Chemical and physical properties of vitamin K
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Vitamin K refers to a group of compounds that are derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and have biological activity related to coagulation. The main forms are phylloquinone (K1), which is synthesized by plants, and menaquinones (MKs), which are synthesized by bacteria. They differ in the structure and number of isoprenoid units that make up their side chains. Vitamin K nomenclature uses K-n and MK-n to specify the number of isoprenoid units. The biopotency of different forms depends on their chemical structure, with certain menaquinones generally being more potent than the corresponding phylloquin
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Chemical and physical properties of pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 refers to a group of 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine derivatives including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxic acid. These colorless, water-soluble compounds are stable in dry and solution forms. Pyridoxine is oxidized to the active form pyridoxal, whose aldehyde group allows it to react with amino acids via Schiff base formation. This reaction labilizes other bonds on the bound carbon, serving as the basis for pyridoxal and pyridoxamine's catalytic roles.
Chemical and physical properties of vitamin E
Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that are derivatives of 6-chromanol and have biological activity similar to alpha-tocopherol. The key structures are a methylated chromanol nucleus and an isoprenoid side chain of three saturated or unsaturated isoprenoid units. There are two main types - tocopherols, which have a saturated side chain, and tocotrienols, which have an unsaturated side chain. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically potent form and occurs naturally with an RRR stereochemistry. Vitamin E compounds are fat-soluble antioxidants that protect against free radicals.
Chemical and physical properties of thiamin
Thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, has an essential chemical structure consisting of conjoined pyrimidine and thiazole rings, with the thiazole ring containing a quaternary nitrogen and phosphorylatable alkyl group. Free thiamin is unstable due to its quaternary nitrogen and cleaves to the thiol form in water. For stability in supplements and medications, thiamin hydrochloride and mononitrate salts are typically used. Thiamin is easily oxidized in the body to inactive derivatives but can also be phosphorylated to the active cofactor form, thiamin pyrophosphate.
Chemical and physical properties of folate
Folate consists of a pteridine ring system connected to a p-aminobenzoic acid group and between one to eight glutamate residues. Over 170 forms of folate are possible due to different oxidation states, single carbon substituents, and number of glutamate residues. Intracellularly, folates usually contain two to eight polyglutamyl chains and function as coenzymes, while monoglutamyl forms transport through membranes. Folic acid is an orange crystalline compound soluble in water but not organic solvents. It is light and chemically unstable but reduced in vivo to active forms.
Vitamin A, chemical and physical properties
Vitamin A refers to compounds derived from retinol, which is characterized by a β-ionone nucleus and a side chain of three isoprenoid units. The three main forms of vitamin A are retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Carotenoids like beta-carotene are provitamin A compounds that can be converted to retinoids. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and light- and oxygen-sensitive, requiring protection during isolation.
Chemical and physical properties of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a chemical that is essential for life. It has two metabolically active forms: coenzyme A and acyl-carrier protein. Chemically, pantothenic acid is composed of β-alanine joined to 2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid via an amide linkage. Only the R-enantiomer form is biologically active. Pantothenic acid is a yellow oil that is soluble in water and ethanol. Its calcium and other salts are colorless crystals, with calcium pantothenate being the main commercial form.
Chemical and physical properties of vitamin D
Vitamin D has a steroid structure with a cis-triene configuration and open positions on carbon atoms. The two major forms are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) derived from plants and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) produced in the skin from sunlight. Both are insoluble in water but soluble in fat and ethanol. The active forms are hydroxylated derivatives of vitamins D2 and D3. Vitamin D is sensitive to light, oxygen, and heat which can convert it to inactive forms.
Chemical and physical properties of vitamin C
Vitamin C has three main chemical forms - ascorbic acid, semidehydroascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid - that make up a reversible redox system. Ascorbic acid is a dibasic acid with two enolic hydroxyl groups that can dissociate. It is oxidized to the other forms through free radical intermediates and acts as an antioxidant by reducing radicals and oxidized metals. Dehydroascorbic acid is unstable and breaks down in water. Vitamin C demonstrates antioxidant properties through its ability to reduce radicals and oxidized metals as it is oxidized to other forms in the reversible redox system.
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Chemical and physical properties of pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 refers to a group of 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine derivatives including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxic acid. These colorless, water-soluble compounds are stable in dry and solution forms. Pyridoxine is oxidized to the active form pyridoxal, whose aldehyde group allows it to react with amino acids via Schiff base formation. This reaction labilizes other bonds on the bound carbon, serving as the basis for pyridoxal and pyridoxamine's catalytic roles.
