The document provides information on chemical formulae, equations, calculations involving moles and molar mass/volume. It also covers the chemical properties and reactions of group 1 and 17 elements, as well as properties of salts such as solubility, color, and the effects of heating on different salts such as carbonates and nitrates.
1. The document provides information on the rates of chemical reactions including definitions and methods for calculating rates from graphs.
2. It also summarizes several common chemical reactions like precipitation, combustion, substitution, addition, oxidation and reduction reactions.
3. Details are given for important industrial processes like the Haber, Contact, and Ostwald processes for producing ammonia, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid respectively.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and galvanic cells. Some key points:
- Electron transfer reactions are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that can generate electric current or be driven by an applied current, making it the field of electrochemistry.
- Galvanic cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The potential difference between electrodes is called the cell voltage.
- Standard electrode potentials (E°) describe the tendency of half-reactions to occur and can be used to predict spontaneity of redox reactions in cells. Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentrations.
Ch8 study of compounds hydrogen chlorideRajiv Jain
1. The document discusses the reactions of dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid with various substances like magnesium, zinc oxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium permanganate, and manganese dioxide.
2. It also describes tests for identifying hydrochloric acid like its reactions with litmus, silver nitrate, and ammonia to produce white fumes. Safety precautions for preparing HCl in the laboratory are highlighted.
3. A series of questions related to the reactions and preparation of hydrochloric acid are presented along with their answers concerning the products formed and equations involved. Diagrams of apparatus used in experiments like the fountain experiment are also included.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi tentang sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia dari unsur-unsur golongan VIIA (halogen) beserta contoh-contoh reaksinya. Secara umum disebutkan bahwa semakin besar nomor atom suatu halogen, maka semakin besar pula jari-jarinya, berat jenisnya, dan titik didih serta cairnya.
This document discusses the nomenclature, properties and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines each compound group and provides IUPAC names for examples. Alcohols are formed by replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons with hydroxyl groups. Phenols have hydroxyl groups attached to aromatic systems. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of hydrogen. The document outlines common preparation methods for each group and describes physical properties like boiling points. It also explains reactions like dehydration, esterification, and oxidation of alcohols.
1. The document provides information on the rates of chemical reactions including definitions and methods for calculating rates from graphs.
2. It also summarizes several common chemical reactions like precipitation, combustion, substitution, addition, oxidation and reduction reactions.
3. Details are given for important industrial processes like the Haber, Contact, and Ostwald processes for producing ammonia, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid respectively.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and galvanic cells. Some key points:
- Electron transfer reactions are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that can generate electric current or be driven by an applied current, making it the field of electrochemistry.
- Galvanic cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The potential difference between electrodes is called the cell voltage.
- Standard electrode potentials (E°) describe the tendency of half-reactions to occur and can be used to predict spontaneity of redox reactions in cells. Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentrations.
Ch8 study of compounds hydrogen chlorideRajiv Jain
1. The document discusses the reactions of dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid with various substances like magnesium, zinc oxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium permanganate, and manganese dioxide.
2. It also describes tests for identifying hydrochloric acid like its reactions with litmus, silver nitrate, and ammonia to produce white fumes. Safety precautions for preparing HCl in the laboratory are highlighted.
3. A series of questions related to the reactions and preparation of hydrochloric acid are presented along with their answers concerning the products formed and equations involved. Diagrams of apparatus used in experiments like the fountain experiment are also included.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi tentang sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia dari unsur-unsur golongan VIIA (halogen) beserta contoh-contoh reaksinya. Secara umum disebutkan bahwa semakin besar nomor atom suatu halogen, maka semakin besar pula jari-jarinya, berat jenisnya, dan titik didih serta cairnya.
This document discusses the nomenclature, properties and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines each compound group and provides IUPAC names for examples. Alcohols are formed by replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons with hydroxyl groups. Phenols have hydroxyl groups attached to aromatic systems. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of hydrogen. The document outlines common preparation methods for each group and describes physical properties like boiling points. It also explains reactions like dehydration, esterification, and oxidation of alcohols.
The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and provides information on key concepts:
- Oxidation involves loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation number, while reduction involves gain of electrons and a decrease in oxidation number.
- Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction halves that occur simultaneously.
- The half-reaction method is used to balance redox reactions, by separating the reaction into oxidation and reduction halves and balancing atoms, charges, and electrons between the halves.
This document discusses oxidation and reduction reactions. It defines oxidation as a reaction where oxygen combines with an element/compound or where an element loses hydrogen or electrons. Reduction is defined as a reaction where an element gains oxygen, hydrogen, or electrons. Common reducing agents are listed such as lithium aluminium hydride and sodium borohydride. The concept of oxidation state is introduced, which is the charge an atom would have if it existed as an ion in a compound. Rules for determining oxidation states are provided. An example of finding the oxidation states of elements in ammonium sulfate is worked out.
This document provides an overview of redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, including definitions of key terms like oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and disproportionation reactions. It discusses identifying oxidation and reduction based on changes in oxygen, hydrogen, or electron content. Methods for determining oxidation states and balancing redox reactions using the half-reaction method are also described. Real-world examples of redox processes like corrosion and the blue bottle experiment are mentioned.
1. Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal tentang reaksi redoks dan konsep bilangan oksidasi. Terdapat 30 pertanyaan yang mencakup konsep reaksi redoks, oksidasi, reduksi, oksidator, dan reduktor.
Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity in the molten or liquid state and undergo chemical changes. Electrolysis is a process where electrolytes are broken down into their constituent elements by passing electricity through them. During electrolysis, ions migrate to the oppositely charged electrodes. At the anode, ions lose electrons and form gases or dissolve. At the cathode, ions gain electrons and form solid elements. Examples of electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide and lead(II) oxide are described through their half reactions at the anode and cathode and overall reactions.
Includes a discussion of Voltaic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation and the relationship between electrochemical processes, chemical equilibrium and free energy.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
Ulangan harian hukum dasar dan konsep molYunita Yunita
Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal ujian harian tentang hukum dasar kimia dan konsep mol. Soal-soal tersebut meliputi hukum perbandingan tetap Dalton, hukum perbandingan volume Gay-Lussac, penggunaan rumus mol untuk menghitung jumlah zat hasil reaksi, dan penyelesaian masalah-masalah lain berkaitan dengan konsep mol dan hukum-hukum dasar kimia.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar serta materi pelajaran tentang sistem elektrokimia yang melibatkan energi listrik, termasuk penjelasan tentang sel volta, indikator pembelajaran, dan contoh soal uji kompetensi.
