This document provides an overview of light and optics. It discusses that light has wave and particle properties and travels in straight lines. It also describes the wave properties of light including reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Optics is defined as the study of light interacting with objects. Key concepts such as the ray model of light, reflection and refraction on different surfaces, the use of lenses, and applications of optical phenomena are explained. Diagrams illustrate these optical principles and definitions of important terms are provided.
Mirror - Physics by: Rey San Andrew RimandoRey Rimando
In this PowerPoint Presentation, you will find related topics with explanation like the Three Types of Mirror; it's characteristics and functions. Attached also is the video presentation used under the hyperlink(UNDERLINED WORDS). I'm hoping this will help a lot of students. Thanks! -Rey
critical angle and total internal reflectionkamalch4
CONCEPTS UNDER THIS TOPIC
Transmission of light from a denser medium to a rarer medium at different angles of incidence .
Critical angle .
Relation between the critical angle and the refractive index .
Factors affecting the critical angle .
Total internal reflection
Total internal reflection in a prism .
Consequences of total internal reflection .
Mirror - Physics by: Rey San Andrew RimandoRey Rimando
In this PowerPoint Presentation, you will find related topics with explanation like the Three Types of Mirror; it's characteristics and functions. Attached also is the video presentation used under the hyperlink(UNDERLINED WORDS). I'm hoping this will help a lot of students. Thanks! -Rey
critical angle and total internal reflectionkamalch4
CONCEPTS UNDER THIS TOPIC
Transmission of light from a denser medium to a rarer medium at different angles of incidence .
Critical angle .
Relation between the critical angle and the refractive index .
Factors affecting the critical angle .
Total internal reflection
Total internal reflection in a prism .
Consequences of total internal reflection .
These lectures has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
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PowerPoint Presentation covering all the concepts and topics of the chapter : Light- Reflection and Refraction of class X (CBSE).
This is exactly what you are looking for.
Don't forget to comment and give feedback.
These lectures has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
Light - Reflection and Refraction, Class X, CBSE, ScienceDevesh Saini
PowerPoint Presentation covering all the concepts and topics of the chapter : Light- Reflection and Refraction of class X (CBSE).
This is exactly what you are looking for.
Don't forget to comment and give feedback.
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this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
ppt of light- physics chapter class 7 . reflection and refraction also included. Anjali Kumari - dps bokaro. ppt by my physics teacher- Md. Obaidullah Ansari.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Light
Electromagnetic radiation that is perceived by the human eye
Has two forms
Waveform
Particleform
Light travels in the form of rays in a straight line
Light rays tend to spread away from the source
3.
Wave properties of light
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
Light is a form of energy
Visible light is made up of 7 colours of various intensities
Light, like any electromagnetic radiation travels through vacuum at a speed of
approximately 3X108 ms-1
4. Optics
Study of interaction of light with objects that reflect or scatter light
Light is able to
Completely penetrate transparent objects
Partially penetrate translucent objects
Not penetrate opaque objects
6. Key notes
Object – material that emits light rays
Image – representation of object after light has reflected or refracted
Ray diagram – diagram showing path of light through reflection or refraction
Line of sight – order or position of the eye to view the image formed
Solid lines – real light rays
Dotted lines – virtual light rays
Convergence – meeting of light rays at a point
Divergence – spreading of light rays from a point
Focus point – point where light rays are converged or diverged
7. Reflection
Occurs when the direction of light changes when it strikes an opaque material
Light ray before reflection – incident ray
Light ray after reflection – reflected ray
Imaginary line that is perpendicular to surface – normal line
Angle of incidence, i – angle between incident ray and normal line
Angled of reflection, r – angle between reflected ray and normal line
9.
Two types of reflection
Specular reflection
Occurs when light strikes a smooth and shiny surface
Diffused reflection
Occurs when light strikes an uneven surface
10.