Chemical and physical properties of vitamin E
Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that are derivatives of 6-chromanol and have biological activity similar to alpha-tocopherol. The key structures are a methylated chromanol nucleus and an isoprenoid side chain of three saturated or unsaturated isoprenoid units. There are two main types - tocopherols, which have a saturated side chain, and tocotrienols, which have an unsaturated side chain. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically potent form and occurs naturally with an RRR stereochemistry. Vitamin E compounds are fat-soluble antioxidants that protect against free radicals.
Chemical and physical properties of thiamin
Thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, has an essential chemical structure consisting of conjoined pyrimidine and thiazole rings, with the thiazole ring containing a quaternary nitrogen and phosphorylatable alkyl group. Free thiamin is unstable due to its quaternary nitrogen and cleaves to the thiol form in water. For stability in supplements and medications, thiamin hydrochloride and mononitrate salts are typically used. Thiamin is easily oxidized in the body to inactive derivatives but can also be phosphorylated to the active cofactor form, thiamin pyrophosphate.
Chemical and physical properties of folate
Folate consists of a pteridine ring system connected to a p-aminobenzoic acid group and between one to eight glutamate residues. Over 170 forms of folate are possible due to different oxidation states, single carbon substituents, and number of glutamate residues. Intracellularly, folates usually contain two to eight polyglutamyl chains and function as coenzymes, while monoglutamyl forms transport through membranes. Folic acid is an orange crystalline compound soluble in water but not organic solvents. It is light and chemically unstable but reduced in vivo to active forms.
Vitamin A, chemical and physical properties
Vitamin A refers to compounds derived from retinol, which is characterized by a β-ionone nucleus and a side chain of three isoprenoid units. The three main forms of vitamin A are retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Carotenoids like beta-carotene are provitamin A compounds that can be converted to retinoids. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and light- and oxygen-sensitive, requiring protection during isolation.
Chemical and physical properties of pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a chemical that is essential for life. It has two metabolically active forms: coenzyme A and acyl-carrier protein. Chemically, pantothenic acid is composed of β-alanine joined to 2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid via an amide linkage. Only the R-enantiomer form is biologically active. Pantothenic acid is a yellow oil that is soluble in water and ethanol. Its calcium and other salts are colorless crystals, with calcium pantothenate being the main commercial form.
Chemical and physical properties of vitamin D
Vitamin D has a steroid structure with a cis-triene configuration and open positions on carbon atoms. The two major forms are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) derived from plants and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) produced in the skin from sunlight. Both are insoluble in water but soluble in fat and ethanol. The active forms are hydroxylated derivatives of vitamins D2 and D3. Vitamin D is sensitive to light, oxygen, and heat which can convert it to inactive forms.
Chemical and physical properties of vitamin C
Vitamin C has three main chemical forms - ascorbic acid, semidehydroascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid - that make up a reversible redox system. Ascorbic acid is a dibasic acid with two enolic hydroxyl groups that can dissociate. It is oxidized to the other forms through free radical intermediates and acts as an antioxidant by reducing radicals and oxidized metals. Dehydroascorbic acid is unstable and breaks down in water. Vitamin C demonstrates antioxidant properties through its ability to reduce radicals and oxidized metals as it is oxidized to other forms in the reversible redox system.
Chemical and physical properties of riboflavin
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, has an essential chemical structure consisting of a substituted isoalloxazine nucleus and D-ribityl side chain with reducible nitrogen atoms. It exists in biological systems as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are yellow, tricyclic, and usually phosphorylated. Riboflavin is light-sensitive and its handling requires protection from light. It is moderately soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in other solvents. Riboflavin and its coenzymes FMN and FAD serve as versatile redox cofactors in one- and two-electron transfer reactions important to
Chemical and physical properties of niacin
The document discusses the chemical and physical properties of niacin. It notes that niacin has a pyridine nucleus substituted with a β-carboxylic acid or amine. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are the two main chemical structures of niacin. Both are colorless crystals that have different solubility properties in water and organic solvents. The coenzyme forms of niacin are NAD(H) and NADP(H), which are involved in enzymatic hydrogen transfer reactions through the pyridine nucleus.
