This document provides an overview of key concepts in earth/environmental science chemistry including: - Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Density measures the ratio of mass to volume. - Temperature is measured in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales. States of matter include solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. - Atoms are the basic units that make up elements. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Electrons surround the nucleus. - The periodic table organizes elements and shows their properties. Elements bond through ionic or covalent bonds to form compounds.

1. Earth/Environmental Science Chemistry Chapter 3 P Squires 2005-2006

7. Temperature is a measure of “how hot or cold” something is. How do we measure temperature?

8. Temperature Scales K C F 100 0 -273 373 273 0 212 32 -462 Boiling point of water Freezing point of water (Melting point of ice) Absolute zero

23. Hydrogen atom nucleus Discrete energy levels for electrons electron

25. Periodic Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 IA IIA IIIA …………….IIA IIIA………… VIIIA

33. Lanthanides and Actinides 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Man made elements. Would make table too big if inserted where they go.

40. What are the two types of bonds? Ionic bonds - transfer electrons to get more stable arrangements. Covalent bonds - share electrons to get more stable arrangements. What happens to the electrons?

41. Ionic Bond Na Cl +

42. Na + Makes Na + ions and Cl - ions + - An ionic compound: NaCl Cl

43. Covalent Bond

44. Bonding

53. VSEPR Theory V alence S hell E lectron P air R epulsion

54. Linear Molecular Geometry 180 degrees Two electron pairs Linear electron-pair geometry

55. Trigonal Planar Molecular Geometry Three electron pairs Trigonal planar electron-pair geometry 120 degrees

56. Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry Four electron pairs Tetrahedral electron-pair geometry 109.5 degrees

58. Naming Chemical Elements

59. Naming Chemical Compounds

60. Chemical Reactions S(s) + O 2 (g)  SO 3 (g) 3 2 2 BCl 3 (g)  B(s) + Cl 2 (g) 2 2 3

61. Balancing Chemical Reactions Reactants: Zn + I 2 Product: Zn I 2

66. Balancing Equations ____B 4 H 10 (g) + _____ O 2 (g) ----> ___ B 2 O 3 (g) + _____ H 2 O(g)

70. Acids and bases in the body. Acids and bases are found throughout the body. The most obvious is stomach acid. Also amino acids and proteins to name a few.

73. … and Antacids Gaviscon magnesium carbonate – MgCO 3 aluminum hydroxide – Al(OH) 3 Mylanta calcium carbonate – CaCO 3 magnesium hydroxide – Mg(OH) 2 TUMS calcium carbonate – CaCO 3

76. Common Food Acidities

84. Changes of State