succinct description of the video’s focus, such as the grade-level of students, the educator(s) involved, and the subject being taught (e.g., science or language arts).
In at least one paragraph, describe how the technology is being used in the video and describe what you observed in the video that informs you that students’ motivation is increased or otherwise supported due to the use of the technology.
Next, succinctly describe how the use of the technology promotes students’ engagement during the learning process.
Finally, describe the extent to which the use of technology and its motivating factors outweighs the potential challenges the educator might face in acquiring the technology and learning how to effectively implement it.
.
This debate is based on the following scenarioLyone, Inc. is a no.docxmeagantobias
This debate is based on the following scenario:
Lyone, Inc. is a non-union manufacturer of consumer household goods. Their industry is largely union, yet they have remained without a union because employees have always felt that they could work well with management and that management protected the employees and treated them fairly. Recently, the employees have sought a pay increase after accepting a wage freeze last year. The economy has improved, production is at an all-time high, and employees want to be rewarded for their efforts and loyalty.
The Board of Directors is aware that with the high earnings recently announced, shareholders are expecting high returns after a dismal four quarters last year. If they approve a modest pay increase for the employees who accepted the wage freeze last year, they will not be able to release the high-rate dividends to shareholders. Also, the Board fears that a failure to comply with the reasonable employee demand might prompt the employees to seek union representation, something the Board does not want to encounter.
(me)
Students whose last names begin with the letters L through Z will assume the roles of directors who wish to provide a high-return dividend to the shareholders. These students should clearly indicate their position on the debate by beginning each Threaded Discussion post with the heading "INCREASE DIVIDEND."
10 word apa with references
.
This coures is Art history 222I am looking for someone know how to.docxmeagantobias
This assignment is for an art history course and requires writing an expository essay discussing the sculptures of David created by Donatello, Michelangelo and Bernini based on the biblical story of David and Goliath. The essay should provide information about each artist's version of David and compare the three sculptures.
This chapter explains how the emergent properties of water contribut.docxmeagantobias
This chapter explains how the emergent properties of water contribute to the suitability of the environment for life. Until fairly recently, scientists assumed that other physical requirements for life included a moderate range of temperature, pH, and atmospheric pressure. That view has changed with the discovery of organisms known as extremophiles, which have been found flourishing in hot, acidic sulfur springs and around hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean. What does the existence of life in such environments say about the possibility of life on other planets?
120 words only
.
This case was written with generous financial assistance from the .docxmeagantobias
This case was written with generous financial assistance from the Hill-Ivey Case-Writing Fund.
In early 2008, Paul Antle, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Phase Separation
Solution
s (PS2), received a call from the State Environmental Protection Agency of China, expressing interest in PS2’s Thermal Phase Separation (TPS) technology. PS2 was a small, Saskatchewan-based environmental solutions company that had grown, under Antle’s entrepreneurial direction, to become a North American leader in the treatment of soil, sludge and debris impacted with various organic contaminants. The company specialized in the cleanup of two waste streams using its TPS technology. The first was the remediation of soil contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as pesticides and poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The second was recovering usable oil from industrial sludge generated in various industries, such as the oil and gas industry.
Despite Antle’s initial concerns that the call had been a scam, he soon visited China to learn more about the market in China and to build relationships. The Chinese inquiries were sincere. By mid-2010, nearly one and a half years after Antle’s first visit, potential cooperative opportunities had emerged with two separate Chinese organizations: one in soil remediation, and the other in oil recovery from oil sludge. The two potential opportunities were attractive to PS2. The international geographic diversification would transform PS2 from a domestic player to an international player, and in so doing, would significantly improve its growth potential.
The PS2 management team was no stranger to international markets. The TPS technology had been successfully employed in 14 countries in the past 15 years. However, the modes of international involvement had been on a non-equity basis, in the forms of equipment exporting, licensing and service contracts. Although the cooperative opportunities in China would bring PS2 to a higher level of internationalization, the decision was not to be taken lightly. A series of questions needed to be answered. Should PS2 enter the Chinese market? Which of the two opportunities should it pursue? Would it be feasible to pursue both? Did PS2 possess the required resources and capabilities to pursue an equity-based entry? What ownership levels should PS2 assume for each option? How would PS2 staff its Chinese operation(s) if PS2 decided to pursue the opportunities in China?
Case Study: Phase Separations
.
This assignment need to be done Sunday 10, 2015 in APA format with r.docxmeagantobias
This assignment need to be done Sunday 10, 2015 in APA format with references.