Chemical and physical properties of biotin
Biotin is a white crystalline vitamin that is fairly stable when dry but can degrade in acidic or basic solutions. It has an essential chemical structure consisting of a planar ureido nucleus joined to a folded tetrahydrothiophene nucleus. Of its eight possible stereoisomers, only the d-isomer possesses biological activity. Biotin functions as a coenzyme by forming a covalent bond between its thiophane nucleus and the lysine residue of enzymes. Its ureido nucleus can become polarized and activated, increasing its nucleophilicity to allow biotin to transport carbon dioxide by binding the electrophilic carbonyl phosphate formed from bicarbonate and ATP.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that maintains the fluidity of cell membranes. It has eight naturally occurring forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans. Vitamin E is absorbed along with dietary fats and transported to the liver and then throughout the body. It acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Good dietary sources include vegetable oils, broccoli, and fish. While deficiency is rare, it can cause hemolytic anemia and neurological issues. Vitamin E supplements are sometimes used to treat conditions like restless leg syndrome and stress.
Chemical and physical properties of cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, has a chemical structure consisting of a corrin ring with a cobalt atom at its center. The cobalt atom can bind groups such as cyanide (CN-), methyl, or hydroxide in its upper or lower positions. Different forms of vitamin B12 are named based on the group bound to the cobalt, such as cyanocobalamin (CN- group) or methylcobalamin (methyl group). Vitamin B12 is light- and heat-stable but can degrade when exposed to ascorbic acid or light, which causes the cobalt to release from the corrin ring and lose biological activity.
Fat Soluble Vitamins ppt
Vitamins are substances that our body needs for proper grow and development.It is an essential nutrient that body cannot produce enough of and that's why it needs to get from food.
Vitamins are of 13 types and can be classified as Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K ) and Water Soluble Vitamin (Vitamin-C & B-complex).
Vitamine E
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 and given its name in 1935. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form. Vitamin E functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant in the body, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid peroxyl radicals. It is found naturally in many foods like sunflower seeds, avocados and olive oil. Vitamin E supports immune function, neurological health, and protects against heart disease and cancer. Deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, neurological issues and retinal damage.
VITAMIN K
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. K1 is found in plants, K2 is produced by intestinal bacteria, and K3 is synthetic. All three forms are required for blood clotting as they allow the carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors in the liver. This carboxylation enables the factors to bind calcium and participate in the clotting cascade. In addition to its role in coagulation, vitamin K is also needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin, a protein involved in bone mineralization. Deficiencies can result from poor intake, antibiotic use, or conditions affecting bile production needed for absorption of K1 and K2
VIitamin - E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in various forms and is an important antioxidant. It protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports reproductive health. The main dietary sources are soy, sunflower, and safflower oils. Vitamin E is absorbed with fat and transported through the body associated with lipoproteins. It is stored in tissues like liver and adipose tissue. Recommended daily intake ranges from 15mg for adults to 4-12mg for children and pregnant/lactating women. Topical vitamin E formulations can treat skin conditions and reduce wrinkles.
Chapter 9 vitamins and chapter 10 minerals
Vitamins are essential organic substances needed by the body in small amounts to perform specific metabolic functions. There are 13 legitimate vitamins that exist as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B-complex). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require consistent dietary intake. Deficiencies of vitamins can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, beriberi, and pellagra depending on the specific vitamin lacking in the diet.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin E
The document summarizes vitamin E absorption, transport, and metabolism. It states that vitamin E is absorbed via passive diffusion dependent on micelles formed from bile salts and pancreatic juices. It is transported through the lymphatic system associated with chylomicrons and VLDLs and distributed to tissues bound to lipoproteins. Metabolism of vitamin E is limited, with oxidation of the chromanol ring and phytyl side chain being the primary pathways.
VITAMIN E
Vitamin E is a group of compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols that are fat-soluble antioxidants. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with free radicals. It is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. The main function of vitamin E is its antioxidant role in preventing lipid peroxidation and protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recommended daily intake is 10-15 mg but requirements may increase during pregnancy and lactation. Rich dietary sources include vegetable oils. Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues.
Vitamin b2
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Vitamin e
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Metabolic functions of vitamin A
Vitamin A plays an essential role in vision. It is the photosensitive chromophore of rhodopsin in rod cells and iodopsins in cone cells of the retina. Upon light absorption, 11-cis-retinal isomerizes to all-trans-retinal, initiating a signaling cascade and nerve impulse. Vitamin A also regulates gene expression and is necessary for embryonic development, reproduction, bone metabolism, hematopoiesis, immunity, and skin health. Deficiency impairs dark adaptation and increases infection risk.