Law of reflection
Incident, reflected ray and normal line lies on the same plane
i=r
Path of light reflection is represented in a ray diagram
11. Key terms in a ray diagrams
C – centre of curvature of mirrors or optical centre of lenses
F – focus point of curved mirrors or lenses
f – focal length (distance of F from C)
u – distance of object to the surface of reflection or refraction
v – distance of image to the surface of reflection or refraction
Principle axis, P – light ray that is perpendicular to the surface of reflection or
refraction and crosses through C and F
* In concave and convex mirrors, C = 2F
12. Reflection on a plane mirror
Object
u
Plane mirror
v
Image
Line of sight
13. Properties of image formed
Same size as object
v=u
Laterally inverted
Flipped horizontally
Left of Object becomes right of Image
Virtual
Image exists within the mirror, a.k.a. another plane
The image cannot be formed on a screen
16.
A concave mirror is also called a converging mirror
A convex mirror is also called a diverging mirror
The curvier the mirror, the smaller the focal length
When incident rays are parallel to P, then reflected rays will pass through F
When incident rays passes through F, then reflected rays will be parallel to P
When incident rays passes through C, then reflected rays will pass through C
in the opposite direction, parallel to the incident ray
17. Properties of image in concave and convex mirrors
Location of object
Properties of concave image
u>C
Real, Diminished, Inverted
u=C
Real, Same size as object, Inverted
C<u<F
Real, Magnified, Inverted
u=F
Formed at infinity
u<F
Virtual, Magnified, Upright
Properties of convex image
Virtual, Diminished, Upright
19. Refraction
Phenomenon where the speed of light changes as it propagates from one
medium to another
The change of speed causes a change in the direction of propagation
When light propagates from a medium of low density to a medium of high
density, its speed decreases, causing the direction of propagation to approach
the normal
The opposite is true when light passes from a medium of high density to a
medium of low density
20.
Incident ray – i
Refracted ray – r
When light travels from a medium of low density to a medium of high density:
Its speed decreases
Its direction changes
i>r
When light travels from a medium of high density to a medium of low density:
Its speed increases
Its direction changes
i<r
22. Refractive Law
The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal line all lie on the same plane
The ratio of sin i to sin r yields a constant known as the refractive index
sin i
= n, where n = refractive index
sin r
23. Refractive Index, n
Has no units
Indicates the light bending ability of a medium
Value equals to the ratio of sin i to sin r
Value also equals to ratio of speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in
medium
Value also equals to ratio of real depth to apparent depth
24. Total internal reflection
Is a form of light refraction.
Occurs when light travels from a medium of high density to a medium of low
density, where i > r.
Occurs when the i is very large causing the r to be more than 90˚.
Critical angle, c is the value of i that results in r = 90˚.
When i > c, total internal reflection occurs and the reflected ray is present in
the same medium as the incident ray.
25. Low density
Low density
r = 90˚
i=c
Critical angle, c
r > 90˚
High density
i>c
Total internal reflection
High density
26. Observations and applications of refraction and total
internal reflection
Sunset below the horizon
Rainbow formation
Mirages
Fish’s eye view
Fibre optics
Prism periscope
Prism binoculars
Perfectly cut diamond
28. Refraction through a biconvex lens
F = Focal point
C = Optical centre
P = Principle axis
f = focal length
.
.
F
C
f
.
F
f
.
P
29. Refraction through a biconcave lens
F = Focal point
C = Optical centre
P = Principle axis
f = focal length
.
.
F
C
f
.
F
f
.
P
30.
A concave lens is also called a diverging lens.
A convex lens is also called a converging lens.
The larger the lens, the larger the f value.
The thicker the lens, the smaller the f value.
When incident rays are parallel to P, then refracted rays will pass through F
When incident rays passes through F, then refracted rays will be parallel to P
No refraction occurs when incident rays passes through C. The rays simply
pass through the lens in a straight line
31. Properties of image in convex and concave lenses
Location of object
Properties of convex image
u=∞
Real, Diminished, Inverted
u > 2f
Real, Diminished, Inverted
u = 2f
Properties of concave image
Real, Same size as object, Inverted
Virtual, Diminished, Upright
2f < u < f
Real, Magnified, Inverted
u=f
Image is formed at infinity
u<f
Virtual, Magnified, Upright
32.
Value of f
Value of u and v
Positive – convex lens
Negative – concave lens
Positive – real image
Negative – virtual image
Lens law
1/f = 1/u + 1/v
f = focal length
u = object length
v = image length
33.
Linear magnification, m
m = v/u
m = hi/ho, where hi = height of image and ho = height of object
Power of lens, P
P = 1/f
Unit = m-1 or Diopter (D)