The document discusses the chemical properties of alkali metals. It explains that alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen and water. The reactivity increases down the group as the atoms get larger, shielding the outer electrons from the nucleus and making them easier to lose. Equations for reactions of lithium, sodium, and potassium with oxygen, water, and other substances are provided. Flame tests for group 2 metals are also discussed.
SOAL LATIHAN PENILAIAN AKHIR SEMESTER (PAS) KIMIA KELAS XIIdasi anto
File ini berisi latihan soal PAS kimia kelas XII. silahkan digunakan untuk belajar dalam rangka mempersiapkan PAS. siapa tahu dapat membantu. silahkan dishare juga
dapat digunakan bapak ibu guru maupun siswa
REDOX reactions Balancing by the Ion-electron method (acid medium)KALIUM academia
This document provides an overview of how to balance redox reactions using the ion-electron method in an acid medium. It explains the steps as follows:
1) Calculate the oxidation numbers of each atom in the reaction.
2) Identify which elements are being reduced and oxidized.
3) Write the half-reactions in ionic form.
4) Balance each half-reaction, balancing elements other than H/O first, then O, then H.
5) Balance charges by adding electrons.
6) Multiply half-reactions to equalize electrons.
7) Add the half-reactions together to give the complete ionic and molecular equations.
The
Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms when substances undergo chemical changes. There are several signs that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred, such as a change in color, gas evolution, temperature change, state change, or precipitate formation. Chemical reactions can be described by word equations or chemical equations, with the latter providing a more concise representation where the reactants are on the left and products on the right, separated by an arrow. Chemical equations must satisfy the law of conservation of mass and show correct formulas and phases for substances. Balanced chemical equations ensure equal numbers of each type of atom are present on both sides. Common types of chemical reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions.
This document provides information about coordination compounds and coordination chemistry. It defines key terms such as coordination compounds, coordination entities, central atoms/ions, ligands, and discusses the classification of ligands. It also covers topics like oxidation number, coordination number, coordination polyhedra, classification of complexes, and Werner's theory of coordination compounds. IUPAC nomenclature for naming coordination compounds is also presented.
Acids, bases and salts according to the syllabus of CAIE and IGCSEjaveriakhan123
This document provides information about acids and bases:
- Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and have properties like a sour taste and turning litmus paper red. Strong acids fully ionize in water while weak acids only partially ionize.
- Bases include metal oxides and hydroxides. Soluble bases are called alkalis. Bases react with acids to produce salt and water in a neutralization reaction.
- Important acids and bases have many applications from batteries to cleaning to food preservation. Processes like the Contact Process are used industrially to produce acids like sulfuric acid.
This document provides definitions and explanations related to electrolysis. It defines key terms like electrolyte, electrode, anode, and cathode. It explains that electrolysis involves the decomposition of ionic compounds through the movement of ions when a current is passed. Molten salts and those dissolved in solutions conduct electricity because the ions are free to move. Simple experiments are described to demonstrate electrolysis, including the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. Equations are given for the reactions at the anode and cathode.
Chemical formulae, equations, calculations, and reactions are summarized. Molar mass, moles, volume, and molarity calculations are explained for gases, solids, liquids, and solutions. Common cationic and anionic symbols are listed. Formulae for molecules and ions are provided. Periodic trends and reactions of Groups 1 and 17 are summarized. Electrochemistry principles of electrolytes, discharge reactions, and test observations are condensed. Characteristics of acids, bases, and ionization are highlighted. Solubility, preparation, color, and effects of heating for various salts are summarized concisely.
The three main laws summarized are:
1) Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT, relating pressure, volume, moles of gas, and temperature.
2) Henry's Law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.
3) Raoult's Law: The vapor pressure of a component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and provides information on key concepts:
- Oxidation involves loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation number, while reduction involves gain of electrons and a decrease in oxidation number.
- Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction halves that occur simultaneously.
- The half-reaction method is used to balance redox reactions, by separating the reaction into oxidation and reduction halves and balancing atoms, charges, and electrons between the halves.
This document discusses oxidation and reduction reactions. It defines oxidation as a reaction where oxygen combines with an element/compound or where an element loses hydrogen or electrons. Reduction is defined as a reaction where an element gains oxygen, hydrogen, or electrons. Common reducing agents are listed such as lithium aluminium hydride and sodium borohydride. The concept of oxidation state is introduced, which is the charge an atom would have if it existed as an ion in a compound. Rules for determining oxidation states are provided. An example of finding the oxidation states of elements in ammonium sulfate is worked out.
This document provides an overview of redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, including definitions of key terms like oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and disproportionation reactions. It discusses identifying oxidation and reduction based on changes in oxygen, hydrogen, or electron content. Methods for determining oxidation states and balancing redox reactions using the half-reaction method are also described. Real-world examples of redox processes like corrosion and the blue bottle experiment are mentioned.
1. Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal tentang reaksi redoks dan konsep bilangan oksidasi. Terdapat 30 pertanyaan yang mencakup konsep reaksi redoks, oksidasi, reduksi, oksidator, dan reduktor.
Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity in the molten or liquid state and undergo chemical changes. Electrolysis is a process where electrolytes are broken down into their constituent elements by passing electricity through them. During electrolysis, ions migrate to the oppositely charged electrodes. At the anode, ions lose electrons and form gases or dissolve. At the cathode, ions gain electrons and form solid elements. Examples of electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide and lead(II) oxide are described through their half reactions at the anode and cathode and overall reactions.
Includes a discussion of Voltaic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation and the relationship between electrochemical processes, chemical equilibrium and free energy.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
Ulangan harian hukum dasar dan konsep molYunita Yunita
Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal ujian harian tentang hukum dasar kimia dan konsep mol. Soal-soal tersebut meliputi hukum perbandingan tetap Dalton, hukum perbandingan volume Gay-Lussac, penggunaan rumus mol untuk menghitung jumlah zat hasil reaksi, dan penyelesaian masalah-masalah lain berkaitan dengan konsep mol dan hukum-hukum dasar kimia.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar serta materi pelajaran tentang sistem elektrokimia yang melibatkan energi listrik, termasuk penjelasan tentang sel volta, indikator pembelajaran, dan contoh soal uji kompetensi.
The document discusses the chemical properties of alkali metals. It explains that alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen and water. The reactivity increases down the group as the atoms get larger, shielding the outer electrons from the nucleus and making them easier to lose. Equations for reactions of lithium, sodium, and potassium with oxygen, water, and other substances are provided. Flame tests for group 2 metals are also discussed.