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various biochemical reactions in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The document discusses the sources, functions, deficiency states, and other details of many important vitamins including A, D, E, K, B-complex, C, and folate. It provides classification, biochemical roles, and health impacts of deficiencies for each vitamin.
Vitamin e
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop. It acts as an antioxidant in the body and is important for immune and cell functions. Deficiency can cause anemia, poor balance, and muscle weakness. Symptoms of deficiency include shaky movements, aging spots on the skin, and sight problems. Deficiency is rare and mainly affects those over 55 years old in the U.S. Deficiency can be treated with a balanced diet, weekly injections, or supplements and resolved within a few weeks in children. Current research is exploring vitamin E's potential role in memory disorders and the elderly.
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small amounts for fundamental body functions. There are different types of vitamins that can be divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, growth, immune function, and cellular differentiation. A deficiency can lead to night blindness and other vision problems.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
Vitamin b2 riboflavin
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It contains a heterocyclic ring structure and helps the body metabolize fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to produce energy. Riboflavin also assists other vitamins in being utilized by the body and is important for vision, growth, and red blood cell production. Deficiency can result in cracks in the mouth or tongue, though it is uncommon except in cases of other vitamin deficiencies or chronic alcoholism. Good dietary sources include dairy products, eggs, leafy greens, mushrooms, and whole grains. The recommended daily intake varies from 0.4 to 1.6 mg depending on
Significance and sources of vitamin K
Vitamin K is important for blood clotting and bone formation. It is synthesized by plants and bacteria, with the main forms being phylloquinone (from plants) and menaquinones (from bacteria). Humans obtain vitamin K primarily through dietary sources like green leafy vegetables, which contain phylloquinone, as well as from bacterial synthesis in the gut. However, vitamin K absorption can be limited, with only about 10% being absorbed from boiled spinach.
Metabolic functions of vitamin E
The document discusses vitamin E and its role as a biological antioxidant. It describes how vitamin E functions to protect cell membranes from free radicals by reducing or terminating chain reactions caused by peroxyl radicals and lipid peroxidation. It also outlines some of the major sources of reactive oxygen species in the body and how vitamin E helps defend against oxidative stress that can lead to aging, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and diabetes.
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Chemical and physical properties of riboflavin
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, has an essential chemical structure consisting of a substituted isoalloxazine nucleus and D-ribityl side chain with reducible nitrogen atoms. It exists in biological systems as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are yellow, tricyclic, and usually phosphorylated. Riboflavin is light-sensitive and its handling requires protection from light. It is moderately soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in other solvents. Riboflavin and its coenzymes FMN and FAD serve as versatile redox cofactors in one- and two-electron transfer reactions important to
Chemical and physical properties of niacin
The document discusses the chemical and physical properties of niacin. It notes that niacin has a pyridine nucleus substituted with a β-carboxylic acid or amine. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are the two main chemical structures of niacin. Both are colorless crystals that have different solubility properties in water and organic solvents. The coenzyme forms of niacin are NAD(H) and NADP(H), which are involved in enzymatic hydrogen transfer reactions through the pyridine nucleus.
Chemical and physical properties of biotin
Biotin is a white crystalline vitamin that is fairly stable when dry but can degrade in acidic or basic solutions. It has an essential chemical structure consisting of a planar ureido nucleus joined to a folded tetrahydrothiophene nucleus. Of its eight possible stereoisomers, only the d-isomer possesses biological activity. Biotin functions as a coenzyme by forming a covalent bond between its thiophane nucleus and the lysine residue of enzymes. Its ureido nucleus can become polarized and activated, increasing its nucleophilicity to allow biotin to transport carbon dioxide by binding the electrophilic carbonyl phosphate formed from bicarbonate and ATP.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that maintains the fluidity of cell membranes. It has eight naturally occurring forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans. Vitamin E is absorbed along with dietary fats and transported to the liver and then throughout the body. It acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Good dietary sources include vegetable oils, broccoli, and fish. While deficiency is rare, it can cause hemolytic anemia and neurological issues. Vitamin E supplements are sometimes used to treat conditions like restless leg syndrome and stress.