Its two part and part III.
Part II: Essay on whistle blowing or cybercrime page in lenght
Part III:
Using the course textbook and Internet resources, write a paper about a case that illustrates the lack of ethics or social responsibility.
.
This assignment is worth up to 12 extra points. You have your choice.docxmeagantobias
This assignment is worth up to 12 extra points. You have your choice of writing a review of a (1) cooking show,(2) 2 restaurants and/or festivals or (3) a food-related movie. Shows like Man vs. Food, a show from the Food Network, PBS shows (like Lydia's Kitchen) are good choices. Movies? Think Chocolat, Ratatouille (No Willy Wonka), Julie and Julia, Soul Food... There are a lot to choose from. If you have a question as to whether something would qualify, email me. Post as usual with reply-submit).
FORMAT For Cooking Shows or Movies:
1. Your Name
2. What you are reviewing and its name/title. Why you selected it.
3. What it was about, types of foods included, major characters if applicable.
4A. For MOVIES Also answer: How food related to the theme or how it was a major part of the movie. Did it reflect place at all?
4B. For SHOWS Also answer: Did the show give you insights into places, techniques or types of food? Any personal tidbits? Explain.
Provide at least 1/2 page. Spell check.
FORMAT for Restaurants or Festivals:
In many of the papers to date, there has been interest in learning about places to go that would allow you to try foods, and papers that have mentioned specific restaurants. Here's your chance to help those who want to travel, and to create a class "Places to Go" guide that involves food and geography. I want TWO examples and these can be places/food establishments/festivals/restaurants. Post your response to these (and please use the numbers!):
Example 1
1. Your name
2. Name of the restaurant, festival, or place (such as the wharf or boardwalk)
3. Where it is located
4. How you came across it and what it means to you
5. What you should order/eat there and why
Now do the same for #2 using another example.
Make sure you spell check for maximum points.
assignment price: 10$
.
This assignment is pertaining to Jamaica. ( International busines.docxmeagantobias
This assignment is pertaining to
Jamaica. ( International business)
1.1.
Describe the
extent of economic integration
, specifically mentioning the country’s membership(s) within regional trade agreements and the benefits they bring to the country.
1.2.
Explain the
best ways to do business
in this country, making
a recommendation
for an MNC that is considering this country by evaluating these three options: exports/imports, green field investment, or not entering at all.
1.3.
In summary, for a multinational corporation considering business in this country:
1.3.1.
What are the
country-specific special considerations
for an MN?
1.3.2.
Would you
recommend that an MNC enter this market
?
.
This assignment is due saturday june 13th 2015 @ 1500 pacificTh.docxmeagantobias
This assignment is due
saturday june 13th 2015 @ 15:00 pacific
The document is attached in order to complete the assignment
please, original work only. no plagirism
thank you, your help is appreciated.
this is a repost, sorry. i wasn't able to get back to this assignment and make a deal when i origially posted it.
.
This assignment is for A-plus Writer......The distinction betw.docxmeagantobias
1. The passage discusses the key differences between classical and modern Keynesian macroeconomics, as well as topics like business cycles, inflation, unemployment, and aggregate supply and demand.
2. It contains multiple choice questions testing understanding of these macroeconomic concepts.
3. The questions cover the causes of inflation, effects of inflation, types of unemployment, and equilibrium in the macroeconomy.
This assignment is due today Saturday March 14th 2015. 1400 pacific.docxmeagantobias
This assignment is due today Saturday March 14th 2015. 14:00 pacific
There are two questions attached on the document. One involves writing and the other is an algebra question.
Thank you, please no plagiarism and please only offer if you intend to complete assignment on time. My time is valuable as is yours.
.
This assignment is due on May 13. You may want to view some Yout.docxmeagantobias
This assignment is due on May 13.
You may want to view some
Youtube
videos which will walk you through the assignment. This one is very good:
https
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=
Jj
_
DzSR
7V5U
You will submit a single worksheet with tabs for each of the situations--that is, ONE spreadsheet with 5 "pages"!
.
This assignment is designed to integrate the reflection of persona.docxmeagantobias
This assignment is designed to integrate the reflection of personal experience and the information covered in the textbook.
A
ssuming
you are
Ludmilla
responding to a recent email from Juanita, answer the following questions:
Besides cultural differences, what other factors might affect human resource management with this international office?
What abilities will help Juanita succeed and potentially fail in this assignment as an expatriate?
What has been the reason for the high failure rate of expatirate managers in Uzbekistan? What can Ludmilla do to increase the success of expats?