SOAL LATIHAN PENILAIAN AKHIR SEMESTER (PAS) KIMIA KELAS XIIdasi anto
File ini berisi latihan soal PAS kimia kelas XII. silahkan digunakan untuk belajar dalam rangka mempersiapkan PAS. siapa tahu dapat membantu. silahkan dishare juga
dapat digunakan bapak ibu guru maupun siswa
REDOX reactions Balancing by the Ion-electron method (acid medium)KALIUM academia
This document provides an overview of how to balance redox reactions using the ion-electron method in an acid medium. It explains the steps as follows:
1) Calculate the oxidation numbers of each atom in the reaction.
2) Identify which elements are being reduced and oxidized.
3) Write the half-reactions in ionic form.
4) Balance each half-reaction, balancing elements other than H/O first, then O, then H.
5) Balance charges by adding electrons.
6) Multiply half-reactions to equalize electrons.
7) Add the half-reactions together to give the complete ionic and molecular equations.
The
Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms when substances undergo chemical changes. There are several signs that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred, such as a change in color, gas evolution, temperature change, state change, or precipitate formation. Chemical reactions can be described by word equations or chemical equations, with the latter providing a more concise representation where the reactants are on the left and products on the right, separated by an arrow. Chemical equations must satisfy the law of conservation of mass and show correct formulas and phases for substances. Balanced chemical equations ensure equal numbers of each type of atom are present on both sides. Common types of chemical reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions.
This document provides information about coordination compounds and coordination chemistry. It defines key terms such as coordination compounds, coordination entities, central atoms/ions, ligands, and discusses the classification of ligands. It also covers topics like oxidation number, coordination number, coordination polyhedra, classification of complexes, and Werner's theory of coordination compounds. IUPAC nomenclature for naming coordination compounds is also presented.
Acids, bases and salts according to the syllabus of CAIE and IGCSEjaveriakhan123
This document provides information about acids and bases:
- Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and have properties like a sour taste and turning litmus paper red. Strong acids fully ionize in water while weak acids only partially ionize.
- Bases include metal oxides and hydroxides. Soluble bases are called alkalis. Bases react with acids to produce salt and water in a neutralization reaction.
- Important acids and bases have many applications from batteries to cleaning to food preservation. Processes like the Contact Process are used industrially to produce acids like sulfuric acid.
This document provides definitions and explanations related to electrolysis. It defines key terms like electrolyte, electrode, anode, and cathode. It explains that electrolysis involves the decomposition of ionic compounds through the movement of ions when a current is passed. Molten salts and those dissolved in solutions conduct electricity because the ions are free to move. Simple experiments are described to demonstrate electrolysis, including the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. Equations are given for the reactions at the anode and cathode.
Chemical formulae, equations, calculations, and reactions are summarized. Molar mass, moles, volume, and molarity calculations are explained for gases, solids, liquids, and solutions. Common cationic and anionic symbols are listed. Formulae for molecules and ions are provided. Periodic trends and reactions of Groups 1 and 17 are summarized. Electrochemistry principles of electrolytes, discharge reactions, and test observations are condensed. Characteristics of acids, bases, and ionization are highlighted. Solubility, preparation, color, and effects of heating for various salts are summarized concisely.
The three main laws summarized are:
1) Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT, relating pressure, volume, moles of gas, and temperature.
2) Henry's Law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.
3) Raoult's Law: The vapor pressure of a component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
This document contains notes and formulas for mathematics from Form 1 to Form 5. It covers topics such as solid geometry, circle theorems, polygons, factorisation, indices, linear equations, trigonometry, statistics, and lines and planes. For each topic, key formulas and properties are listed. For example, under solid geometry it defines the formulas for calculating the areas and volumes of shapes like cubes, cuboids, cylinders, cones and spheres. Under statistics it explains how to calculate measures like the mean, mode, median, and introduces different types of graphs like histograms and frequency polygons.
1) The document provides guidance on answering physics questions involving experiments. It suggests including an inference, hypothesis, aim, variables, apparatus, procedure, data table, and graph in the answer.
2) A sample question involves stopping distance and relates mass to inertia. The suggested answer structure includes an inference about mass and inertia, a hypothesis testing their relationship, and an experiment using a jigsaw blade, plasticine balls of varying mass, and a stopwatch.
3) The procedure specifies controlling mass, measuring oscillation period, and repeating with different plasticine masses to obtain data for a graph analyzing the relationship between mass and period.
The document summarizes experiments on various wave phenomena including:
- Water wave reflection showing the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
- Water wave refraction as waves pass from deep to shallow water, decreasing wavelength.
- Sound wave reflection also showing the equality of incident and reflection angles.
- Light wave diffraction seen through single slits of varying widths, showing diffraction patterns.
- Sound and light wave interference seen as alternating loud/soft bands and bright/dark fringes.
This document lists several important physical constants and conversion factors used in chemistry. It includes the ionization constant of water, molar volume of gases, speed of light, specific heat capacity, Avogadro's number, Faraday's constant, Planck's constant, Rydberg constant, ideal gas constant, density of water, freezing point of water, and vapor pressure of water. Conversion factors provided relate units of volume, energy, pressure, and temperature.
This document contains chemistry notes on various topics including rates of reaction, chemical reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions, and the reactivity series. It provides examples and observations for different types of reactions such as precipitation reactions, acid-base reactions, combustion reactions, and oxidation-reduction reactions using various reagents. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like the electrochemical series and reactivity of halogens. The notes are intended to summarize key information for a Form 5 chemistry course.
This document provides a reference guide and formula sheet for physics. It includes over 100 physics formulas organized into sections on vectors, kinematics, dynamics, energy, momentum, rotational motion, fluids, thermodynamics, electricity, magnetism, optics, modern physics, and miscellaneous formulas. The formulas cover topics ranging from weight and density to projectile motion, circular motion, waves, thermodynamics laws, electric circuits, and relativity.
This document provides tables of constants, conversion factors, units, prefixes, values of trigonometric functions for common angles, and equations for Newtonian mechanics, electricity, and magnetism that are relevant for the 2002 AP Physics B exam. The tables include fundamental physical constants such as the speed of light, Planck's constant, electron mass, and more. Units covered include meters, kilograms, seconds, amperes, kelvins, and others. Prefixes from giga to pico are also listed.