Chemical and physical properties of cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, has a chemical structure consisting of a corrin ring with a cobalt atom at its center. The cobalt atom can bind groups such as cyanide (CN-), methyl, or hydroxide in its upper or lower positions. Different forms of vitamin B12 are named based on the group bound to the cobalt, such as cyanocobalamin (CN- group) or methylcobalamin (methyl group). Vitamin B12 is light- and heat-stable but can degrade when exposed to ascorbic acid or light, which causes the cobalt to release from the corrin ring and lose biological activity.
Fat Soluble Vitamins ppt
Vitamins are substances that our body needs for proper grow and development.It is an essential nutrient that body cannot produce enough of and that's why it needs to get from food.
Vitamins are of 13 types and can be classified as Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K ) and Water Soluble Vitamin (Vitamin-C & B-complex).
Vitamine E
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 and given its name in 1935. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form. Vitamin E functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant in the body, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid peroxyl radicals. It is found naturally in many foods like sunflower seeds, avocados and olive oil. Vitamin E supports immune function, neurological health, and protects against heart disease and cancer. Deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, neurological issues and retinal damage.
VITAMIN K
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. K1 is found in plants, K2 is produced by intestinal bacteria, and K3 is synthetic. All three forms are required for blood clotting as they allow the carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors in the liver. This carboxylation enables the factors to bind calcium and participate in the clotting cascade. In addition to its role in coagulation, vitamin K is also needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin, a protein involved in bone mineralization. Deficiencies can result from poor intake, antibiotic use, or conditions affecting bile production needed for absorption of K1 and K2
VIitamin - E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in various forms and is an important antioxidant. It protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports reproductive health. The main dietary sources are soy, sunflower, and safflower oils. Vitamin E is absorbed with fat and transported through the body associated with lipoproteins. It is stored in tissues like liver and adipose tissue. Recommended daily intake ranges from 15mg for adults to 4-12mg for children and pregnant/lactating women. Topical vitamin E formulations can treat skin conditions and reduce wrinkles.
Chapter 9 vitamins and chapter 10 minerals
Vitamins are essential organic substances needed by the body in small amounts to perform specific metabolic functions. There are 13 legitimate vitamins that exist as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B-complex). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require consistent dietary intake. Deficiencies of vitamins can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, beriberi, and pellagra depending on the specific vitamin lacking in the diet.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin E
The document summarizes vitamin E absorption, transport, and metabolism. It states that vitamin E is absorbed via passive diffusion dependent on micelles formed from bile salts and pancreatic juices. It is transported through the lymphatic system associated with chylomicrons and VLDLs and distributed to tissues bound to lipoproteins. Metabolism of vitamin E is limited, with oxidation of the chromanol ring and phytyl side chain being the primary pathways.
VITAMIN E
Vitamin E is a group of compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols that are fat-soluble antioxidants. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with free radicals. It is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. The main function of vitamin E is its antioxidant role in preventing lipid peroxidation and protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recommended daily intake is 10-15 mg but requirements may increase during pregnancy and lactation. Rich dietary sources include vegetable oils. Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues.
Vitamin b2
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Vitamin e
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Metabolic functions of vitamin A
Vitamin A plays an essential role in vision. It is the photosensitive chromophore of rhodopsin in rod cells and iodopsins in cone cells of the retina. Upon light absorption, 11-cis-retinal isomerizes to all-trans-retinal, initiating a signaling cascade and nerve impulse. Vitamin A also regulates gene expression and is necessary for embryonic development, reproduction, bone metabolism, hematopoiesis, immunity, and skin health. Deficiency impairs dark adaptation and increases infection risk.
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various biochemical reactions in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The document discusses the sources, functions, deficiency states, and other details of many important vitamins including A, D, E, K, B-complex, C, and folate. It provides classification, biochemical roles, and health impacts of deficiencies for each vitamin.
Vitamin e
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop. It acts as an antioxidant in the body and is important for immune and cell functions. Deficiency can cause anemia, poor balance, and muscle weakness. Symptoms of deficiency include shaky movements, aging spots on the skin, and sight problems. Deficiency is rare and mainly affects those over 55 years old in the U.S. Deficiency can be treated with a balanced diet, weekly injections, or supplements and resolved within a few weeks in children. Current research is exploring vitamin E's potential role in memory disorders and the elderly.