Since Uzbekistan has been significantly influenced by Russia for over 70 years, from Hofstede’s perspective, what impact has culture had on appraisal systems, self- managing teams, and systems for gathering suggestions from workers?
.
This Assignment has two parts·Assignment C-pt 1 of 2 ( Di.docxmeagantobias
This Assignment has two parts:
·
Assignment C-pt 1 of 2 ( Discussion) due 12/25/14 @ noon
·
Assignment C-pt 2 of 2 ( Formal APA paper) due 12/27/14 @ noon
Please pay very close attention to the enclosed attachments which include detailed directions, lesson notes, and resources.
Listed / Attached reference must be used as one of the sources in each of the writings.
.
This Assignment has two partsCS Powerpoint due 122514 @ no.docxmeagantobias
This Assignment has two parts:
CS Powerpoint due 12/25/14 @ noon
K Video due 12/26/14 @ noon
Please pay very close attention to the enclosed attachments which include detailed directions, case study, one source that must be utilized in addition to other found, and K Video Directions.
.
This Assignment has two partsAssignment B-pt 1 of 2 ( Discuss.docxmeagantobias
This Assignment has two parts:
Assignment B-pt 1 of 2 ( Discussion) due 12/18/14 @ noon
Assignment B-pt 2 of 2 ( Formal APA paper) due 12/20/14 @ noon
Please pay very close attention to the enclosed attachements which include detailed directions, lesson notes, and resources.
Listed / Attached reference must be used as one of the sources in each of the writings.
.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
How do genetic and environmental factors work together to influe
1. How do genetic and environmental factors work together to
influence emotional and moral development? What can parents
do to ensure healthy emotional and moral development with
their children?
This week you’re going on a field trip – an internet field trip!
Please do a search online for a current event that relates to the
material in the reading this week. Give a brief summary of what
you found and explain how it fits in with what you learned this
week. Don’t forget to cite your source!
Emotional Development and Moral Development
This week we will explore the functions of emotions, the
development of emotional expression and emotional
understanding, the role of temperament, and the development
and significance of attachment. Additionally, we will study
moral development. Topics involving moral development will
include the study of morality as the adoption of societal norms,
morality as social understanding, moral reasoning of young
children, the development of self-control, and the development
of aggression.
Topics to be covered include:
Stages of Emotional Development
Moral Development
2. Emotional Development
Emotion is defined as a rapid appraisal of the personal
significance of a situation that prepares us for action. When you
experience something that is personally relevant, there is
physiological response in your body that causes a behavioral
response. If you get into an argument, someone you love smiles
at you, or you accomplish a challenging task, you feel a surge
of emotion. Your behavioral responses to your emotions is part
of what makes you unique!
EMOTIONS DEFINED
Theorists with a functionalist approach to emotion believe that
emotions play an integral role in cognitive processing, social
behavior, and physical health. They believe that the purpose of
emotions is to motivate behavior aimed at accomplishing
personal goals. If you have a goal in mind, the anticipation of
the outcome, as well as the outcome itself, triggers emotions
that help dictate your response. As an individual interacts with
his or her environment and situations change, emotions change.
We see how cognition and emotions work together when we
consider the impact of anxiety on performance. When anxiety
levels rise, thinking skills are often impacted, as attention given
to mental processing is now occupied with thoughts of worry. In
addition, children who become distressed tend to better recall
that particular experience, showing emotion is linked to
memory. We also previously learned that two childhood growth
disorders, nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial
dwarfism, result from emotional deprivation.
SOCIAL SITUATIONS
SELF-AWARENESS
3. HEALTH
Emotional Expression
The progression of emotional expression occurs with age. In
early infancy, happiness is displayed through smiles and
laughter, often as a reaction to parental affection or the
achievement of sensorimotor goals. Infants also begin to
experience anger (as a result of not being able to control their
surroundings as expected) and fear (typically as a result of
being around unfamiliar adults). Angry reactions increase with
age into the second year, which motivates caregivers to ease the
baby’s distress. Fear, on the other hand, arises in the second
half of the first year but eventually decreases. The initial rise in
fear also keeps traveling babies safer when exploring their
environment.
SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS
Toddlers begin to display higher-order, self-conscious
emotions, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride
as they grow in self-awareness. These types of emotions involve
injury to our sense of self and begin to appear at the end of the
second year. Learning to manage these emotions comes with the
support of adults, whose feedback encourages or discourages
the emotions in specific settings and situations. This, again,
varies widely from culture to culture. As emotional management
develops, young children become increasingly sensitive to
praise or blame from caregivers and emotions become
associated with self-evaluation. How adults handle feedback is
important to a child’s developing self-esteem.
