This document provides information about nuclear chemistry and radioactivity. It discusses isotopes and how they differ in the number of neutrons while having the same number of protons. It explains how isotopes are denoted and how to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for different isotopes. The document also describes the three types of radiation emitted by radioactive isotopes - alpha, beta, and gamma radiation - and their properties. It discusses radioactive decay processes like alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. Key concepts like half-life and nuclear fission are summarized. Nuclear chemistry concepts are illustrated through examples and diagrams.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
5. Symbols for Isotopes
Mass number
A is the
A Symbol
E
symbol for
mass of
number
Z Element
Z is the symbol for
Atomic
atomic number
number
6. Isotopes
Consider an atom of aluminum
with 13 protons and 15
neutrons. What is Z and A?
A = #p + #n
+
13 + 15 = 28
7. How are isotopes of the same
element alike and different?
Alike: Different:
1. Number of 1. Number of
protons and neutrons
electrons
2. Atomic number 2. Mass Number
3. Chemical 3. Atomic weight of
properties the isotopes
9. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
The atomic number is the
number of protons in the
nucleus.
The number of electrons in a
neutral atom equals the
number of protons.
10. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
# of neutrons = A - Z
11. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Z = 92 U-235
protons = 92
electrons = 92 A = 235
protons + neutrons = 235
12. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Q. Find the number of neutrons in
the Ba-137 isotope.
13. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Element Symbol Z A #p #n #e
Zinc 66
In 68
85 38
82 210
Rn 136
35 47
14. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Element Symbol Z A #p #n #e
Zinc Zn 30 66 30 36 30
In 68
85 38
82 210
Rn 136
35 47
15. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Element Symbol Z A #p #n #e
Zinc Zn 30 66 30 36 30
Indium In 49 117 49 68 49
85 38
82 210
Rn 136
35 47
16. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Element Symbol Z A #p #n #e
Zinc Zn 30 66 30 36 30
Indium In 49 117 49 68 49
Strontium Sr 38 85 38 47 38
82 210
Rn 136
35 47
17. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Element Symbol Z A #p #n #e
Zinc Zn 30 66 30 36 30
Indium In 49 117 49 68 49
Strontium Sr 38 85 38 47 38
Lead Pb 82 210 82 128 82
Rn 136
35 47
18. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Element Symbol Z A #p #n #e
Zinc Zn 30 66 30 36 30
Indium In 49 117 49 68 49
Strontium Sr 38 85 38 47 38
Lead Pb 82 210 82 128 82
Radon Rn 86 222 86 136 86
35 47
19. Finding the number of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Element Symbol Z A #p #n #e
Zinc Zn 30 66 30 36 30
Indium In 49 117 49 68 49
Strontium Sr 38 85 38 47 38
Lead Pb 82 210 82 128 82
Radon Rn 86 222 86 136 86
Bromine Br 35 82 35 47 35
20. Only one element has unique
names for its isotopes …
1
1 H = hydrogen
2
1 H = deuterium
3
1 H = tritium
Deuterium and tritium are used in
nuclear reactors and fusion research.
21. Some isotopes are radioactive
• Radioactive isotopes are called
radioisotopes.
• Radioisotopes can emit alpha, beta
or gamma radiation as they decay.
• Radioisotopes are important in a
number of research fields.
23. Protection from radiation
2.5 cm of air, paper, skin
aluminum, lead, other
metals, wood, plastic, etc.
up to a foot or two of lead,
many feet of concrete
24. Properties of Alpha Particles
• Alpha (α) particles are
the nuclei of helium
atoms and have the
symbol 2He 4
25. Properties of Beta Particles
Beta (β) particles are high
speed electrons ejected
from the nuclei of atoms
and have the symbol -1e .0
26. Properties of Gamma Rays
• Gamma (γ) rays are high energy
electromagnetic waves, not
particles.
• Gamma rays have short
wavelengths and high energies
and travel at the speed of light.
27. Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Electrically charged plates
+ + + + + + + +
What is the effect of electrically
charged plates on α, β, γ ?