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small amounts for fundamental body functions. There are different types of vitamins that can be divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, growth, immune function, and cellular differentiation. A deficiency can lead to night blindness and other vision problems.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
Vitamin b2 riboflavin
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It contains a heterocyclic ring structure and helps the body metabolize fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to produce energy. Riboflavin also assists other vitamins in being utilized by the body and is important for vision, growth, and red blood cell production. Deficiency can result in cracks in the mouth or tongue, though it is uncommon except in cases of other vitamin deficiencies or chronic alcoholism. Good dietary sources include dairy products, eggs, leafy greens, mushrooms, and whole grains. The recommended daily intake varies from 0.4 to 1.6 mg depending on
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Chemical and physical properties of cyanocobalamin
Chemical and physical properties of cyanocobalamin
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Similar to Chemical and physical properties of vitamin K
Significance and sources of vitamin K
Vitamin K is important for blood clotting and bone formation. It is synthesized by plants and bacteria, with the main forms being phylloquinone (from plants) and menaquinones (from bacteria). Humans obtain vitamin K primarily through dietary sources like green leafy vegetables, which contain phylloquinone, as well as from bacterial synthesis in the gut. However, vitamin K absorption can be limited, with only about 10% being absorbed from boiled spinach.
Metabolic functions of vitamin E
The document discusses vitamin E and its role as a biological antioxidant. It describes how vitamin E functions to protect cell membranes from free radicals by reducing or terminating chain reactions caused by peroxyl radicals and lipid peroxidation. It also outlines some of the major sources of reactive oxygen species in the body and how vitamin E helps defend against oxidative stress that can lead to aging, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and diabetes.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin K
Vitamin K is absorbed through the small intestine where it is incorporated into micelles for absorption. It is transported to the liver via chylomicrons and then distributed to other tissues by lipoproteins. The various forms of vitamin K, including phylloquinone and menaquinones, undergo metabolism through dealkylation and alkylation reactions in tissues. Vitamin K plays a critical role in blood clotting through a cyclic redox reaction that is blocked by anticoagulant drugs. It is excreted from the body through urine and bile.
vitamins and its chemistry
Physiological Function of Vitamins and their chemistry
vitamin A and b complex, vitamin C, E, and cyanocobalamin
Metabolic functions of vitamin C
Vitamin C plays an important role in many metabolic functions as both an enzyme cofactor and antioxidant. It is involved in electron transport reactions and the synthesis of collagen, catecholamines, and carnitine. Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant, protecting lipids, proteins, DNA, and nitric oxide from oxidative damage. Additionally, vitamin C promotes nonheme iron absorption in the gut.
Carboxylic Acid and Vitamin K and Chemical Works
Carboxylic acids contain a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group. They are polar and can hydrogen bond. Carboxylic acids are used to make soaps, food products, drugs, and polymers. Important examples include fatty acids and salicylic acid. Vitamin K contains a naphthoquinone ring and plays a key role in blood clotting and bone health as it is required for activation of clotting factors and proteins involved in bone formation. The three major forms are K1 (phylloquinone), K2 (menaquinones), and K3 (menadione).
Metabolic functions of vitamin K
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Mscdfsm biochemistry vitamin II
This document summarizes several fat-soluble vitamins:
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Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and helps with calcium absorption and rickets prevention. The liver and kidney metabolize vitamin D forms including cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol.
Vitamin E was
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Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the human body needs in small a...
Vitamins A, B1, B2, B12, and C are described. Vitamin A (retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in immune function and vision. It has a beta-ionone ring and conjugated double bonds essential for activity. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) enables carbohydrate metabolism and is water-soluble. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is necessary for growth and red blood cell production and plays a role in energy metabolism. Vitamin B12 contains cobalt and helps make DNA and red blood cells. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that supports immune function and collagen production. The chemistry, structures, and physiological roles
VITAMINS .pdf
This document provides an overview of vitamins and minerals. It begins by defining vitamins and their roles in the body before classifying them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Specific fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K are then described in more detail along with their structures and functions. The document also examines key water-soluble vitamins including the B vitamins and vitamin C. It discusses how many vitamins act as coenzymes in the body. Finally, it characterizes minerals as essential inorganic elements and differentiates between macro-minerals and micro-minerals and their critical functions.
1. Vitamins.pptx
- Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for normal growth and life processes. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins).
- Some key early discoveries include isolating the "antiberiberi factor" in 1911 and identifying two essential fractions (fat-soluble A and water-soluble B) in eggs and milk in 1915.