Self-Regulation of Emotions
4. Over time, children must learn to control their own emotions
and emotional responses, a concept known as emotional self-
regulation. The ability to adjust an emotional state depends on
several cognitive strategies, including attention focusing and
shifting, inhibiting certain thoughts and behaviors, and making
a plan to relieve stress. This regulation is influenced by both
adult instruction and cultural expectations and is an important
part of adapting to the physical and social environment in which
a child is raised.
INFANCY
EARLY CHILDHOOD
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
In infancy, babies mainly use social referencing to evaluate
situations. In other words, they observe how others react to
determine if a situation is positive or negative. Babies learn to
turn away from unpleasant situations or engage in self-soothing
strategies when upset. Sympathetic rather than impatient
parental responses make babies easier to soothe and encourage
self-calming strategies.
TEMPERAMENT‹
1/6
›
Temperament is defined as early-appearing, stable individual
differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Both temperament
and parenting play a role in the development and expression of
empathy. It makes sense that children who are friendly,
confident, and successful at self-regulation are more likely to
5. empathize with others than children who are antagonistic and
struggle with regulation of emotions.
Let’s review some models and influences of temperament.
Attachment
Attachment is the strong affectionate tie that develops between
infants and the familiar people who respond to their needs.
Infants grow attached to those around them who give them what
they need. Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment
recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an
evolved response that promotes survival. He also proposed that
the quality of this attachment affects the child’s long-term
emotions and ability to form trusting relationships. As
attachment develops, we observe babies displaying separation
anxiety when the primary caregiver leaves. Children, on the
other hand, depend less on the physical proximity of caregivers
because they are aware of the emotional bond even during
separation. Instead, an image of the caregiver serves as an
internal working model, which becomes a vital part of the
child’s personality, guiding future close relationships. An
internal working model is a set of expectations about the
availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing
support during times of stress, and the self’s interaction with
those figures.
Through Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation technique (an
experiment that takes the baby through eight short episodes in
which brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver
occur) and other tools for measuring the quality of infant
attachment, researchers have identified a secure attachment
pattern and several patterns of insecurity (avoidant, resistant,
and disorganized/disoriented).
6. Attachment security is influenced by several factors, including
opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, infant
characteristics, family circumstances, and the parents’ own
internal working models. Sensitive caregiving by fathers,
similar to mothers, predicts secure attachment; however,
typically mothers devote more time to care and affection, while
fathers are more prone to playful interaction. The evidence
regarding the relationship between secure attachment in infancy
and later cognitive, emotional, and social competence is
contradictory, but steadiness of caregiving seems to be a
significant element in this relationship. As we continue to see a
shift towards more mothers entering the workforce, we begin to
look at quality of care beyond that of the parent-child
relationship. Evidence suggests that quality of care is critically
important. Standards for developmentally appropriate child care
exist, but the United States and Canada both fall behind
European nations in providing child care that is nationally
regulated and adequately funded.
AVOIDANT
RESISTANT
DISORGANIZED/DISORIENTED
Knowledge Check
1
Question 1
Which is a strategy used by children in order to gather
emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain
situation?Emotion-centered copingInternal working
modelProblem-centered copingSocial referencingI don't know
One attempt
7. Submit answer
You answered 0 out of 0 correctly. Asking up to 1.
Case Study
Analyzing research studies in the area of emotional
development can assist in understanding of key concepts of
emotions. The first case study illustrates the effects of early and
later maternal sensitivity on children’s social development. The
second case study examines the relationship between identity
status and romantic attachment style in adolescence, including
developmental differences between younger and older
adolescents.
‹
1/2
›
STUDY 1
A Longitudinal Study of Maternal Sensitivity and Adopted
Children’s Social Development
Sensitive caregiving is moderately related in attachment
security in both biological and adoptive mother–infant pairs and
in diverse cultures and SES groups. To examine the effects of
early and later maternal sensitivity on children’s social
development, Jaffari-Bimmel and colleagues (2006) followed
160 internationally adopted children from infancy to age 14. All
of the children were placed in adoptive families by age six
months, and the families were predominantly middle- or upper-
middle class.
The researchers collected the following information:
8. When the children were five months old, their adoptive mothers
rated their health condition on arrival (that is, at the time of
adoption)—birth weight, incidence of prematurity, and health
problems.