The document discusses polyatomic ions, writing chemical formulas, and naming compounds. It provides examples of common polyatomic ions like hydroxide (OH-) and nitrate (NO3-). It explains the rules for writing formulas, such as grouping hydrogen atoms together. It then outlines two main rules for naming compounds: 1) The first element is the prefix and the second element with the number of atoms is the suffix ending in -ide, and 2) Compounds with more than two elements end with -ate. Examples are provided like calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2).
The document provides conversion factors between various units commonly used in engineering. It includes conversions between metric and US customary units for length, mass, force, pressure, temperature, and other physical quantities. Standard prefixes are also defined to indicate multiplication by powers of 10 when converting between units.
This document contains information about strong and weak acids, and procedures for acid-base titration experiments and standard solution preparation:
1) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that fully ionizes in water, giving it a low pH of 1. Methanoic acid is a weak acid that only partially ionizes, resulting in its higher pH of 4.
2) An experiment is described to determine the endpoint of a titration between potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions.
3) Instructions are provided for preparing a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide standard solution and calculating concentrations using molarity and dilution equations.
This document is a weekly schedule for the use of Malay and English languages at SMK Taman Panglima in Taiping for 2015. It lists 41 weeks from January to November 2015, with each week alternating between the Malay and English languages for use at the school. Several weeks are noted for school holidays or the submission of student assessment data. The schedule provides a plan for which language will be used each week to guide activities at the school throughout the year.
Nasionalisme di Asia Tenggara muncul akibat pengaruh berbagai faktor seperti dasar penjajahan Barat, agama, karya sastra, pendidikan, golongan intelektual, media massa, dan perkembangan sistem transportasi.
1. This document defines 89 fundamental chemistry terms including acids, bases, elements, compounds, chemical bonds, and states of matter.
2. Key terms defined include acids, bases, ions, molecules, elements, compounds, chemical reactions, states of matter, and types of chemical bonds.
3. The definitions cover a wide range of fundamental concepts in chemistry including atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, states of matter, acids and bases, organic and inorganic chemistry, and thermodynamics.
This document provides an overview of common experimental questions and topics covered in the SPM Chemistry practical exams for Form 4 and Form 5 in Malaysia. It lists 17 chapters that cover different chemistry concepts and experimental procedures that students may be required to complete as part of their SPM practical exam, such as determining melting points, constructing electrochemical series, investigating reaction rates through various factors, and comparing properties of compounds. For each chapter, it provides examples of specific experiments conducted with references to past SPM exam questions.
This document provides an overview of light and optics. It discusses that light has wave and particle properties and travels in straight lines. It also describes the wave properties of light including reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Optics is defined as the study of light interacting with objects. Key concepts such as the ray model of light, reflection and refraction on different surfaces, the use of lenses, and applications of optical phenomena are explained. Diagrams illustrate these optical principles and definitions of important terms are provided.
The document contains questions and answers about various topics relating to chemistry and the periodic table of elements. Some of the topics covered include the definition of a metalloid, chemical symbols, group membership of elements, how new elements are made artificially, properties of metals like luster and conductivity, alloys, chemical formulas, atomic structure, and the four main categories of the periodic table.
1) Albert Einstein was trying to solve an important formula but needed a snack, so he decided to make a banana split with his friends.
2) Each friend brought an ingredient that related to a scientific concept, allowing Einstein to derive his famous equation E=mc2 based on the banana split.
3) Decades later, physicists like Lise Meitner used Einstein's equation to discover nuclear fission, showing how his simple equation revolutionized science.
Chemical formulae, equations, calculations, and reactions are summarized. Molar mass, moles, volume, and molarity calculations are explained for gases, solids, liquids, and solutions. Common cationic and anionic symbols are listed. Formulae for common compounds are provided. Group 1 and 17 elements and their reactions are summarized. Electrochemistry concepts like electrolytes, ionization, and the discharge of ions are condensed. Acid-base reactions and properties are highlighted at a high level. Solubility, preparation, color, and the effect of heating on salts are briefly touched upon.
1. The document provides information on chemical formulae, equations, calculations involving moles, molar mass and volume. It also discusses common cationic and anionic symbols as well as formulae for several compounds.
2. Reaction details are given for group 1 and 17 elements with oxygen, halogens and water. The preparation of chlorine gas is also described.
3. Additional topics covered include electrolysis, acids and bases, properties of salts and effects of heating on different salts.
The document describes several chemical reactions involving group VII elements and transition metals. It provides reaction equations to show how concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with potassium halides to produce hydrogen halides. It also describes how transition metal ions like iron and copper form colored complexes in aqueous solution due to d-d electron transitions. The reactions of cobalt ion as a catalyst in the oxidation of iodide by persulfate are also outlined.
Oxidation reduction reactions By MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12 IEEM 14fahadansari131
The document summarizes various electrochemical reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions. It discusses reactions that produce electrical energy spontaneously like in batteries and those that require electrical energy like electrolysis. Key points covered include the definitions of oxidation, reduction, and oxidizing/reducing agents. Examples of electrolysis and electroplating are provided. The roles of microbes in important redox processes like photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, sulfate reduction, and methane formation are summarized.
The document discusses redox reactions and equations. It provides examples of writing half-ionic equations for redox reactions involving complex ions such as permanganate (MnO4-), dichromate (Cr2O7 2-), and iodate (IO3-). It also discusses using titration to determine the stoichiometry of the reaction between iodine and thiosulfate ions.
Oxidation reduction reactions BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Electrochemistry involves oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions where electrons are exchanged between reactants. There are two types of redox reactions: those that produce electrical energy spontaneously and those that require electrical energy to occur. Spontaneous reactions include those in batteries that produce electricity. Non-spontaneous reactions require electricity and include electrolysis and electroplating. Redox reactions play important roles in many industrial and biological processes.
This document discusses different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement, combustion, and neutralization reactions. Synthesis reactions involve two or more reactants combining to form a single new product. Decomposition reactions involve a single reactant breaking down into simpler products. The document provides examples of common synthesis and decomposition reactions.
This the reaction that explains the loose or gain oxygen, hydrogen, electron transfer and the increase or decrease of oxidation number.
In this slide, we also talk about the oxidation number: how it is being calculated, examples of element in a compound with their oxidation number
The document reviews chemical reactions including synthesis and decomposition reactions, single and double replacement reactions, and examples of writing balanced chemical equations. It provides 11 examples of chemical equations to balance. The document covers key concepts in chemical reactions such as reactants and products, coefficients, states of matter, and conservation of mass.