- - - - - - - - -
Radioactive Source
38. Beta Decay
Beta decay occurs because of
the instability of a neutron.
Neutrons are a little more massive
than protons; and neutrons are
neutral.
39. Beta decay
Decay of a neutron:
0n1 1H1 + -1e0
neutron proton electron
The electron ejected from the
nucleus is a beta particle.
40. Start with a
Li atom with
Beta decay
3 protons and Suddenly a
4 neutrons.
neutron
decays!
Now there A beta particle
are 4 protons goes zipping out of
and 3 neutrons. the nucleus.
46. What is half life?
Half life is the time needed for
one half of a radioisotope to
decay.
47. Half Life
• Take 100 pennies and throw them on the
floor.
• Remove those that are heads up.
• Count remaining pennies.
• Continue until only one penny remains.
What can this tell us about Half Life?
48. What is half life?
• Suppose you start with 100.0
grams of a radioisotope that has
a half life of exactly 1 year.
How much will be left after 1 year?
How much will be left after 2 years?
49. Half life project
Questions:
1. A radioisotope has a half-life of 100
years. How long will it take for the
radiation to decrease to 1/16 of its
original value?
400 years
50. Half life project
Questions:
2. A radioisotope has an activity of 560 counts per
minute. After 16 hours the count rate has dropped
to 35 counts per minute. What is the half life of
the radioisotope?
4 hours
54. Nuclear fission
Fission fragment
U-235
U-235
Neutrons
Neutron
Fission fragment U-235
55. Nuclear fission
To picture a chain reaction, imagine
50 mousetraps in a wire cage.
And on each mousetrap are
two ping-pong balls.
Now imagine dropping one more
ping-pong ball into the cage …
64. Geiger-Mueller Tube
Counter 2435
Wire (+ side of circuit)
Metal shield (- side)
Low pressure Ar gas
Mica window (fragile)
65. GM Tube
Rays leave the source
Some hit the GM tube
Most do nothing
One ray may cause
a discharge…
Source and the detector clicks
66. GM Tube
Filled with low pressure argon gas
About 1% efficiency
About 1 in 100 rays causes an electric spark between
the case and the wire
Each spark registers as a count or click on the counter
69. Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• The Nuclear Fuel Cycle consists of
sequence of steps in which uranium ore is
mined, milled, enriched, and fabricated into
nuclear fuel and then irradiated in a reactor
for several years.
• The entire fuel cycle lifetime from mining
to discharge is about 8 years.
70.
71. Where is Nuclear Waste Kept?
• After irradiation the fuel is cooled in the
spent fuel pit for several years and then
moved to dry cask storage on the reactor
site.
72. Spent Nuclear Fuel Pool
• Keep spent fuel rods under at
least 20 feet of water to provide
adequate shielding from the
radiation for anyone near the
pool
• Spent Fuel Pools were
designed as TEMPORARY
storage for fuel while short
lived isotopes decay (<1 yr)
80. Start
Symbol and U-238
Atomic number
Alpha
r e b m n ss a M
Beta
The uranium decay
u
End series in NC EOC
Pb-206 reference pages
81. Hazards from radon
• Radon gas works its way up
through the ground and into
your basements and crawl
spaces.
• You breathe radon into your
lungs.
82. Hazards from radon
• When a radon atom decays it
releases an alpha particle …
…which travels only a short
distance before it is absorbed by
your lungs, and transfers its
energy.
83. Hazards from radon
This ionizing radiation in your
lungs can cause lung cancer.
Smoking cigarettes and breathing
radon really increases your
chances of getting lung cancer.
85. Half life project
1. Pick a mass between 10g and 50g.
2. Decide on a half life – any time.
3. Scale your graph – mass on y-axis
and at least six (6) half-lives on the x-
axis.
4. Plot the masses after intervals of one
half-life.
86. Half life project
5. What shape is the graph?
6. When will the mass of the
radioisotope fall to zero?
7. When is the radioactivity no longer a
problem?
8. What mathematical function
describes radioactive decay?