When the children were 12 months old, attachment security was
assessed using Ainsworth’s Strange Situation.
At ages 12, 18, and 30 months, maternal sensitivity was
assessed at home and in the laboratory. While the children and
their mothers completed age-appropriate tasks like putting
together puzzles and building with blocks, trained researchers
coded for emotional support, respect for the child’s autonomy,
structure and limit setting, hostility, and quality of instruction.
At ages seven and 14 years, maternal sensitivity was again
assessed in the home. While the children and their mothers
worked on a difficult, age-appropriate puzzle, trained
researchers coded for supportive presence, intrusiveness, and
sensitivity, timing, and clarity of instruction.
When the children were ages 12, 18, and 30 months and ages
seven and 14 years, their adoptive mothers completed an
attachment questionnaire. In infancy, the researchers were
primarily interested in mood and resistance. In middle
childhood and adolescence, the researchers focused on
aggression, reactivity, and restlessness.
When children were ages seven and 14 years, adoptive mothers
and teachers completed a measure of social development. The
questionnaire focused on social acceptance, social rejection,
pro-social competence, friendliness, and social esteem.
When the children were ages seven and 14 years, their adoptive
9. mothers reported on the degree to which the family had
experienced stressful life events during the past two years. The
instrument included physical health problems of relatives,
bereavement, unemployment, divorce, financial problems,
marital problems, problems at work, and conflict with relatives
and/or neighbors.
Results
Findings indicated that developmental history and sensitive
caregiving in infancy and middle childhood predicted social
development at age 14. That is, participants who were healthy at
the time of adoption and experienced few stressful life events
and received sensitive caregiving in both infancy and middle
childhood were rated higher in social development (by adoptive
mothers and teachers) than peers who were unhealthy at the
time of adoption, experienced a large number of stressful life
events, and received less-sensitive caregiving in infancy and
middle childhood. Another important finding was that maternal
sensitivity in middle childhood and adolescence helped buffer
against the negative effects of a difficult temperament. Children
with a difficult temperament who experienced high levels of
maternal sensitivity in middle childhood and adolescence had
more favorable social development at age 14 than children with
a difficult temperament who experienced insensitive caregiving.
Finally, consistent with previous studies, attachment security in
infancy was moderately related to social development at ages
seven and 14. Compared to their insecurely attached
counterparts, secure children scored higher in social acceptance,
pro-social competence, friendliness, and social esteem. Taken
together, these findings show that both early and later maternal
sensitivity is important for children’s social development.
10. Morality
All cultures promote morality through a predominant social
design that stipulates rules for proper conduct. Morality
includes emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components, as
people think and feel morally significant thoughts, but may or
may not act in accordance with them. Truly moral individuals
have developed compassionate concerns and ideals of good
conduct.
PERSPECTIVES ON MORALITY
PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
SOCIAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE
COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Let us consider the biological perspective on morality. Morality
is grounded in our genetic heritage, perhaps through pre-wired
emotional reactions. Ethologists have found evidence that
ethical behaviors are rooted in our evolutionary history. We
share many morally relevant behaviors with other species, as
many animals have been observed instinctively coming to the
aid of other animals, particularly those within their species or
family groups. In humans, areas within the prefrontal cortex are
vital for emotional sensitivity to the distress of others. Adults
with damage to this area of the brain have difficulty reacting
with empathy or following social models for morality. However,
we must look beyond human nature and consider that many self-
conscious emotions develop out of the support of loving
caregivers and advanced cognitive development.
Theories for Morality as Social Understanding
11. You may recall learning about Piaget’s stages of cognitive
development. His work on moral development is based in his
cognitive theory. Piaget proposed that young children
experience two general stages of moral development.
HETERONOMOUS MORALITY
MORALITY OF COOPERATION
Children between the ages of five and eight years of age exhibit
heteronomous morality, viewing rules handed down by
authorities as permanent and unchangeable. This rigid need to
follow the rules shows limited moral understanding, as rules are
viewed as absolutes rather than principles that can be modified
depending on the situation.
Although many agree with Piaget’s assumption that moral
development is reinforced by cognitive maturity, gradual
release from adult control, and peer interaction, critics of
Piaget’s theory believe he underestimated the moral capacities
of children, as children even as young as age four can recognize
the difference between morally relevant, conflicting behaviors
(e.g., truthfulness and lying). Furthermore, children do not
regard adult authority with the absolute obedience he suggested.