The three main factors that affect the electrolysis of an aqueous solution are:
1) The position of ions in the electrochemical series, which determines which ions will be reduced or oxidized at the electrodes.
2) The concentration of ions or electrolytes in the solution. Higher concentrations result in greater rates of reaction.
3) The type of electrodes used, as certain electrodes may dissolve and alter the composition of the solution during electrolysis.
Balancing equations worksheet and key, balancing equations, grade level varies, found on another site. This is high school level practice. This may be used for advanced chemistry practice, as well.
This document provides information on calculating oxidation numbers and discusses redox reactions. It contains:
1) Five rules for determining oxidation numbers of elements in compounds and ions. These rules state that oxidation numbers of elements in their elemental forms are zero, ions take the charge of the ion, oxygen is -2 except in peroxides, hydrogen is +1 except in hydrides, and the sum of oxidation numbers equals the net charge.
2) Examples of using the rules to calculate oxidation numbers in various compounds and ions, including transition metal compounds that use Roman numerals.
3) A statement that oxidation is an increase in oxidation number and reduction is a decrease in oxidation number during a redox reaction.
The document discusses various chemistry concepts including:
1. Avogadro's number defines the number of particles in one mole of a substance as 6.02x1023.
2. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a pure substance and is used to convert between grams and moles.
3. Empirical and molecular formulas can be determined from percent composition data using mole ratios and molar mass.
4. Chemical equations represent chemical reactions and must be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
This document discusses:
1) Transforming worded chemical equations into balanced chemical equations. Examples include iron reacting with bromine to form iron bromide and hydrogen chloride splitting into hydrogen and chlorine.
2) Classifying chemical equations as synthesis, analysis, single replacement, or double replacement reactions. Examples classified include ammonia forming from nitrogen and hydrogen (analysis) and calcium oxide reacting with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (synthesis).
3) Calculating the molar mass of various compounds from their chemical formulas. Examples given are the molar mass of copper(II) sulfate, tin(III) chloride, magnesium oxide, sulfuric acid, and aluminum sulfide.
I. This document introduces chemical reactions and their key components:
II. A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms and conserves mass. Signs of a reaction include heat, gas, precipitate, or color changes.
III. Chemical equations are used to represent reactions, balancing the reactants and products. They use symbols to show quantities, identities, and states of substances involved.
trains students in the state symbols for reactants and products in a chemical equation.
Elements in their elemental form and compounds are divided into covalent and ionic compounds for classification and easier identification of relevant state symbols.
This document provides an overview of chemical equations and reactions. It discusses:
- Chemical equations, reactants, products, and how atoms rearrange during reactions.
- Balancing chemical equations by ensuring equal numbers of each atom on both sides.
- Information that can be obtained from a balanced chemical equation, such as moles of substances.
- Four main types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, and double displacement. Examples of each type are provided along with general reaction equations.
This document provides examples of stoichiometry problems involving moles, mass, gas volume, and limiting reagents. It asks the reader to determine quantities like moles, grams, and gas volumes involved in various chemical reactions based on the balanced chemical equations and amounts of reactants provided. It provides practice problems involving mole-mole, mass-mass, and mixed stoichiometry calculations, as well as problems determining the limiting reagent and leftover reagent.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, and combustion reactions. It explains the key characteristics of each type of reaction and how to predict the products based on the reactants. Examples are given for each type of reaction to illustrate the concepts.
Similar to Chemistry formula list 1 (Examville.com) (20)
The document discusses the anatomy of the meninges and dura mater. It describes the three meningeal layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. It then discusses the layers, structures, blood supply, venous sinuses and branches of the dura mater in detail. It provides descriptions of the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sellae and venous sinuses located within the dura mater. It also summarizes the structures and functions of the arachnoid mater and pia mater.
Examville.com is an online learning platform that offers practice tests, live classes, tutoring, study guides, Q&A, and premium content to help students prepare for exams. The site provides various resources for test preparation across different subject areas. Users can access these materials for free or subscribe to premium offerings.
The document discusses the diencephalon, which is a region of the brain situated between the cerebrum and brainstem. It consists of four main parts: the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The thalamus acts as a gateway to the cerebral cortex by integrating sensory information and influencing mood and emotions. The hypothalamus regulates vital functions such as body temperature, hunger, and circadian rhythms. Examville.com is described as providing online practice tests, classes, tutoring, study guides, and premium content to help students prepare for exams.
The document describes the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. It discusses the follicular growth and development in the ovaries, from primordial follicles to mature Graafian follicles. It describes the layers of the fallopian tube walls and the regions of the fallopian tubes. It also outlines the layers of the uterine wall, including the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium.
Examville.com is an online resource that provides practice tests, live classes, tutoring, study guides, Q&A, and premium content to help students prepare for exams. It offers various tools and materials to support test preparation. Membership is free.
Bundle branch block occurs when the electrical impulse traveling through the heart's conduction system is blocked in one of the bundle branches, causing one ventricle to contract slower than the other. It is usually diagnosed by electrocardiogram and may require treatment if accompanied by other heart conditions. While it often causes no symptoms, bundle branch block can be a warning sign of more serious underlying heart disease and increases the risk of future heart problems.
This document discusses the different types of connective tissues in the body. It describes connective tissues as having relatively few cells distributed within a large noncellular matrix. The main functions of connective tissues are to provide mechanical support, maintain strength and elasticity, bind cells together, and allow for intercellular exchange. The document classifies and describes the different ordinary connective tissues, including loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and regular and irregular collagenous and elastic tissues. It also discusses cartilage and bone.
This document discusses the components of energy requirements and basal metabolic rate (BMR). It defines BMR as the energy needed to maintain life when the body is at complete rest after a 12 hour fast. It then explains the factors that determine BMR, such as body size, sex, body temperature, nutrition/body condition, climate, muscle tension, hormones, and age. Specifically, it notes that women typically have a lower BMR than men due to differences in body mass and hormones. The document also discusses how BMR changes over the lifespan, increasing during growth periods and declining with age, as well as how conditions like fever, pregnancy, and lactation can increase BMR.
Examville.com is an online learning platform that offers practice tests, live classes, tutoring, study guides, Q&A, and premium content to help students prepare for exams. The website is free to join and provides various resources for test preparation.