- Vitamin A was the first fat-soluble vitamin identified and helps maintain epithelial cells and vision. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting.
Chemistry and physiological significance of Vitamins
This document discusses several vitamins, including their chemistry and physiological significance. It begins with definitions of vitamins and an overview of the chemistry and importance of Vitamin A, which is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in vision, immune function, and reproduction. The chemistry and roles of several B vitamins are then outlined, including Thiamin (B1) which enables the body to use carbohydrates, Riboflavin (B2) which is necessary for growth and red blood cell production, and Vitamin B12 which helps make DNA and red blood cells. Finally, the document discusses Vitamin C, noting it is water-soluble and important for its antioxidant properties.
Vitamins
This document discusses vitamins, including their definition, classification, food sources, health benefits, and analysis methods. It begins by defining vitamins as organic compounds that organisms require in limited amounts but cannot synthesize themselves. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble. Common food sources of vitamins are also outlined. The document concludes by describing several methods used for vitamin analysis, including immunoassays, colorimetric assays, fluorometric assays, HPLC, and amperometric assays.
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Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the human body needs in small a...
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ECG S
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ECG H
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ECG F
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ECG E
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ECG D
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ECG C
Massive carbamazepine overdose of more than 50 mg/kg can cause cardiotoxicity due to sodium channel blockade, which may be detectable on ECG as subtle QRS widening or first-degree AV block. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilatation and reduced ejection fraction below 40%, commonly presenting with symptoms of biventricular failure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can cause prominent P waves in inferior leads, exaggerated ST segments, low QRS voltage especially in V4-V6, and may show an SV1-SV2-SV3 pattern.
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ECG A: first part.
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Cardiorenal syndrome
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T cell stimulation by drugs
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
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- 1. Chemical and physical properties of vitamin K Domina Petric, MD
- 2. Derivative of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Ring structure has a hydrophobic constituent at the 3-position and can be alkylated with an isoprenoid side chain. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 2 Essential features of the chemical structure:
- 3. Phylloquinones Menaquinones Menadione April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 3 Chemical structures of the vitamin K group: Sigmaaldrich.com
- 4. • Vitamin K is the generic descriptor for 2- methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and all of its derivatives exhibiting qualitatively the biological (antihemorrhagic) activity of phylloquinone. • Naturally occurring forms of the vitamin have an unsaturated isoprenoid side chain at C-3 of the naphthoquinone nucleus. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 4 Vitamin K nomenclature
- 5. The phylloquinone group includes forms with phytyl side chains and side chains that are further alkylated, thus consisting of several saturated isoprenoid units. The vitamers of this group have only one double bond in their side chains: on the proximal isoprene unit. These vitamers are synthesized by green plants. They are properly referred to as phylloquinones and are abbreviated as K. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 5 Vitamin K nomenclature
- 6. • The menaquinone group also includes vitamers with side chains consisting of variable numbers of isoprenoid units. • Each isoprene unit has a double bond. • These vitamers are synthesized by bacteria. • They are abbreviated as MK13 and were formerly referred to as vitamin K2. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 6 Vitamin K nomenclature
- 7. The compound 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (without a side chain) is called menadione. It does not exist naturally, but has biological activity by virtue of the fact that animals can alkylate it to produce such metabolites as MK-4. Menadione is made in several forms: menadione sodium bisulfite complex, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 7 Vitamin K nomenclature
- 8. The abbreviations K-n and MK-n are used for the phylloquinones and menaquinones to indicate specific vitamers with side chains consisting of n isoprenoid units. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 8 Vitamin K nomenclature
- 9. • Phylloquinone (K1) is a yellow oil at room temperature, but the other vitamers K are yellow crystals. • The vitamers K, MK, and most forms of menadione are insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and readily soluble in ether, chloroform, fats and oils. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 9 Chemical and physical properties of vitamin K
- 10. • The vitamers K are sensitive to light and alkali, but are relatively stable to heat and oxidizing environments. • Their oxidation proceeds to produce the 2,3-epoxide form. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 10 Chemical and physical properties of vitamin K
- 11. The biopotency of vitamers K depends on both the nature and length of their isoprenoid side chains. The menaquinones (K-2) tend to have greater biopotencies than the corresponding phylloquinone analogs. Members of each series with four or five isoprenoid side chains are the most biopotent. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 11 Vitamin K biopotency
- 12. • Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. Literature April 11, 2018 12