Even children as young as three and four express unease at the
idea of harming someone at an adult’s command. Finally, it has
been noted that many children exhibit both types of morality at
the same time, making researchers view moral development as
more of a prolonged process.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
This brings us to Kohlberg’s six-stage sequence, which extends
12. Piaget’s stages beyond morality of cooperation. He viewed
moral development as more of a gradual process which ranges
from childhood into adulthood and used Moral Judgment
Interviews to examine how individuals resolve hypothetical
moral dilemmas. Kohlberg accentuated that it is the way one
reasons about the predicament, not the actual decision that make
about it, that determines maturity of moral judgment.
His six stages of moral reasoning are organized into three
general levels: preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional. He considered these universal stages as
occurring in a fixed order. Moral change occurs and moral
decisions become more logical as individuals build on their
reasoning skills from each previous stage. Progress through the
stages is gradual.
Challenges to Kohlberg’s theory include that his stages are too
loosely organized, which causes them to overlap. Also, the
dilemmas presented to individuals are hypothetical and not real.
In a real situation, people’s responses may differ. Kohlberg’s
theory has also been challenged on the grounds that it
underestimates the moral maturity of females because it
undervalues an “ethic of care” more often seen in women and
that his research was conducted using only boys. Finally, few
individuals are capable of reaching Kohlberg’s highest stage
and that postconventional morality should not be considered the
only standard of maturity in moral reasoning.
PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
Influences on Moral Reasoning
13. Moral understanding, like many areas of development, is
influenced by a variety of factors. These include personality,
child-rearing practices, schooling, peer interaction, and culture.
These factors work together to support the development of
perspective-taking and provide opportunities for children to
think about moral problems in many ways. It makes sense to
consider that, as these factors influence moral reasoning, the
resulting increase causes moral behavior. However, moral
behavior does not always follow from moral understanding but
is affected by other factors, including moral self-relevance—the
degree to which morality is central to self-concept. When
morals are an integral part of an individual’s identity, he or she
is more likely to follow through on moral judgments. Parents
and teachers who promote empathy and guide children to take
responsibility for others and solve disputes in a courteous
manner contribute to moral action. In addition, adolescents who
remain part of a religious community are typically advantaged
over nonaffiliated youths in moral values and behavior,
although involvement in religious cults is an exception.
SELF-CONTROL AND AGGRESSION‹
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We have previously learned about effortful control, or the
extent to which children can manage their reactivity, in relation
to emotions. As children progress through moral development,
an important aspect for positive growth is self-control. Self-
control depends on the ability to resist temptation, which
children begin to develop in the second year, as they progress in
their abilities to both direct their own actions and carefully
apply the directives of others.
Knowledge Check
14. 1
Question 1
Which perspective on morality suggests that morals are attained
mainly through modeling and reinforcement?Psychoanalytic
perspectiveSocial learning perspectiveBiological perspectiveI
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Overview
Emotion is the rapid appraisal of the personal significance of a
situation that prepares us for action. Theorists with a
functionalist approach to emotion believe that emotions play an
integral role in cognitive processing, social behavior, and
physical health. They believe that the purpose of emotions is to
motivate behavior aimed at accomplishing personal goals.
Through the process of social referencing, children learn how to
act in certain situations. The progression of emotional
expression occurs with age, and, over time, children must learn
to control their own emotions and emotional responses using
self-regulation strategies. By middle childhood and early
adolescence, children greatly improve at regulating emotions, as
their strategies become more adaptable and refined.
All cultures promote morality through a predominant social
design that stipulates rules for proper conduct. Morality
includes emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components, as
people think and feel morally significant thoughts, but may or
may not act in accordance with them. Children begin to develop
a moral identity, or an individual’s endorsement of moral
values, such as fairness, kindness, and generosity, as central to
15. his or her self-concept. Moral understanding, like many areas of
development, is influenced by a variety of factors. These
include personality, child-rearing practices, schooling, peer
interaction, and culture. These factors work together to support
the development of perspective-taking and provide opportunities
for children to think about moral problems in many ways. As
children progress through moral development, an important
aspect for positive growth is self-control. As metacognition
increases, children become better at devising strategies for
resisting temptation and self-control becomes a flexible
capacity for moral self-regulation.
Key Terms
ETHOLOGICAL THEORY OF ATTACHMENT
EFFORTFUL CONTROL
EMOTION
EMOTION-CENTERED COPING
EMOTIONAL SELF-REGULATION
EMPATHY
FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH TO EMOTION
GOODNESS-OF-FIT MODEL
INTERNAL WORKING MODEL
SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS
SOCIAL REFERENCING