This document provides an overview of various cardiac medications, including their mechanisms of action, indications, and dosages. It discusses different classes of drugs such as inotropes, chronotropes, antianginal agents, antiarrhythmics, and others. Specific drugs are explained in more detail, for example digoxin is discussed as a positive inotrope, its indications for atrial fibrillation and heart failure are provided, and its loading and maintenance dosages are calculated in an example. The document also includes interactive class participation questions to test understanding.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including bones and cartilage. It describes the different types of cartilage and bones, their microscopic and chemical composition, growth and repair processes. Bone markings and classifications are defined. Development of bones through intramembranous and endochondral ossification is explained. Bone fractures and homeostatic imbalances like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets are also summarized.
The document discusses the body's fluid compartments and fluid balance. It describes that the body has extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments, with the extracellular space consisting of plasma and interstitial fluid. Total body water is about 60% of body weight, with 20% being extracellular fluid and 40% intracellular fluid. Fluid balance is regulated to keep the osmolarities of intracellular and extracellular fluids equal. Edema occurs when there is excess fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces, usually due to increased capillary fluid filtration from factors like increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, or increased capillary permeability.
Examville provides online study tools including practice tests, live classes, tutoring, and study guides to help students prepare for exams. The document discusses several key nutrition concepts including food groups, dietary standards, food exchange lists, nutrient density, and nutritional labeling formats. Food guides classify foods into groups to help people plan nutritious diets while dietary standards establish recommended nutrient allowances. Exchange lists group similar foods to allow for substitutions while maintaining nutritional balance. Nutrient density compares the nutrients a food provides relative to its calories. Standardized nutritional labels now provide consumers with information to make informed choices.
The document discusses bioenergetics and the process of cellular respiration. It explains that catabolism provides energy through the breakdown of molecules like food, while anabolism is for energy storage. The mitochondria are the site of catabolic pathways that convert food energy into ATP molecules. The citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are the two main catabolic pathways. In the citric acid cycle, acetyl units from carbohydrates and lipids are oxidized and decarboxylated to extract energy in the form of NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers then transfer electrons through the electron transport chain in the mitochondria, powering ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
The document provides information about the bones and structures of the human head and skull. It discusses the cranium, which is divided into the skull cap and base. It describes important bones that make up the skull including the maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones. It also details structures like the pterion, fontanels, mandibular canal, mental foramen, coronoid process and others.
This document discusses amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. It defines amino acids as organic compounds containing both amino and carboxyl groups. The 20 standard amino acids are classified based on the polarity of their side chains into nonpolar, polar uncharged, and polar charged groups. Amino acids can exist in zwitterion form with both positive and negative charges at certain pH levels. They undergo various chemical reactions due to these functional groups and are involved in important processes like transamination and oxidative deamination in amino acid metabolism. Examville.com is described as offering online practice tests, live classes, tutoring, study guides and premium content to aid the learning of topics like amino acids and proteins.
The document discusses the abdominal region and its anatomy. It describes the 9 abdominal regions defined by horizontal and vertical planes. It then discusses the 4 abdominal quadrants and lists the organs located in each quadrant. The rest of the document discusses the muscles of the abdominal wall, nerves of the abdominal wall, layers of the anterior abdominal wall and spermatic cord, arteries of the abdominal wall, and the superficial fascia of the abdomen.
This document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes a typical cell as being 10 micrometers in size with a nucleus and cytoplasm separated by a cell membrane. It then discusses the structure of the cell membrane in more detail, noting it is composed of a lipid bilayer and various proteins. The chemical composition of the cell membrane is also summarized, including phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Finally, the document outlines the various ways substances can pass through the cell membrane, such as passive diffusion and active transport.
1. It is important to distinguish between left and right bones and know the correct spelling of bone markings. For example, the coracoid process is on the scapula while the coronoid process is on the mandible and ulna.
2. When referring to multiple markings of the same name on different bones, the bone name must be included, such as "coronoid process of the mandible".
3. All vertebrae have seven common bone markings, but their features like body size and spinous process shape differ between cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae.
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton and skull anatomy. It includes labeled diagrams identifying key bones and structures of the anterior, lateral, internal, ventral and cranium sections of the skull. Key bones highlighted include the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid bones as well as sinuses, foramina and sutures. The overview also briefly discusses the hyoid bone and temporomandibular joint. The document promotes an online test preparation website that provides free and premium study materials for anatomy and other subjects.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chemistry formula list 1 (Examville.com)
1. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry
Chemical Formulae and Equation
Calculation
For Solid, liquid or gas For gas (only)
mass of subtance volume of gas
number of mole = number of mole =
molar mass molar volme
Molar mass = RAM/RMM/RFM in gram Molar volume = 24dm3 at room temperature
Molar volume = 22.4dm3 at s.t.p.
For Solution For quantity of particle(atom,molecule,ion)
MV quantity of particle
number of mole = number of mole =
1000 6.02 ×1023
M = molarity
V = Volume of solution in cm3
Summary
÷ molar mass × Avogadro Constant
Mass of particle Mole of Number of
(in gram) particles particles
× molar mass Avogadro Constant
÷ molar volume × molar volume
Volume of
Gas
http://one-school.net/notes.html 1
2. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Chemical Formula
Cation (Positive Ions)
Ion Symbol Ion Symbol Ion Symbol
Potassium K+ Calcium Ca2+ Aluminium Al3+
Sodium Na+ Magnesium Mg2+ Iron (III) Fe3+
Lithium Li+ Zinc Zn2+ Chromium(III) Cr3+
Hydrogen H+ Barium Ba2+
Argentums(I) Ag+ Iron (II) Fe2+
Mercury(I) Hg+ Tin (II) Sn2+
Ammonium NH4+ Lead(II) Pb2+
Copper(II) Cu2+
Manganese(II) Mn2+
Anion (Negative Ions)
Ion Symbol Ion Symbol Ion Symbol
Oxide O2- Hydroxide OH- Ethanoate CH3COO-
Fluoride F- Sulphate SO42- Manganate(VII) MnO4-
Chloride Cl- Nitrate NO3- Dichromate(VI) Cr2O72-
Bromide Br- Carbonate CO32- Phosphate PO43-
Iodide I- Thiosulphate S2O32-
Formulae for Certain Molecule
Karbon monoxide CO Ammonia NH3
Carbon dioxide CO2 water H2O
Nitrogen monoxide NO Hydrogen chloride HCl
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Tetrachloromethane CCl4
Sulphur dioxide SO2 Glucose C6H12O6
Sulphur trioxide SO3 Hydrogen bromide HBr
Fluorine F2 Hydrogen iodide HI
Bromine Br2 Hydrogen sulphide H2S
Chlorine Cl2 Ethanol C2H5OH
Iodine I2 Ethanoic Acid CH3COOH
http://one-school.net/notes.html 2
3. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Periodic Table
Reaction of Group 1 Elements
1. Reaction with Oxygen
The entire group 1 metal can react with oxygen to form metal oxide.
4Li + O2 ⎯→ 2Li2O
4Na + O2 ⎯→ 2Na2O
4K + O2 ⎯→ 2K2O
The metal oxide of group 1 elements can dissolve in water to form alkali (hydroxide) solution
Li2O + H2O ⎯→ 2LiOH
Na2O + H2O ⎯→ 2NaOH
K2O + H2O ⎯→ 2KOH
2. Reaction with halogen (Chlorine)
2Li + Cl2 ⎯→ 2LiCl
2Na + Cl2 ⎯→ 2NaCl
2K + Cl2 ⎯→ 2KCl
3. Reaction with water
The entire group 1 metal can react with water to produce alkali (hydroxide) solution and hydrogen gas.
2Li + 2H2O ⎯→ 2LiOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O ⎯→ 2NaOH + H2
2K + 2H2O ⎯→ 2KOH + H2
Reaction of Group 17 Elements
1. React with water
Cl2 + H2O ⎯→ HCl + HOCl
Br2 + H2O ⎯→ HBr + HOBr
I2 + H2O ⎯→ HI + HOI
2. React with Sodium Hydroxide
Cl2 + 2NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
Br2 + 2NaOH ⎯→ NaBr + NaOBr + H2O
I2 + 2NaOH ⎯→ NaI + NaOI + H2O
3. React with Iron
3Cl2 + 2Fe ⎯→ 2FeCl3
3Br2 + 2Fe ⎯→ 2FeBr3
3I2 + 2Fe ⎯→ 2FeI3
Preparation of Chlorine Gas
2KMnO4 + 16HCl ⎯→ 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O
http://one-school.net/notes.html 3
4. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Electrochemistry
Electrolyte
Ionisation of Electrolyte
Ionisation of Molten Compound
PbBr2 ⎯→ Pb2+ + Br-
NaCl ⎯→ Na+ + Cl-
Al2O3 ⎯→ 2Al3+ + 3O2-
Ionisation of Aqueous Solution
NaCl ⎯→ Na+ + Cl- HCl ⎯→ H+ + Cl- CuSO4 ⎯→ Cu2+ + SO42-
H2O ⎯→ H+ + OH- H2O ⎯→ H+ + OH- H2O ⎯→ H+ + OH-
Discharge of Positive Ion Discharge of Negative Ion
Na + e ⎯→ Na
+
2Cl- ⎯→ Cl2 + 2e
Observation: Observation:
Grey deposit is formed. Bubbles of pungent yellowish green gas are
produced. The gas turns moist litmus paper to red
Al3+ + 3e ⎯→ Al and then bleaches it.
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed. 2Br- ⎯→ Br2 + 2e
Observation:
Pb + 2e ⎯→ Pb
2+ Molten electrolyte:
Observation: Brown colour gas is produced.
Grey deposit is formed.
Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed.
Cu + 2e ⎯→ Cu
2+
Observation:
Brown deposit is formed.
2I- ⎯→ I2 + 2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Ag+ + e ⎯→ Ag Brown colour gas is produced.
Observation:
Silver deposit is formed. Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed. The solution turns
2H+ + 2e ⎯→ H2 blue when a few drops of starch solution is added in.
Observation:
Gas bubble is formed. A ‘pop’ sound is produced 4OH- ⎯→ O2 + 2H2O + 4e
when a lighted splinter is placed near the mouth of Observation:
the test tube. Gas bubble is formed. Gas produces light up a
wooden splinter.
http://one-school.net/notes.html 4
6. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Salt
Solubility of Salt
Salt Solubility
Salt of potassium, sodium and ammonium All are soluble in water
Salt of nitrate All are soluble in water
Salt of sulphate Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead sulphate
(Ba) Barium sulphate
(Ca) Calcium sulphate
Salt of chloride Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead chloride
(Ag) silver chloride
(Hg) mercury chloride
Salt of carbonate Mostly insoluble in water except:
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Oxide and Hydroxide Solubility
Oxide Mostly insoluble in water except: K2O and Na2O.
Hydroxide Mostly insoluble in water except: NH4OH, KOH and NaOH
Preparation of Salt
Preparation of Soluble Salt
Salt of Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium
Acid + Alkali ⎯→ Salt + Water
Example: Preparation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O
Salt of non-Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium
Acid + Reactive metal ⎯→ Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Acid + Metal Oxide ⎯→ Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Carbonate ⎯→ Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Example: Preparation of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4)
H2SO4 + Zn ⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2
H2SO4 + ZnO ⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + ZnCO3 ⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2
http://one-school.net/notes.html 6
7. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Preparation of Insoluble Salt
Ionic Precipitation
Insoluble salts can be made by double decomposition. This involves mixing a solution that contains its
positive ions with another solution that contains its negative ions.
Example: Preparation of Silver Nitrate
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ⎯→ AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Ag+ (aq) + C1- (aq) ⎯→ AgCl (s) (ionic equation)
Colour of Salt
Salt or metal oxide Solid Aqueous solution
Salt of:
Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, zinc,
Lead, ammonium White Colourless
Chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate
Salt of Copper(II).-
Copper(II) Carbonate Green Insoluble
Copper(II) sulphate, Copper(II) nitrate, Copper(II)
Blue Blue
chloride
Copper(II) oxide Black Insoluble
Salt of Iron (II)
Green Green
Iron(II) sulphate; Iron(II) nitrate; Iron(ID chloride
Salt of Iron (III).
Iron(III) sulphate; Iron(III) nitrate; Iron(III) Brown Brown
chloride
Lead Iodide Yellow Insoluble
Lead Chloride White Insoluble
Zink oxide Yellow when it is hot and
Insoluble
white when it is cold.
Lead(II) oxide- Brown when it is hot and
Insoluble
yellow when it is cold.
Magnesium oxide, Aluminium oxide White Insoluble
Potassium oxide, Sodium oxide, Calcium oxide White Colourless
http://one-school.net/notes.html 7
8. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Heating effect on Salt
Heating
Effect
CO32- NO3 - SO42- Cl-
Most Probably Most Probably Most Probably Most Probably
Release CO2 Release NO2 Release SO3 No effect
Heating Effect on Carbonate Salt
Carbonate Salt Equation of The Reaction
Potassium carbonate Not decomposible
Sodium carbonate
CaCO3 ⎯→ CaO + CO2
Calcium carbonate MgCO3 ⎯→ MgO + CO2
Magnesium carbonate Al2(CO3)3 ⎯→ Al2O3 + 3CO2
Aluminium carbonate
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 ⎯→ ZnO + CO2
Iron (III) carbonate Fe2(CO3)3⎯→ Fe2O3 + 3CO2
Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 ⎯→ PbO + CO2
Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 ⎯→ CuO + CO2
Mercury(II) carbonate 2HgCO3 ⎯→ 2Hg + 2CO2 + O2
Silver(I) carbonate
2Ag2CO3 ⎯→ 4Ag + 2CO2 + O2
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 ⎯→ NH3 + CO2 + H2O
Heating Effect on Nitrate Salt
Nitrate Salt Equation of The Reaction
Potassium nitrate 2KNO3 ⎯→ 2KNO2 + O2
Sodium nitrate
2NaNO3 ⎯→ 2NaNO2 + O2
2Ca(NO3)2 ⎯→ 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
Calcium nitrate
Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 ⎯→ 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
Aluminium nitrate 4Al(NO3)3 ⎯→ 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
Zink nitrate Zn(NO3)2 ⎯→ 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
Iron (III) nitrate 4Fe(NO3)3⎯→ 2Fe2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
Lead(II) nitrate
Copper(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 ⎯→ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Cu(NO3)2 ⎯→ 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Mercury(II) nitrate Hg(NO3)2 ⎯→ Hg + 2NO2 + O2
Silver(I) nitrate
2AgNO3 ⎯→ 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 ⎯→ N2O + 2H2O
[NOTES: Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 is acidic gas and is brown in colour.]
http://one-school.net/notes.html 8
9. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Heating effect on sulphate salt The heating effect on chloride salts
Most sulphate salts do not decompose by heat. Only All chloride salts are not decomposable by heat
certain sulphate salts are decomposed by heat when except ammonium chloride.
heated strongly. Example:
Zinc sulphate, Copper (II) sulphate, Iron (III)
sulphate NH4Cl ⎯→ NH3 + HCl
ZnSO4 ⎯→ ZnO + SO3
CuSO4 ⎯→ CuO + SO3
2Fe2(SO4)3⎯→ Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
Ammonium sulphate
(NH4)2SO4 ⎯⎯→ 2NH3 + H2SO4
Identification of Gases
Gasses Characteristics
Oxygen Rekindle glowing splinter.
Hydrogen Explode with a ‘pop’ sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Carbon Dioxide Turns lime water chalky.
Chlorine Bleach moist litmus paper.
Ammonia Pungent smell.
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
Produces white fume when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Sulphur Dioxide Pungent smell.
Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Nitrogen Dioxide Pungent smell.
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Qualitative analysis
Identification of Anions (Negative ions)
Diluted HCl or BaCl (aq) or Ba(NO3)2 AgNO3 follow by Brown Ring Test
diluted HNO3 or (aq) follow by diluted diluted HNO3. ( + FeSO4 (aq ) +
diluted H2SO4 HCl/HNO3 concentratedH2SO4
White precipitate is
White precipitate is
2- Carbon Dioxide is formed. It is soluble in
CO3 released. diluted HCl/HNO3
formed. It is soluble in -
diluted HNO3
White precipitate is
2- formed. It is NOT soluble
SO4 -
in diluted HCl/HNO3
- -
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT
Cl- - -
soluble in diluted
-
HNO3
Formation of Brown
NO3- - - -
Ring
http://one-school.net/notes.html 9
10. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Idendification of cation
H2SO4 or
NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) HCl or NaCl Na2CO3 KI
Na2SO4
Na+
White White
White
Ca2+ precipitate.
precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced.
White White White
Mg2+ precipitate is precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced. produced.
White
precipitate is
White White
produced.
Al3+ Dissolve in
precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced.
excess NaOH .
solution.
White White
precipitate is precipitate is
White
produced. produced.
Zn2+ Dissolve in Dissolve in
precipitate is
produced.
excess NaOH excess NH3
solution. solution.
White
White Yellow
precipitate is
White precipitate is White White precipitate is
produced.
Pb2+ Dissolve in
precipitate is produced. precipitate is precipitate is produced.
produced. Dissolve in hot produced. produced. Dissolve in hot
excess NaOH
water water
solution.
Dirty green Dirty green Green
Fe2+ precipitate is precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced. produced.
Red brown Red brown Brown
3+ A red brown
Fe precipitate is precipitate is precipitate is
solution formed.
produced. produced. produced.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
White
Dissolve in
2+ Blue precipitate Blue precipitate precipitate form
Cu is produced.
excess NH3
is produced. in brown
solution and
solution
form a blue
solution.
NH4+
= No changes is observed
http://one-school.net/notes.html 10
11. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Distibguish Iron(II) and Iron(III)
Reagent Observation Ion presents
Solution of potassium hecxacianoferate(II) Light blue precipitate Fe2+
Dark Blue precipitate Fe3+
Solution of potassium hecxacianoferate(III) Dark blue precipitate Fe2+
Greenish brown solution Fe3+
Solution of potassium Thiocyanate(II) Pinkish solution Fe2+
Blood red solution Fe3+
Manufactured Substances in Industry
Contact Process (Making Sulphuric Acid)
Stage 1: Formation of SO2
Combustion of Sulphur
S (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ SO2 (g)
or
Heating of metal sulphide such as lead(II) sulphide
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
or
Combustion of hiydrogen sulphide
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(ce)
Stage 2: Formation of SO3
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2SO3 (g)
Catalyst: vanadium(V) oxide
Temperature: 450°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
Stage 3 Formation of oleum H2S2O7
SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ H2S2O7(l)
Stage 4:Formation of Sulphuric acid
H2S207 (1) + H2O (1) ⎯⎯→ 2H2SO4(aq)
http://one-school.net/notes.html 11
12. ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Haber Process (Making Ammonia)
Sources of the raw material
Hydrogen 1. Reaction between steam and heated coke
H2O + C ⎯→ CO + H2
2. Reaction between steam and natural gas.
2H 2 O + CH 4 ⎯→ CO2 + 4H2
Nitrogen From distillation of liquid air.
The reaction
1. Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⎯→ 2NH3(g); ΔH = -92 kJ mo1-1
Catalyst: Iron
Promoter: Aluminium oxide
Temperature: 450 °C
Pressure: 200-1000 atm
http://one-school.net/notes.html 12